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National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory John Fitzgerald Kennedy NHS Landscape John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Histo

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National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory John Fitzgerald Kennedy NHS Landscape John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Histo National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory 2011 John Fitzgerald Kennedy NHS Landscape John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site Table of Contents Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Concurrence Status Geographic Information and Location Map Management Information National Register Information Chronology & Physical History Analysis & Evaluation of Integrity Condition Treatment Bibliography & Supplemental Information John Fitzgerald Kennedy NHS Landscape John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Inventory Summary The Cultural Landscapes Inventory Overview: CLI General Information: Purpose and Goals of the CLI The Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI), a comprehensive inventory of all cultural landscapes in the national park system, is one of the most ambitious initiatives of the National Park Service (NPS) Park Cultural Landscapes Program. The CLI is an evaluated inventory of all landscapes having historical significance that are listed on or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, or are otherwise managed as cultural resources through a public planning process and in which the NPS has or plans to acquire any legal interest. The CLI identifies and documents each landscape’s location, size, physical development, condition, landscape characteristics, character-defining features, as well as other valuable information useful to park management. Cultural landscapes become approved CLIs when concurrence with the findings is obtained from the park superintendent and all required data fields are entered into a national database. In addition, for landscapes that are not currently listed on the National Register and/or do not have adequate documentation, concurrence is required from the State Historic Preservation Officer or the Keeper of the National Register. The CLI, like the List of Classified Structures, assists the NPS in its efforts to fulfill the identification and management requirements associated with Section 110(a) of the National Historic Preservation Act, National Park Service Management Policies (2006), and Director’s Order #28: Cultural Resource Management. Since launching the CLI nationwide, the NPS, in response to the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), is required to report information that respond to NPS strategic plan accomplishments. Two GPRA goals are associated with the CLI: bringing certified cultural landscapes into good condition (Goal 1a7) and increasing the number of CLI records that have complete, accurate, and reliable information (Goal 1b2B). Scope of the CLI The information contained within the CLI is gathered from existing secondary sources found in park libraries and archives and at NPS regional offices and centers, as well as through on-site reconnaissance of the existing landscape. The baseline information collected provides a comprehensive look at the historical development and significance of the landscape, placing it in context of the site’s overall significance. Documentation and analysis of the existing landscape identifies character-defining characteristics and features, and allows for an evaluation of the landscape’s overall integrity and an assessment of the landscape’s overall condition. The CLI also provides an illustrative site plan that indicates major features within the inventory unit. Unlike cultural landscape reports, the CLI does not provide management recommendations or Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 1 of 81 John Fitzgerald Kennedy NHS Landscape John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site treatment guidelines for the cultural landscape. Inventory Unit Description: The John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site, located in the Coolidge Corner neighborhood of Brookline, Massachusetts, is a 0.09-acre property that preserves the birthplace and childhood home of the country’s thirty-fifth President, John Fitzgerald Kennedy (b. 1917–d. 1963). The site is located on the south side of 83 Beals Street in a residential development surrounded by homes on its northeast, southeast, and southwest sides. The property consists of a two and one half-story Colonial Revival house built in 1909 and is surrounded by small front, side, and rear yards and fencing. A large plane-tree extends over the street and shades the front lawn. A collection of evergreen shrubs and a privet hedge frame the front yard, which contains a commemorative marker installed by the Town of Brookline in 1961, a flagpole installed in 1969 after the dedication ceremony, and park signs. The side yard is accessed by a concrete walk, which leads to the basement visitor entrance. The rear yard is predominantly turf and ringed by deciduous trees and shrubs and an evergreen tree. Flowering annuals add color by the commemorative marker and along the fence line. The site is presently accessed by the public through a seasonal tour program, which includes tours of the home and of the neighborhood. The house was refurbished by the Kennedys between 1966 and 1969 to reflect the birthplace in 1917, as remembered by the President’s mother, Rose Kennedy. The site is characterized by features from the Kennedy’s period of residence in 1914 to 1920, as well as from the 1960s when the property was enhanced by the Town of Brookline to recognize its significance as the President’s birthplace and when the property was repurchased by the Kennedy family as a memorial to John F. Kennedy. The site was formally dedicated on May 29, 1969 and is a designated National Historic Landmark. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Prior to European settlement of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, the Massachusetts confederation of Native Americans occupied the narrow coastal peninsula and Muddy River area that would respectively become Boston and Brookline. European colonists, drawn to the abundant fresh water, fertile soils, as well as fishing, hunting and trade opportunities, displaced most Native Americans by the end of the century. Early inland trails across the Muddy River flats and Charles River lowlands became colonial cart paths, accessible from Boston—first at the Muddy River ford in 1633 and later by the Mill River Dam Road across the Back Bay mudflats in 1821. A village center grew near the Muddy River ford, and in 1686 the General Council approved a schoolhouse for the Hamlet of Muddy River, effectively separating the community from Boston. In 1705 the General Council approved a petition to incorporate the community as the Town of Brookline. By the end of the eighteenth century, the town included sparse settlements of farms and summer retreats built by wealthy Bostonians. Despite numerous efforts to annex the area to the growing city of Boston, the town remained independent. During the nineteenth century, the town established its own municipal utilities, allowing it to remain a prestigious community of country estates that was set apart but almost geographically surrounded by the city of Boston. The Boston population swelled in mid century with an influx of immigrants, many Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 2 of 81 John Fitzgerald Kennedy NHS Landscape John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site from Ireland who left during the Great Famine. Included among these Irish immigrants were the maternal and paternal great grandparents of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Although Kennedy’s great grandparents did not settle in Brookline, many Irish Roman Catholic immigrants found work in the growing commercial centers and on the large estates in the town. In 1852 the Archdiocese established a Catholic Church in Brookline in the town’s first center by the Muddy River ford, later known as Brookline Village and located along present-day Brookline Avenue. At the end of the nineteenth century, the heirs of some of Brookline’s greatest landowners chose to divide and sell their properties, particularly in North Brookline. Brookline’s population nearly tripled with the introduction of first the horse-drawn, and then the electric, streetcar. Streetcars along Beacon and Harvard streets prompted Coolidge Corner to become a commercial hub and led to the rapid development of subdivisions in the surrounding neighborhood. These new communities required new school buildings, town services, and houses of worship. At the beginning of the twentieth century, when Joseph and Rose Kennedy were searching for their first home, North Brookline was developing rapidly. Members of diverse ethnic, religious, and socio-economic groups were moving out of Boston to new neighborhoods along the streetcar lines, resulting in new houses of worship, schools, services, and stores. The young couple chose a two and one half-story Colonial Revival home within a seventeen year-old subdivision, in close proximity to Coolidge Corner commercial area, the newly constructed Saint Aidan’s Roman Catholic Church (which was the third Catholic church in Brookline) and the recently expanded Edward Devotion School. When the Kennedys moved into their home at 83 Beals Street in October 1914, the neighborhood was open and spacious compared to their respective neighborhoods in Boston, and many of the surrounding lots were undeveloped. Four of the nine Kennedy children were born while the family lived at 83 Beals Street: Joseph, John, Rosemary, and Kathleen. Their first child, Joseph Patrick (Joe) Jr., was born at the family’s summer house in Hull, Massachusetts on July 25, 1915. On May 29, 1917, six weeks after the United States entered the First World War, their second son, John Fitzgerald (Jack) Kennedy was born in the upstairs bedroom
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