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General News Biocontrol News and Information 25(4), 81N–104N General News Ladybird Strikes Discordant Note leads it to enter buildings. The sight of massed lady- birds, smell (emitted when stressed), occasional bites Growing public concern about Harmonia axyridis and allergies, and even the noise of the massed ranks (multicoloured Asian ladybird or ladybeetle) in crawling around contribute to its nuisance status. Europe reflects deep-seated and long-held misgiv- ings within the biological control community about In 2003, a paper in BioControl2 highlighted H. the inadequacy of regulation of natural enemy intro- axyridis as having a high risk of nontarget impact ductions. The latest media attention has come from (second only to another polyphagous ladybird, Hipp- the UK, where the identification of a single specimen odamia convergens) in Europe. The paper was an from a garden in the southeastern county of Essex output of the ERBIC (Evaluating Environmental led to alarming press headlines, e.g. “The ladybird Risks of Biological Control Introductions into killers fly in” (Daily Telegraph, 5 October 2004). Europe) project, funded under the European Union (EU) 4th Framework Programme. It developed a pro- Harmonia axyridis is a well-known aphid predator, posed risk assessment method for biological control attacking numerous species in its extensive native agents, and applied this to 31 exotic agents commer- range in Asia. It is a voracious feeder, preying on not cially available in the EU. Briefly, it calculated a risk only aphids but also soft-bodied insects like psyllids, index for each species based on the likelihood and butterfly eggs and many groups of aphid predators magnitude of nontarget effects from dispersal, estab- including other ladybirds – and cannibalism is an lishment, host specificity, direct effects and indirect important factor in its population dynamics. Studies effects. It is notable that most of the seven predatory in the USA suggest that it may displace native fauna insects assessed were given high-risk indices (three by predation, competition and other indirect of the five top-scoring species were predatory insects, 1 mechanisms . and only one was outside the top ten). Harmonia axyridis was introduced to France for the Despite mounting evidence of its nontarget impacts, biological control of various aphid species in 1982. H. axyridis is still available commercially in Europe, Ten years ago it was commercialized for the control described as an excellent aphid predator. Alarm- of aphids in greenhouses and field crops in north- ingly, in the context of this article, it is also noted as western Europe. Established wild populations were seeming to be very tolerant to pesticides. Can and first found in Germany in 2000 (Frankfurt am Main) should anything be done? It is probably too late. and in Belgium and the Netherlands at the end of Given the spread and abundance of the ladybird, 2002. Large populations have since been found in all eradication in Europe is not an option. With the size three countries, together with evidence of its dis- of the populations that have built up on the continent persal to new locations. Currently, scientists in these this autumn, its establishment in the UK seems countries are conducting surveys to monitor its pres- inevitable if not already reality. Harmonia axyridis ence, abundance and spread. There is considerable has now been confirmed from other locations in the concern about its possible effects on native competi- southeastern UK and evidence of breeding recorded tors, but at present it is impossible to predict what its in south London3. Only with the passage of time will impact might be. it be possible to assess whether the introductions are a disaster, by weighing up the benefits of control The ladybird has a far longer history in North against the nontarget impacts. America1. The first record of its introduction was in California in 1916. It has been introduced, both A prime reason why such apparently high-risk spe- deliberately and accidentally, many times since, par- cies are marketed lies in the need for biological ticularly to many eastern US states between 1978 control producers to make money. There is more eco- and 1982. It is credited with contributing to control nomic sustainability (profit) in a treatment with of pests in a wide variety of field and tree crops. It wide-spectrum application, and this applies as much was not recorded as established in the wild until to biological control agents as to chemical pesticides. 1988, when it was collected in the southern US state Thus, while biological control theory dictates that of Louisiana (not near any known release site). Since the best agent, for both efficacy and safety, is a highly then it has spread rapidly and is now found in most host-specific one, economics dictates that voracious US states and in southern Canada. On top of the generalist species with broad host ranges are more nontarget effects outlined above, it has been identi- attractive to the commercial producer. The BioCon- fied as a potential pest in the fruit industry as trol paper notes, however, that generalist tendencies aggregations can occur on fruit. These are particu- do not by themselves rule out a species as a biological larly difficult to remove from grapes and can lead to control agent: “The likelihood of adverse ecological tainted wine. While there are scientific concerns effects may be high, but the conditions in which they about its nontarget effects, there is also regular are released (e.g. greenhouse in temperate climates) public outcry: perennial complaints arise in autumn may strongly limit the realization of these adverse when its habit of aggregating in high numbers to effects.” In other words, each introduction needs to be over-winter in crevices in light-coloured substrates considered on its merits. Yet how far European coun- Are we on your mailing list? Biocontrol News and Information is always pleased to receive news of research, conferences, new products or patents, changes in personnel, collaborative agreements or any other information of interest to other readers. If your organization sends out press releases or newsletters, please let us have a copy. In addition, the editors welcome proposals for review topics. 82N Biocontrol News and Information 25(4) tries do or do not regulate the introduction of Many biological control producers view the imple- invertebrate biological control agents varies, in prac- mentation of a regulatory procedure for biological tice, from strictly to not at all. control agents with considerable alarm. They fear that lengthy, cumbersome processes will increase The issue of lack of regulation was recognized many costs and may prevent useful agents from reaching years ago, ironically when the fledgling ‘green move- the market. However, without buy-in by the commer- ment’ began to throw doubts on the sustainability of cial sector to the importance of safety, the future of widespread use of pesticides, which led to the growth biological control is far from assured. For the of integrated pest management (IPM) with biological moment, perhaps the best we can hope is that the control as a cornerstone. The advent of IPM meant high profile achieved by H. axyridis may help foster that people and countries with no experience of bio- the message that safety must come first for all in the logical control were beginning to make, or want to biological control sector. make, species introductions, either as natural ene- mies or formulated as biopesticides. Action by Further Information international biological control organizations and 1Koch, R.L. (2003) The multicolored Asian lady FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN) beetle, Harmonia axyridis: a review of its biology, led to the drafting of the IPPC (International Plant uses in biological control, and non-target impacts. Protection Convention) ‘Code of conduct for import Journal of Insect Science 3, 1–16. and release of exotic biological control agents’ (Inter- www.insectscience.org/3.32 national Standards for Phytosanitary Measures 4 [For more recent papers on H. axyridis, see American (ISPM) No. 3) , which was adopted in 1996. Although Entomologist 50(3)] primarily aimed at protecting crops, it is regarded as the general international protocol for countries 2Van Lenteren, J.C.; Babendreier, D.; Bigler, F.; implementing biological control. Nonetheless, it is Burgio, G.; Hokkanen, H.M.T.; Kuske, S.; Loomans, not international law at this time (see below). The A.J.M.; Menzler-Hokkanen, I.; Van Rijn, P.C.J.; revision of ISPM No. 3, as regular readers will know, Thomas, M.B.; Tommasini, M.G. and Zeng, Q.Q. began in late 2002 and is currently at the country (2003) Environmental risk assessment of exotic nat- consultation stage. EPPO (European and Mediterra- ural enemies used in inundative biological control. nean Plant Protection Organization) has also BioControl 48, 3–38. developed standards (PM6)5 to provide guidelines for assessing and reducing risks associated with biolog- 3Ladybird survey, Harmonia axyridis: ical control agents and, in some cases, for comparing www.ladybird-survey.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/ their efficacy. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co- H_axyridis.htm#britain operation and Development) has developed guidance on information requirements for ecological risk 4ISPM No. 3, original and revision process: analysis6. However, although both these focus on www.ippc.int/IPP/En/default.jsp commercial invertebrate biological control agents, 5 they are advisory, not regulatory, documents. EPPO Standards: www.eppo.org/STANDARDS/biocontrol.htm With invasive species now climbing the European 6 agenda, classical biological control, as successfully OECD (2004) Guidance for information require- implemented by governments in many other parts of ments for regulation of invertebrates as biological the world, offers perhaps the best hope for containing control agents (IBCAs). Series on Pesticides, No. 21. www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/20/28725175.pdf at least some of them.
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