DOCSLIB.ORG

Diplomacy and Global Security: a Historical Narrative of the Post-Cold War Era

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diplomacy and Global Security: a Historical Narrative of the Post-Cold War Era Diplomacy and Global Security: A Historical Narrative of the Post-Cold War Era Diplomacy and Global Security: A Historical Narrative of the Post-Cold War Era Henry B. Ogunjewo, Ph.D Department of History & Strategic Studies, University of Lagos, Nigeria Email: [email protected]@gmail.com Abstract Immediately after the Cold war, there was a general optimism of an international system that would enable the component nation-states to pursue economic growth and greater independence. Despite the various strategies by the component nation states in the international system to attain self- sufficiency in economic terms and thus reduce dependence on other nation states for their needs and survival thereby weakening bilateral relations, the contemporary realities of the international system in the face of global security challenges pose a compelling sustained cooperation and collaboration among the nation states in the international system. Global security includes military and diplomatic measures that nations and international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) take to ensure mutual safety and security. It also includes the regional and sub-regional collaborative strategies at combating security challenges. Diplomacy and global security are among the most pressing issues facing the world today. Success or failure can have huge implications for the international community and society as a whole. This paper submits that global security will remain a compelling factor in diplomatic relations in the twenty-first century. Keywords: Global Security, Diplomacy, Cold War, Collaborative Strategies, Sustained Cooperation Introduction Global security in the contemporary international system includes military and diplomatic measures that nation-states and international organizations such as the United Nations and NATO as well as regional organizations like the European Union (EU), the African Union (AU), the Organization of American State (OAS) and so on take to ensure mutual safety and security. It also includes the collaborative efforts and regional organizations corporate efforts which provide analyses that help policymakers understand political, military and economic trends around the world; the sources of potential regional conflict; and emerging threats to the global security environment (Buzan and Hansen, 2009). Global security, refers to the amalgamation of measures taken by nation states and international organizations, such as the United Nations, European 1 Jalingo Journal of Social and Management Sciences Volume 1, Number 4 August, 2019 Union, and others, to ensure mutual survival and safety. These measures include military action and diplomatic agreements such as treaties and conventions. International and National security are invariably linked and mutually dependent. As a matter of fact, International security is national security or state security in the global arena. Diplomacy and international security are among the most pressing issues facing the world today. The success or failure of global security can have huge implications for the international community and society as a whole. That is why this paper presents an opportunity for diplomats, politicians, academics, state and non-state actors to think strategically reflect historically and plan properly. The content of international security has expanded over the years. Today it covers a variety of interconnected issues in the world that affect survival. It ranges from the traditional or conventional modes of military power, the causes and consequences of war between and among states, economic strength, to ethnic, religious and ideological conflicts, trade and economic conflicts, energy supplies, science and technology, food, as well as threats to human security and the stability of states from environmental degradation, infectious diseases, climate change and the activities of non-state actors (Buzen et al, 1998). The international system as presently constituted is very fragile and demands sustained cooperation and collaboration. This paper submits that global security will remain a compelling factor in diplomatic relations in the twenty-first century. Diplomacy Diplomacy as a concept and practice is as old as man. However, the origin of organized diplomacy may be traced to the relations among the city-states of ancient Greece. By the fifth century BC, Nicolson stated, "special missions between the Greek city-states had become so frequent that something approaching our own system of regular diplomatic intercourse had been achieved." (Nicolson, 1946) Thucydides reported about diplomatic procedure among the Greeks, as, for instance, in his account of a conference at Sparta in 432 BC in which the Spartans and their allies considered what action to take against Athens (Nicolson, 1946). The Romans contributed in a way to the advancement of the art of diplomacy by negotiation. Their representatives became skilled diplomats and trained observers. This extended the practice of diplomacy to include observation and reporting along with representation (Kishan, 2011). Modem diplomacy as an organized profession arose in Italy in the late Middle Ages. The rivalries of the Italian city-states and the methods, which their rulers used to promote their interests, are described in masterful fashion in Machiavelli's “The Prince”. Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, established the first known permanent mission in Genoa in 1455 (Kishan, 2011). In the next century, Italian city-states established permanent embassies in London, Paris and in the Court of the Holy Roman Emperor. A British Ambassador was assigned to reside in Paris and Francis I of France "devised something like permanent diplomatic machinery" (Akadiri, 2003). After the peace of Westphalia of 1648 formalized the state system (Akadiri, 2003), permanent missions became the rule rather than the exception. Diplomacy became an established 2 Diplomacy and Global Security: A Historical Narrative of the Post-Cold War Era profession and a generally accepted method of global intercourse. As diplomacy became more formal, its rules became more standardized. The 1815 Vienna Congress contributed in this respect, placing diplomacy on a formal basis, with standardized rules of procedure and protocols, embodied. In the Regalement of March 19, 1815 and in regulations of the Congress of Aix-la- Chapelle in 1818 (Akadiri, 2003). Harold Nicolson, whose delightful little book, Diplomacy, has become a classic on the subject has called attention to three developments in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which have greatly affected the history, the theory, and practice of diplomacy and which have impacted significantly on foreign policies. These are: (i) The "growing sense of the community of nations," (ii) The "increasing appreciation of the importance of public opinion" and (iii) The "rapid increase in communications” (Nicholson, 1969) The first two enlarged the diplomat's functions and enhanced his importance. The foregoing process stimulated the evolution of the five traditional roles of diplomacy; Representation, Negotiation, Reporting, Interpretation and Protection. These five pillars of diplomacy now extend into trade, investments, security, sports and cultural exchanges. However, by far, the most critical factor that will define international relations in the twenty-first century is global security. Therefore, while three developments have greatly affected the history, the theory, and practice of diplomacy and have impacted significantly on foreign policies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, only one dominant factor will determine, define and shape the twenty-first century: Global Security. The post-cold war era will witness compelling sustained cooperation and collaboration among the nation states in the international system. Global Security up to the Cold War Global Security had always been a cause of concern since the advent of the modern state. The traditional security paradigm refers to a realist construct of security in which the referent object of security is the state. The prevalence of this theorem reached a peak during the Cold War. For a very long time, major world powers entrusted the security of their states to a balance of power among nation states. In this sense, global stability relied on the premise that if state security is maintained, then the security of citizens will necessarily follow (Bajpai, 2000). Traditional security relied on the anarchistic balance of power, a military build-up between the United States and the Soviet Union (the two superpowers), and on the absolute sovereignty of the nation state (Owen, 2004). States were deemed to be rational entities, national interests and policy driven by the desire for absolute power (Bajpai, 2000). Security was seen as protection from invasion; executed during proxy conflicts using technical and military capabilities. Indeed, since the previous centuries till date, one of the greatest challenges to statecraft is the task to establish an international framework that would contain international violence and 3 Jalingo Journal of Social and Management Sciences Volume 1, Number 4 August, 2019 prevent future wars with their devastating consequences (Gordon and Alexander, 1995). This is against the background that violent conflict is an intrinsic and inevitable phenomenon in human society. Hence, as interactions occur and interests coincide, conflicts are likely to occur. For as long as this is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria: the Role of Traditional Institutions
    Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria Past, Present, and Future Edited by Abdalla Uba Adamu ii Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria Past, Present, and Future Proceedings of the National Conference on Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria. Organized by the Kano State Emirate Council to commemorate the 40th anniversary of His Royal Highness, the Emir of Kano, Alhaji Ado Bayero, CFR, LLD, as the Emir of Kano (October 1963-October 2003) H.R.H. Alhaji (Dr.) Ado Bayero, CFR, LLD 40th Anniversary (1383-1424 A.H., 1963-2003) Allah Ya Kara Jan Zamanin Sarki, Amin. iii Copyright Pages © ISBN © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the editors. iv Contents A Brief Biography of the Emir of Kano..............................................................vi Editorial Note........................................................................................................i Preface...................................................................................................................i Opening Lead Papers Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria: The Role of Traditional Institutions...........1 Lt. General Aliyu Mohammed (rtd), GCON Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria: A Case Study of Sarkin Kano Alhaji Ado Bayero and the Kano Emirate Council...............................................................14 Dr. Ibrahim Tahir, M.A. (Cantab) PhD (Cantab)
    [Show full text]
  • MB 10Th April 2017
    th 0795-3089 10 April, 2017 Vol. 12 No. 15 FG Reconstitutes Boards of Education Agencies, Councils of Universities Prof. Ayo Banjo, NUC Hon. Emeka Nwajiuba, TETFund Prof. Zainab Alkali, NLN resident Muhammadu statement said, Mr. President, in ?N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t i e s B u h a r i , G C F R , h a s making these appointments, had Commission (NUC): Prof. Ayo Papproved the reconstitution taken congnisance of the provisions Banjo of the Boards of 19 Agencies and of the respective legislation with ?Tertiary Education Trust Fund Parastatals, under the Federal respect to composition, competence, ( T E T F u n d ) : C h i e f E m e k a Ministry of Education, for a period credibility, integrity, federal Nwajiuba of four years, in the first instance. character and geo-political spread. ?N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r The Honourable Minister of Educational Planning and Education, Malam Adamu Adamu, The Agencies and their Chairmen Administration (NIEPA): Hon. Dr. who made this known in a are as follows: Ekaete Ebong Okon in this edition President Buhari Tasks FUTA Obey NUC Regulations on Excellence Pg. 4 -Prof Rasheed at EKSU Convocation Pg. 7 10th April, 2017 Vol. 12 No. 15 Senator Nkechi Justina Nwaogu, UNICAL Dr. Aboki Zhawa, FUNAAB Prince Tony Momoh, UNIJOS ?Universal Basic Education Matriculation Board (JAMB): Dr. The Honourable Minister’s Commission (UBEC): Dr. Mahmud Emmanuel Ndukwe statement read in part: “In making Mohammed ?National Institute of Nigerian these appointments, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case of Ondo State, Nigeria
    Journal of public administration and policy research Vol. 1(6) pp. 117-124 October, 2009 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/jpapr ©2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Political influence on bureaucratic growth and social responsiveness: A case of Ondo State, Nigeria David Oluropo Adeyemo and Pius Olakunle Osunyikanmi 1Department of Local Government Studies, Faculty Administration Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 2C/o Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria. Accepted 16 September, 2009 This study takes a critical look at the ways through which political office holders manipulated recruitment into the public service of Ondo State between 1999 and 2003. It holds that the phenomenal rise in the size of the public service of Ondo state during this period was due largely to political exertion; something akin to the spoils systems in the 18th century United States. The cost implication of this increase was adjudged disturbing as 65.31% of the revenue accruable to the State goes to the payment of the emolument of these public servants who constitute just 1% of the entire population. This paper notes the complacency of the top echelon of the public service as regards the abandonment of the merit system in recruitment in to the public service during this period. It concludes that the implications of this phenomenal rise in the size of the public service, including the manner of accomplishing it are of far reaching implications for the public service and the society. Key words: Political, influence, bureaucracy, growth, responsiveness. INTRODUCTION Government in modern times is administered with the aid to alter its direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Accredited Observer Groups/Organisations for the 2011 April General Elections
    ACCREDITED OBSERVER GROUPS/ORGANISATIONS FOR THE 2011 APRIL GENERAL ELECTIONS Further to the submission of application by Observer groups to INEC (EMOC 01 Forms) for Election Observation ahead of the April 2011 General Elections; the Commission has shortlisted and approved 291 Domestic Observer Groups/Organizations to observe the forthcoming General Elections. All successful accredited Observer groups as shortlisted below are required to fill EMOC 02 Forms and submit the full names of their officials and the State of deployment to the Election Monitoring and Observation Unit, INEC. Please note that EMOC 02 Form is obtainable at INEC Headquarters, Abuja and your submissions should be made on or before Friday, 25th March, 2011. S/N ORGANISATION LOCATION & ADDRESS 1 CENTER FOR PEACEBUILDING $ SOCIO- HERITAGE HOUSE ILUGA QUARTERS HOSPITAL ECONOMIC RESOURCES ROAD TEMIDIRE IKOLE EKITI DEVELOPMENT(CEPSERD) 2 COMMITTED ADVOCATES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEV SUITE 18 DANOVILLE PLAZA GARDEN ABUJA &YOUTH ADVANCEMENT FCT 3 LEAGUE OF ANAMBRA PROFESSIONALS 86A ISALE-EKO WAY DOLPHIN – IKOYI 4 YOUTH MOVEMENT OF NIGERIA SUITE 24, BLK A CYPRIAN EKWENSI CENTRE FOR ARTS & CULTURE ABUJA 5 SCIENCE & ECONOMY DEV. ORG. SUITE KO5 METRO PLAZA PLOT 791/992 ZAKARIYA ST CBD ABUJA 6 GLOBAL PEACE & FORGIVENESS FOUNDATION SUITE A6, BOBSAR COMPLEX GARKI 7 CENTRE FOR ACADEMIC ENRICHMENT 2 CASABLANCA ST. WUSE 11 ABUJA 8 GREATER TOMORROW INITIATIVE 5 NSIT ST, UYO A/IBOM 9 NIG. LABOUR CONGRESS LABOUR HOUSE CBD ABUJA 10 WOMEN FOR PEACE IN NIG NO. 4 MOHAMMED BUHARI WAY KADUNA 11 YOUTH FOR AGRICULTURE 15 OKEAGBE CLOSE ABUJA 12 COALITION OF DEMOCRATS FOR ELECTORAL 6 DJIBOUTI CRESCENT WUSE 11, ABUJA REFORMS 13 UNIVERSAL DEFENDERS OF DEMOCRACY UKWE HOUSE, PLOT 226 CENSUS CLOSE, BABS ANIMASHANUN ST.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Levers in Nigeria
    CRISE Policy Context Paper 2, December 2003 Policy Levers in Nigeria By Ukoha Ukiwo Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, CRISE Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Executive Summary This paper identifies some prospective policy levers for the CRISE programme in Nigeria. It is divided into two parts. The first part is a narrative of the political history of Nigeria which provides the backdrop for the policy environment. In the second part, an attempt is made to identify the relevant policy actors in the country. Understanding the Policy Environment in Nigeria The policy environment in Nigeria is a complex one that is underlined by its chequered political history. Some features of this political history deserve some attention here. First, despite the fact that prior to its independence Nigeria was considered as a natural democracy because of its plurality and westernized political elites, it has been difficult for the country to sustain democratic politics. The military has held power for almost 28 years out of 43 years since Nigeria became independent. The result is that the civic culture required for democratic politics is largely absent both among the political class and the citizenry. Politics is construed as a zero sum game in which the winner takes all. In these circumstances, political competition has been marked by political violence and abandonment of legitimacy norms. The implication of this for the policy environment is that formal institutions and rules are often subverted leading to the marginalization of formal actors. During the military period, the military political class incorporated bureaucrats and traditional rulers in the process of governance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Hausa As a National Lingua Franca in Niger
    Ahmed Draia University – Adrar Université Ahmed Draia Adrar-Algérie Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Letters and Language A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Master’s Degree in Linguistics and Didactics The Emergence of Hausa as a National Lingua Franca in Niger Presented by: Supervised by: Moussa Yacouba Abdoul Aziz Pr. Bachir Bouhania Academic Year: 2015-2016 Abstract The present research investigates the causes behind the emergence of Hausa as a national lingua franca in Niger. Precisely, the research seeks to answer the question as to why Hausa has become a lingua franca in Niger. To answer this question, a sociolinguistic approach of language spread or expansion has been adopted to see whether it applies to the Hausa language. It has been found that the emergence of Hausa as a lingua franca is mainly attributed to geo-historical reasons such as the rise of Hausa states in the fifteenth century, the continuous processes of migration in the seventeenth century which resulted in cultural and linguistic assimilation, territorial expansion brought about by the spread of Islam in the nineteenth century, and the establishment of long-distance trade by the Hausa diaspora. Moreover, the status of Hausa as a lingua franca has recently been maintained by socio- cultural factors represented by the growing use of the language for commercial and cultural purposes as well as its significance in education and media. These findings arguably support the sociolinguistic view regarding the impact of society on language expansion, that the widespread use of language is highly determined by social factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Class Licence Register Sales and Installations Category
    CLASS LICENCE REGISTER SALES AND INSTALLATIONS CATEGORY S/N COMPANY NAME ADDRESS LICENCE NUMBER COMMENCEMENT DATE ZONE Suite 16B, Sabondale Shopping Complex, Jabi, 1 CVS Contracting International Ltd CL/S&I/001/07 Abuja 2 Telesciences Nig Ltd 123, Olojo Drive, Ojo Town, Lagos CL/S&I/002/07 3 Three One Three Communications Ltd No1, Isah Road, Badarawa, Kaduna CL/S&I/003/07 4 Latshak Global Concept Ltd No7, Abolakale Arikawe, ajah Lagos CL/S&I/004/07 5 Austin Willy Investment Ltd No 10, Willisco Street, Iju Ishaga Lagos CL/S&I/005/07 65, Erhumwunse Street, Uzebu Qtrs, Benin 6 Geoinformatics Nig Ltd CL/S&I/006/07 City, Edo State 7 Dwellins Intl Ltd 21, Boyle Street, Onikan Lagos CL/S&I/007/07 8 Race Telecommunications Intl Ltd 19, Adebola Street, Surulere, Lagos CL/S&I/008/07 Suite A45, Shakir Plaza, 3, Michika Strt, Off 9 Clarfel Global Services Ltd CL/S&I/009/07 Ahmadu Bello Way, Area 11, Garki Abuja 10 MLD Temmy Concept Ltd FF1, Abeoukuta Street, Bida Road, Kaduna CL/S&I/010/07 No, 230, Association Shop, Old Epe Garage, 11 King Chris Success Links Ltd CL/S&I/011/07 Ijebu Ode, Ogun State 54/56, Adeniji Street, Off Unity Street, Alakuko 12 Diamond Sundries Ltd CL/S&I/012/07 Lagos Suite A33, Shakir Plaza, Michika Strt, Plot 1029, 13 Olucliff Nig Ltd CL/S&I/013/07 Area 11, Garki Abuja 14 Mecof Resources Ltd No 94, Minna Road, Suleja Niger State CL/S&I/014/07 Hypersand Communication Concept & Plot 29A, Democracy Crescent, Gaduwa Estate, 15 CL/S&I/015/07 Solution Ltd Durumi 111, abuja 16 Patittas Nig Ltd Suite 17, Essence Plaza, Wuse Zone 6, Abuja CL/S&I/016/07 Opp Texaco Filing Station, Head Bridge, 17 T.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Hausa and Zarma Traditional Marriage Culture
    Comparative Analysis of Hausa and Zarma Traditional Marriage Culture Rabiu Aliyu Rambo & Dano Balarabe Bunza Abstract Marriage like in any other tradition plays a vital role among the Hausa and the Zarma communities. Marriage is one of the important agent of socializations and development of every communities and nation at large. The word marriage means a bond or contract that legalizes the union of man and woman as wife and husband. In the two communities under study, marriage is considered as a cultural and religious obligation, as such any man or woman who has no wife or husband is reluctantly accepted as irresponsible member of the society. It is in view of the above, this paper wishes to comparatively study some aspects of marriage culture in the two different communities (Hausa and Zarma). The problem associated to this study is that, most of the younger generations, especially the youth are not aware of the real traditional marriage culture of these two communities, talk less of comparing the two cultures. Thus, the motive behind this study is to expose the younger ones to know some important marriage cultures that are practiced in the two communities. The methodology applied in the study includes use of library and oral interviews. In addition, a “Cultural Comparative Theory” is used in the research, as it gives a comparative guide for analysis on the data collected. Equally the significance is to assist in strengthening and bridging up the good socio-cultural relationship between the two communities. The paper also discussed the differences and similarities on some aspects of traditional marriage cultures of the two communities.
    [Show full text]
  • S/N COMPANY NAME ADDRESS LICENSE NUMBER 1 CVS Contracting International Ltd Suite 16B, Sabondale Shopping Complex, Jabi, Abuja CL/S&I/001/07
    CLASS LICENCE REGISTER SALES AND INSTALLATIONS CATEGORY S/N COMPANY NAME ADDRESS LICENSE NUMBER 1 CVS Contracting International Ltd Suite 16B, Sabondale Shopping Complex, Jabi, Abuja CL/S&I/001/07 2 Telesciences Nig Ltd 123, Olojo Drive, Ojo Town, Lagos CL/S&I/002/07 3 Three One Three Communications Ltd No1, Isah Road, Badarawa, Kaduna CL/S&I/003/07 4 Latshak Global Concept Ltd No7, Abolakale Arikawe, ajah Lagos CL/S&I/004/07 5 Austin Willy Investment Ltd No 10, Willisco Street, Iju Ishaga Lagos CL/S&I/005/07 6 Geoinformatics Nig Ltd 65, Erhumwunse Street, Uzebu Qtrs, Benin City, Edo State CL/S&I/006/07 7 Dwellins Intl Ltd 21, Boyle Street, Onikan Lagos CL/S&I/007/07 8 Race Telecommunications Intl Ltd 19, Adebola Street, Surulere, Lagos CL/S&I/008/07 9 Clarfel Global Services Ltd Suite A45, Shakir Plaza, 3, Michika Strt, Off Ahmadu Bello Way, Area 11, Garki Abuja CL/S&I/009/07 10 MLD Temmy Concept Ltd FF1, Abeoukuta Street, Bida Road, Kaduna CL/S&I/010/07 11 King Chris Success Links Ltd No, 230, Association Shop, Old Epe Garage, Ijebu Ode, Ogun State CL/S&I/011/07 12 Diamond Sundries Ltd 54/56, Adeniji Street, Off Unity Street, Alakuko Lagos CL/S&I/012/07 13 Olucliff Nig Ltd Suite A33, Shakir Plaza, Michika Strt, Plot 1029, Area 11, Garki Abuja CL/S&I/013/07 14 Mecof Resources Ltd No 94, Minna Road, Suleja Niger State CL/S&I/014/07 15 Hypersand Communication Concept & Plot 29A, Democracy Crescent, Gaduwa Estate, Durumi 111, abuja CL/S&I/015/07 Solution Ltd 16 Patittas Nig Ltd Suite 17, Essence Plaza, Wuse Zone 6, Abuja CL/S&I/016/07 1 17 T.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria Nigeria at a Glance: 2005-06
    Country Report Nigeria Nigeria at a glance: 2005-06 OVERVIEW The president, Olusegun Obasanjo, and his team face a daunting task in their efforts to push through long-term, sustainable economic reforms in the coming two years. However, the recent crackdown on high-level corruption seems to point to the president!s determination to use his final years in power to shake up Nigeria!s political system and this should help the reform process. Given the background of ethnic and religious divisions, widespread poverty, and powerful groups with vested interests in maintaining the current status quo, there is a risk that the reform drive, if not properly managed, could destabilise the country. Strong growth in the oil and agricultural sectors will ensure that real GDP growth remains reasonably high, at about 4%, in 2005 and 2006, but the real challenge will be improving performance in the non-oil sector, which will be a crucial part of any real attempt to reduce poverty in the country. Key changes from last month Political outlook • There have been no major changes to the Economist Intelligence Unit!s political outlook. Economic policy outlook • There have been no major changes to our economic policy outlook. Economic forecast • New external debt data for 2003 show that the proportion of Nigeria!s debt denominated in euros was much higher than previously estimated. Owing to the weakness of the US dollar against the euro since 2003, this has pushed up Nigeria!s debt stock substantially, to US$35bn at the end of 2003. Despite limited new lending, mainly from multilateral lenders, we estimate that further currency revaluations and the addition of interest arrears to the short-term debt stock will push total external debt up to US$39.5bn by the end of 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • MB 6Th Nov. 2017
    RSITIE VE S C NI O U M NATIONAL UNIVERSITIES COMMISSION L M A I S N S O I I O T N A N T H C E OU VI GHT AND SER MONDAY www.nuc.edu.ng A PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY th 0795-3089 6 November, 2017 Vol. 12 No. 45 FG to Complete Perimetre Fencing for MAUTECH h e P r e s i d e n t a n d Commander in Chief of Tthe Federal Republic of Nigeria, President Muhammadu Buhari, GCFR, has promised special funds to the Modibo Adama University of Technolgy, Yola, to enable it complete its perimeter fencing, connect the university with a good road network, provide reliable street lights and build more female hostels for the University. Speaking at the 23rd convocation ceremony of the University held last Saturday, in Yola, Adamawa State, the President, represented by Professor Shehu Usman His Excellency, Muhammadu Buhari, GCFR Abdullahi, the former Vice President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Federal Republic of Nigeria chancellor and a Visiting committed to supporting and major facilities with good road Professor to NUC said that the intervening in the affected networks and provide reliable government was determined to universities as we do in the lower street lighting system for all ensure that universities were levels of education. To this end, major roads on campus. In the encouraged to fulfill their government will provide a light of the peculiar and mandates. special fund to enable the dangerous circumstances our university complete the female students are exposed to, According to him “ we are indeed perimeter fencing, connect the funds for additional hostels on the in this edition ES Harps on Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 and Digital Rights
    COVID-19 and Digital Rights A Compendium on Health Surveillance Stories in Africa COVID-19 and Digital Rights A Compendium on Health Surveillance Stories in Africa May 2021 Published by Paradigm Initiative Supported by The Open Society Initiative for West Africa Editors ‘Gbenga Sesan, Executive Director, Paradigm Initiative. Thobekile Matimbe, Community Manager, Paradigm Initiative. Design and Layout Kenneth Oyeniyi, Communications Assistant, Paradigm Initiative. Creative Commons PARADIGM INITIATIVE @ParadigmHQ Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) COVID-19 and Digital Rights - A Compendium on Health Surveillance Stories in Africa. 2 Table of Contents Page COVID-19 and the need for data privacy and protection regulations in Zambia 4 Covid-19 Digital Contact Tracing: Lessons From a Nigerian Experience 6 COVID-19: What turned my life upside down 8 The threat to data privacy in Kenya in the time of COVID-19 10 Safe-guarding Kenyans’ data amidst a pandemic 12 TogoSafe application’s data grab 14 The looming threat to data privacy for Nigerians in a pandemic 16 COVID-19: Between personal data breaches and disinformation in Cameroon 18 COVID-19 Case No.15: A Zimbabwean victim of misinformation 20 Protecting the privacy of Zimbabwean COVID-19 patients 22 COVID-19 and Digital Rights - A Compendium on Health Surveillance Stories in Africa. 3 COVID-19 and the need for data privacy and protection regulations in Zambia Compiled by Bulanda Nkhowani Zambia recorded its first two cases of COVID-19 in March 2020 and was one of the few countries in the region that partially kept its borders open. While most countries battled to find ways to understand, mitigate and stop the spread of the novel coronavirus, Zambian health professionals quickly took to a tried and tested method to prepare, surveil and respond to the looming threat.
    [Show full text]