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Is Believing DIRECTIONAL, 3D SOUND WILL KICK VIRTUAL REALITY up to a NEW LEVEL of VIVID REALISM P

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Is Believing DIRECTIONAL, 3D SOUND WILL KICK VIRTUAL REALITY up to a NEW LEVEL of VIVID REALISM P THE HEALING WHITE-HAT BOTS THE SMART INDIA’S MASSIVE FIELDS TO THE RESCUE STETHOSCOPE IoT EXPERIMENT Electrical aids Can AI automate Using machine learning A vast network aims to speed skin repair software security? to detect pneumonia improve quality of life P. 07 P. 30 P. 36 P. 42 FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER | 02.19 Hearing Is Believing DIRECTIONAL, 3D SOUND WILL KICK VIRTUAL REALITY UP TO A NEW LEVEL OF VIVID REALISM P. 24 starting at AWGs $4,980 per channel 2.4 GSa/s, 16 bit, 750 MHz 4, 8 and more channels <50 ns trigger latency Typical Applications Semiconductor testing, quantum computing, phased-array radar design & test, Boost your lidar, spectroscopy, NMR lab's performance Impedance starting at Analyzers $11,270 DC to 5 MHz, 1 mΩ to 1 TΩ 0.05% basic accuracy Compensation Advisor and Confidence Indicators Typical Applications High-Q dielectrics, capacitive sensors, supercapacitors, PV materials, component characterization Lock-in starting at Amplifiers $6,210 Up to 600 MHz Scope, FFT, FRA, Sweeper, Imaging tool Optional: AWG, PID, PLL, Boxcar, Counter, AM & FM Typical Applications AFM, LVP, CARS, SRS, SNOM, graphene, optical PLL, THz, pump-probe, RFID, MEMS, NEMS, gyros, NDT, MRFM LabOne® Software All instruments are equipped with LabOne®, the Zurich Instruments control software, providing a wealth of features, efficient workflows and ease of use. Access your instruments from any web browser or integrate it into your LabVIEW, MAT- LAB, Python, C, and .NET programs. Intl. +41 44 515 0410 USA 855-500-0056 (Toll Free) [email protected] www.zhinst.com Zurich Let's discuss your application Instruments Start the conversation today FEATURES_02.19 24 30 36 42 The White- The The India VR FOR Hat Hacking Stethoscope of Things Machine Gets Smart The world’s largest Internet of Things YOUR EARS Meet Mayhem, winner Engineers are upgrad- network will A complete virtual-reality experience of the DARPA contest ing the classic clinical transform India. to find and repair tool with adaptive By V.S. Shridhar requires dynamic 3D audio technology. software vulnerabilities. acoustics and AI. By Mathias Johansson By David Brumley By Mounya Elhilali & James E. West On the cover Illustration for IEEE Spectrum by Eddie Guy DIRAC RESEARCH DIRAC SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | NORTH AMERICAN | FEB 2019 | 01 DEPARTMENTS_02.19DEPARTMENTS_01.13 07 16 06 Online News Resources Opinion spectrum.ieee.org Electroceuticals to Help SIGSALY’s WWII Secrets What Would Doug Engelbart Do? Consumer Electronics You Heal Re-creating a critical component of A pioneer in modern computing Hall of Fame Gentle pulses of electricity can aid the first digital voice scrambler. and organizational-knowledge Hundreds of IEEE members recovery and fend off bacteria. By Jon D. Paul management could help solve our shared stories about their By Charles Q. Choi greatest global problems. favorite gadgets in our Consumer 18 Geek Life: By Tekla S. Perry Electronics Hall of Fame Member 09 L ow-Power Tech Cools The Pinball Renaissance Experience. See all of them, Data Centers 19 Careers: Planning to Get Into 03 Back Story including the prizewinners, at 10 M edical Implants That the C-Suite 04 Contributors https://spectrum.ieee.org/ Remember Their Shape 20 Tools & Toys: Consumer 22 Internet of Everything: Do You member-experience 12 A New Charging Standard for EVs Electronics Memories Need a Smart Microwave? 14 The Big Picture: The Big Bad 52 Past Forward: 23 Numbers Don’t Lie: Robo-Wolf A Phone Fit for a Princess The Vacuum Tube’s Power Law ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Tech Insider / Webinars The Institute Available at spectrum.ieee.org/webinars Available at theinstitute.ieee.org On-Demand: Spacecraft Charging and What It Means to Your INTERNET OF ANIMALS Learn how artificial intelligence, data Space System analytics, and other technologies are being used to protect endangered On-Demand: Retirement, on Your Terms species and track livestock. On-Demand: Simulation of Ultrasonic Borehole Imaging & Flow Measurement IEEE MILESTONE Francisco Salvá’s electric telegraph, invented in 1804, will be honored this month. He invented a new method of telegraphy by combining the generation of an electric current using the recently White Papers invented voltaic pile with detection by water electrolysis. Available at spectrum.ieee.org/whitepapers MEMBER ACHIEVEMENT Read about this year’s recipient of the IEEE Remove Barriers to Efficiency with High-Performance ZVS Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology, Member Kamil Ugurbil. He Buck Regulators did pioneering work on ultra-high-field MRI technology used for biomedical HPE Servers Powers ABB’s Performance and Reliability and brain research. IEEE SPECTRUM (ISSN 0018-9235) is published monthly by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2019 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, U.S.A. Volume No. 56, Issue No. 2, North American edition. The editorial content of IEEE Spectrum magazine does not represent official positions of the IEEE or its organizational units. Canadian Post International Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 40013087. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Circulation Department, IEEE Spectrum, Box 1051, Fort Erie, ON L2A 6C7. Cable address: ITRIPLEE. Fax: +1 212 419 7570. INTERNET: [email protected]. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS: IEEE Members: $21.40 included in dues. Libraries/institutions: $399. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to IEEE Spectrum, c/o Coding Department, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and additional mailing offices. Canadian GST #125634188. Printed at 120 Donnelley Dr., Glasgow, KY 42141-1060, U.S.A. IEEE Spectrum circulation is audited by BPA Worldwide. IEEE Spectrum is a member of the Association of Business Information & Media Companies, the Association of Magazine Media, and Association Media & Publishing. IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying. For more information, visit http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html. GLUEKIT PAUL; D. JON NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY; LEFT: FROM 02 | FEB 2019 | NORTH AMERICAN | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG BACK STORY_ THE IEEE APP: Your mobile gateway to IEEE. THE IMPROVER he invention that made James e. West famous came out of his conviction that he could make things better. West was born into a world in dire need of improvement. He grew up during the Great Depression in rural Virginia, where racial segregation laws denied his family many opportunities. But he challenged the status quo with every step forward in his education. In 1953, he entered T Philadelphia’s Temple University, and he soon landed a summer internship at Bell Telephone Laboratories. His supervisors asked him to work on headphones used in acoustics Download now experiments, which weren’t able to transmit ultraprecise pulses of and get IEEE at sound. West built a new kind of headphones with a transducer made from a solid dielectric material. Then he went back to college. your fingertips. “In November, I got a call,” West remembers. “They said, ‘Gee whiz, these things work very well, but only for a limited time.’ So I agreed to come back over Christmas break to see what I could do.” Further experimentation led to his invention, with Gerhard Sessler, of the electret microphone, a now-ubiquitous technology used in hearing aids, computers, and mobile phones. After graduating in 1957, West joined the Bell Labs staff. There and later at Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore, which he joined in 2001, he continued to invent and improve, working in such areas as architectural acoustics and teleconferencing. West, an IEEE Life Fellow, was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 1998, the National Inventor’s Hall of Fame in 1999, and was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation in 2006. His latest invention, which he and Johns Hopkins colleague Mounya Elhilali describe in this issue, is an AI-enabled stethoscope to help diagnose pneumonia, a top killer of children in the developing world. “This is the first time in my career that I’ve had an opportunity to save lives,” West says. “Who knows, maybe one of the babies we save will find a solution to a major problem of their day.” n CITING ARTICLES IN IEEE SPECTRUM IEEE Spectrum publishes an international and a North American edition, as indicated at the bottom of each page. Both have the same editorial content, but because of differences in advertising, 02.19 page numbers may differ. In citations, you should include the issue designation. For example, Past Forward is in IEEE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY HOPKINS JOHNS Spectrum, Vol. 56, no. 2 (INT), February 2019, p. 48, or in IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 56, no. 2 (NA), February 2019, p. 52. CONTRIBUTORS_ EDITOR IN CHIEF ADVERTISING PRODUCTION MANAGER David Brumley Susan Hassler, [email protected] Felicia Spagnoli, [email protected] EXECUTIVE EDITOR SENIOR ADVERTISING PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Brumley spent five years working as Glenn Zorpette, [email protected] Nicole Evans Gyimah, [email protected] a chief information security officer, EDITORIAL DIRECTOR, DIGITAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD “chasing people who broke into my systems,” he Harry Goldstein, [email protected] MANAGING EDITOR Susan Hassler, Chair; David C. Brock, Sudhir Dixit, Limor says. “I wanted to do something about it, and so Elizabeth A. Bretz, [email protected] Fried, Robert Hebner, Joseph J. Helble, Grant Jacoby, Leah I’ve spent the past 15 years at Carnegie Mellon SENIOR ART DIRECTOR Jamieson, Jelena Kovacevic, Deepa Kundur, Norberto University trying to find an autonomous solution.” Mark Montgomery, [email protected] Lerendegui, Steve Mann, Allison Marsh, Jacob Østergaard, His system finds and patches vulnerabilities that SENIOR EDITORS Umit Ozguner, Thrasos N. Pappas, H. Vincent Poor, John Rogers, bad guys might exploit. Brumley’s article, in this Stephen Cass (Resources), [email protected] Jonathan Rothberg, Umar Saif, Takao Someya, Maurizio Vecchione, Yu Zheng, Kun Zhou, Edward Zyszkowski issue [p.
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