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APA Sample Paper Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1 Green text boxes contain explanations The running of APA style head is a The title guidelines. shortened should version of the summarize paper’s full title Blue boxes contain . the paper’s t is used to directions for writing I main idea and help readers and citing in APA identify the identify the variables style. titles of articles, under especially when discussion those articles and the are published in relationship Varying Definitions of Online Communication and larger works. between Even if your them. A good Their Effects on Relationship Research paper is not title should intended for also be able The author’s name publication, to stand on and the institution Elizabeth L. Angeli your paper its own. where the research should still have took place should be State University a running head. The title centered and double- The running should be spaced. Use the same head cannot centered on name here as you use exceed 50 the page and characters, typed in 12- on other papers (e.g., including spaces point Times do not use "Elizabeth and New Roman L. Angeli" on one punctuation. Font. It paper and "E. L. Author Note The running should not be Angeli" on another. head’s title bolded, should be in underlined, or Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University. capital letters. italicized. A The running title should Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Marquette University. head should be never exceed flush left, and 12 words. This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant page numbers should be flush right. On the Program. title page, the running head Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth should include the words “Running head.” Angeli, Department of English, Marquette University, Madison, WI, 55555. For pages following the Contact: author@ .edu title page, marquette repeat the running head in The author note should appear on printed articles. It identifies each author’s all caps without department and institution affiliation, as well as any changes in affiliation. It the“Running words head.” also contains acknowledgments and any financial support received, and "Running head." provides contact information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25. Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and disserations. An author note should appear as follows: First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any) Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail) Note that the "Running Head" label VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 2 does not The word appear after Abstract “Abstract” the title should be page. centered This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted and typed The in 12 point abstract is - Times New a brief on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to Roman. Do summary of not indent the paper, the first allowing computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their line of the readers to abstract quickly definitions and uses of CMC. Cummings, Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to- paragraph. review the All other main points paragraphs and face (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC, defined as “email,” in creating in the purpose of paper the paper. feelings of closeness or intimacy. Other articles define CMC differently and, therefore, should be indented. The abstract offer different results. This paper examines Cummings, Butler, and Kraut’s (2002) should be between 150-250 research in relation to three other research articles to suggest that all forms of CMC words. Abbre- should be studied in order to fully understand how CMC influences online and offline viations and acronyms used in the relationships. paper should be Keywords: computer-mediated communication, face-to-face communication End your defined in the abstract abstract. with a set of keywords that will be repeated throughout your paper. The title should be VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 3 centered on the page and typed in 12- Varying Definitions of Online Communication and point Times New Roman Font. It Their Effects on Relationship Research should not be bolded, Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of Internet relationships, underlined, or italicized. focusing on the levels of intimacy, closeness, different communication modalities, and The introduc- the frequency of use of computer-mediated communication (CMC). However, tion presents the problem contradictory results are suggested within this research because only certain aspects of that the If an article paper has three addresses. CMC are investigated, for example, email only. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) to five See th OWL is authors, resource on suggest that face-to-face (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC (read: email) in write out all the of the fundamental authors’ qualities of creating feelings of closeness or intimacy, while other studies suggest the opposite. To names the research first time papers: https:// understand how both online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships are affected they owl.purdue.e appear. du/owl/ Then use general_writi by CMC, all forms of CMC should be studied. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s the first ng/ author’s common_wri last name ting_assign research against other CMC research to propose that additional research be conducted to followed by ments/ “et al.” research_pa pers/ better understand how online communication affects relationships. index.html In-text Literature Review citations that are In Cummings et al.’s (2002) summary article reviewing three empirical studies on direct APA quotes requires should online social relationships, it was found that CMC, especially email, was less effective you to include the include the publication author(s') than FtF contact in creating and maintaining close social relationships. Two of the three year name(s), because the reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships APA users publication are year, and concerned page mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s with the number/s. date of the If you are use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et article (the para- more phrasing a current the source, al., 2002). The strength of the relationship was predicted best by FtF and phone better). APA encourages you to include page numbers: (Smith, 2009, p. 76). VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 4 communication, as participants rated email as an inferior means of maintaining personal Use an relationships as compared to FtF and phone contacts (Cummings et al., 2002). appendix (located at the end of Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed an additional study conducted in 1999 by the your paper) to provide HomeNet project (see Appendix A for more information on the HomeNet project). In brief content this project, Kraut, Mukhopadhyay, Szczypula, Kiesler, and Scherlis (1999) compared that supplement s your the value of using CMC and non-CMC to maintain relationships with partners. They paper but is not directly found that participants corresponded less frequently with their Internet partner (5.2 times related to your text. per month) than with their non-Internet partner (7.2 times per month; Cummings et al., If you are including an appendix, 2002). This difference does not seem significant, as it is only two times less per month. refer to it in the body However, in additional self-report surveys, participants responded feeling more distant, of your paper. or less intimate, towards their Internet partner than their non-Internet partner. This finding may be attributed to participants’ beliefs that email is an inferior mode of personal relationship communication. Intimacy is necessary in the creation and maintenance of relationships, as it is defined as the sharing of a person’s innermost being with another person, i.e., self- disclosure (Hu, Wood, Smith, & Westbrook, 2004). Relationships are facilitated by the reciprocal self-disclosing between partners, regardless of non-CMC or CMC. Cummings et al.’s (2002) reviewed results contradict other studies that research the connection between intimacy and relationships through CMC. Hu et al. (2004) studied the relationship between the frequency of Instant Messenger (IM) use and the degree of perceived intimacy among friends. The use of IM instead of email as a CMC modality was studied because IM supports a non-professional VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 5 environment favoring intimate exchanges (Hu et al., 2004). Their results suggest that a positive relationship exists between the frequency of IM use and intimacy, demonstrating that participants feel closer to their Internet partner as time progresses through this CMC modality. Similarly, Underwood and Findlay (2004) studied the effect of Internet relationships on primary, specifically non-Internet relationships and the perceived intimacy of both. In this study, self-disclosure, referred to "whether [participants] shared secrets, discussed personal problems, or had discussed sexual preferences" (p. 131). Participants reported significantly higher self-disclosure in their Internet relationship
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