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COUNTRY ANALYSIS Strengthening Competitiveness in Bangladesh Strengthening Competitiveness in Bangladesh—Thematic Assessment in Bangladesh—Thematic Competitiveness Strengthening DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Trade Kathuria and Mezghenni Malouche Strengthening Competitiveness in Bangladesh—Thematic Assessment A Diagnostic Trade Integration Study Sanjay Kathuria and Mariem Mezghenni Malouche, Editors Strengthening Competitiveness in Bangladesh—Thematic Assessment DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Trade Strengthening Competitiveness in Bangladesh—Thematic Assessment A Diagnostic Trade Integration Study Sanjay Kathuria and Mariem Mezghenni Malouche, Editors © 2016 The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and The World Bank do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh or The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Kathuria, Sanjay, and Mariem Mezghenni Malouche, eds. 2016. Strengthening Competitiveness in Bangladesh—Thematic Assessment: A Diagnostic Trade Integration Study. Directions in Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0898-2. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and/or The World Bank and should not be considered an official translation. The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and The World Bank. Third-party content—The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and The World Bank do not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and The World Bank therefore do not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh at Director General, WTO Cell, Ministry of Commerce, Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh; phone: +88 02 9545383; fax: +88 02 9545741; email: [email protected]. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0898-2 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0899-9 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0898-2 Cover photo: © Mariem Mezghenni Malouche/ World Bank; further permission required for reuse. Cover design: Debra Naylor, Naylor Design, Washington, DC. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested. Strengthening Competitiveness in Bangladesh—Thematic Assessment http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0898-2 Contents Foreword xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Authors xix Abbreviations xxiii Key Messages xxvii Chapter 1 Bangladesh’s Trade Performance 1 Sanjay Kathuria, Mariem Mezghenni Malouche, Martha Denisse Pierola, and Jose Daniel Reyes Introduction 1 Bangladesh’s Macroeconomic Performance 2 Bangladesh’s Performance in Goods Trade 6 Dependence on Imports 18 Exporting Firms’ Performance and Dynamics 19 Bangladesh’s Trade in Services 27 Exports of Labor Services 31 Conclusion 34 Notes 35 References 36 Chapter 2 Trade Policy, Export Incentives, and Consumer Welfare 39 Olivier Cadot, Julien Gourdon, Sanjay Kathuria, Mariem Mezghenni Malouche, and Zaidi Sattar Introduction 39 Heavy Border Taxation 40 Distortionary Incentives 45 Tariffs Influenced Heavily by Revenue Considerations 52 Nontariff Measures 55 Trade Policy and Welfare 60 Services Trade Policy Restrictiveness 61 Conclusions 66 Annex 2A: Survey Data and Computations for ERP Analysis 67 Annex 2B: Analysis of Tariff Redundancy 74 Strengthening Competitiveness in Bangladesh—Thematic Assessment v http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0898-2 vi Contents Notes 75 References 77 Chapter 3 Market Access: From Preferences to Global Integration 79 Nihal Pitigala, Mariem Mezghenni Malouche, and Sanjay Kathuria Introduction 79 Preferential Access for Bangladesh in High-Income Economies 80 Increased Role of Regional Markets for Bangladeshi Exports 89 Integrating into Production-Sharing Networks 102 Export Promotion in Bangladesh 106 Recommendations 109 Annex 3A: Regression Results 111 Notes 112 References 113 Chapter 4 Leveraging Institutions for Trade Development 115 Nihal Pitigala Introduction 115 Trade Policy Institutions 116 Interagency Coordination and Consultation 120 Toward a New Trade Policy Framework 128 Building Institutional Capacity 139 Conclusion and Recommendations 142 Annex 4A: Details of Organizations in Bangladesh and Overseas 149 Notes 153 References 153 Chapter 5 Meeting the Quality Challenge: Technical Regulation, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, and Quality Infrastructure 155 Michael Friss Jensen Introduction 155 Background 156 Meeting the Quality Challenge Abroad: How Bangladesh Manages Export Quality 163 Meeting the Quality Challenge at Home: How Bangladesh Manages Import Procedures 177 Meeting the Quality Challenge Next Door: Regional Trade and Quality 184 Conclusions and Recommendations 186 Annex 5A: Current and Upcoming BSTI Projects 187 Notes 190 References 191 Strengthening Competitiveness in Bangladesh—Thematic Assessment http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0898-2 Contents vii Chapter 6 Trade Facilitation and Logistics 193 Charles Kunaka and Nadeem Rizwan Introduction 193 Logistics Performance 193 Customs and Border Management 207 Regional Integration and Trade Facilitation 212 Options for Improving Trade Facilitation and Logistics Performance in Bangladesh 216 Annex 6A: List of Goods That Can Be Cleared in Off-Dock Yards 217 Notes 218 References 218 Chapter 7 Constraints to Trade Finance 221 Hugh Baylis Introduction 221 Role of Trade Finance 222 Trade Finance in Bangladesh 226 A Modern Approach to Trade Finance 229 Policy Options 234 Notes 235 References 236 Chapter 8 Attracting Foreign Direct Investment 237 Sanjay Kathuria, Mariem Mezghenni Malouche, Peter Kusek, and Nadeem Rizwan Introduction 237 Constraints to Private Investment in Bangladesh 238 Poor Performance of FDI Inflows in Bangladesh: A Snapshot 240 Constraints to FDI 245 Is Bangladesh Really Open to FDI? 251 Uneven Playing Field for Multinational Firms 257 International Payments and Investments 259 Policy Recommendations 263 Notes 264 References 267 Boxes 1.1 Vietnam Has Increased Its Export Basket Sophistication and Market Diversification 11 1.2 Rana Plaza Momentum for Reforms: Implementation Will Be Key 16 1.3 Exporter Dynamics Database 23 2.1 Bangladesh’s Para-Tariffs 43 Strengthening Competitiveness in Bangladesh—Thematic Assessment http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0898-2 viii Contents 2.2 Three Facilities for Exporters in Bangladesh 49 2.3 Bangladesh’s Success Story: The Ready-Made Garments Sector 51 2.4 National Board of Revenue Modernization Plan, 2012–16 56 2A.1 List of Subsectors for the Enterprise Survey 68 3.1 EU Preferential Regimes 81 3.2 Bangladesh’s Free Trade Agreements 95 3.3 Policy Barriers at the Bangladesh-India Border 99 3.4 India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement 101 3.5 Historical Role of Bazaars 102 4.1 Import Policy Formulation 122 4.2 Export Policy Formulation 125 4.3 Ministry of Commerce’s FTA Wing 126 4.4 Interagency Coordination on Trade Agreements 127 4.5 Outline for a BFTI Train-the-Trainers Program 148 4A.1 Export Policy and Priority Sector Incentives 150 4A.2 Standards of Consultation 150 4A.3 National Institute of Public Finance and Policy of India 151 4A.4 Australia’s Productivity Commission 152 5.1 Quality Infrastructure Components 167 5.2 Lessons from Sri Lanka on Developing Garment Testing Services 169 6.1 Priority Actions to Phase Out Preshipment Inspection 208 7.1 Payment Methods for
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