Read the complete book: www.bcs.org/books/cloud Read the complete book: www.bcs.org/books/cloud THE EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING Read the complete book: www.bcs.org/books/cloud BCS, THE CHARTERED INSTITUTE FOR IT BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, is committed to making IT good for society. We use the power of our network to bring about positive, tangible change. We champion the global IT profession and the interests of individuals engaged in that profession, for the benefit of all. Exchanging IT expertise and knowledge The Institute fosters links between experts from industry, academia and business to promote new thinking, education and knowledge sharing. Supporting practitioners Through continuing professional development and a series of respected IT qualifica- tions, the Institute seeks to promote professional practice tuned to the demands of business. It provides practical support and information services to its members and volunteer communities around the world. 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T +44 (0) 1793 417 424 F +44 (0) 1793 417 444 www.bcs.org/contact http://shop.bcs.org/ Read the complete book: www.bcs.org/books/cloud THE EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING How to plan for change Clive Longbottom Read the complete book: www.bcs.org/books/cloud © BCS Learning & Development Ltd 2017 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted by the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be repro- duced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, except with the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries for permission to reproduce material outside those terms should be directed to the publisher. All trade marks, registered names etc. acknowledged in this publication are the property of their respective owners. BCS and the BCS logo are the registered trade marks of the British Computer Society, charity number 292786 (BCS). Published by BCS Learning & Development Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, First Floor, Block D, North Star House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, SN2 1FA, UK. www.bcs.org Paperback ISBN: 978-1-78017-358-0 PDF ISBN: 978-1-78017-359-7 ePUB ISBN: 978-1-78017-360-3 Kindle ISBN: 978-1-78017-361-0 British Cataloguing in Publication Data. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available at the British Library. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute or BCS Learning & Development Ltd except where explicitly stated as such. Although every care has been taken by the authors and BCS Learning & Development Ltd in the preparation of the publication, no warranty is given by the authors or BCS Learning & Development Ltd as publisher as to the accuracy or com- pleteness of the information contained within it and neither the authors nor BCS Learning & Development Ltd shall be responsible or liable for any loss or damage whatsoever arising by virtue of such information or any instructions or advice contained within this publication or by any of the aforementioned. Publisher’s acknowledgements Reviewers: Andy Wilton and Matthew McGrory Publisher: Ian Borthwick Commissioning Editor: Rebecca Youé Production Manager: Florence Leroy Project Manager: Anke Ueberberg Copy-editor: Hazel Bird Proofreader: David Palser Indexer: Jonathan Burd Cover design: Alex Wright Cover image: Friedrich Böhringer Typeset by Lapiz Digital Services, Chennai, India. iv Read the complete book: www.bcs.org/books/cloud CONTENTS List of figures ix About the Author x Foreword xi Acknowledgements xii Abbreviations xiii Glossary xvii Preface xxiii PART 1 LOOKING BACK: CLOUD COMPUTING IN CONTEXT 1 1. BACKGROUND 3 Looking backward to look forward 3 The price war 4 The rise of the PC 5 Changing to a distributed model 6 Web computing to the fore 7 The rise of the age of chaos 8 Virtualisation, service-oriented architecture and grid computing 8 The role of standards 10 Summary 11 PART 2 THE CLOUD NOW: CLOUD AT ITS SIMPLEST, AS IT SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED 13 2. THE CLOUD 15 Back to the future 15 Summary 21 3. WHY CLOUD? 23 Resource utilisation 23 Cost 26 Meeting future needs 28 Workload portability 29 High availability 31 Summary 31 4. BASIC CLOUD PLATFORMS 32 Popular cloud platforms 32 The architecture of a cloud 36 v Read the complete book: www.bcs.org/books/cloud CONTENTS Open compute project 39 Summary 40 5. ALTERNATIVE CLOUD PLATFORMS 41 Private and public cloud offerings 41 Container platforms 45 The current chaos of cloud 47 Summary 52 6. ALTERNATIVE CLOUD MODELS 54 Cloud broker 54 Cloud aggregator 55 Summary 56 7. MAIN TYPES OF SaaS CLOUD SERVICES 58 SaaS cloud services 58 File share and sync 59 Shadow IT 61 Summary 64 8. WHERE SHOULD A CLOUD PLATFORM RESIDE? 65 Private clouds 65 Where should private clouds be based? 65 Hybrid clouds 66 The organisational value chain 68 The use of colocation facilities 69 Data centre and cloud tiering 70 Summary 73 9. PAYING FOR CLOUD SERVICES 74 The battle between cost levels and their predictability, and business flexibility 74 Basic cost models 75 Increasing cost model complexity 76 Cost tiering 77 Summary 80 PART 3 THE VERY NEAR FUTURE: CLOUD AT A MORE COMPLEX LEVEL, AS YOU SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTING IT 81 10. BUILDING THE RIGHT CLOUD 83 Mixing clouds 83 Planning for workload migrations 84 It’s all about the process 85 Summary 88 11. ISSUES WITH CLOUD COMPUTING 89 System availability 89 Data security 91 Performance 92 vi Read the complete book: www.bcs.org/books/cloud CONTENTS The need for standards and APIs 94 ‘Noisy neighbours’ 95 The business issues of highly dynamic cloud-based systems 97 Software and usage licensing issues 99 The mirage of self-service 101 The cessation of service by a provider 102 Maintaining governance in a hybrid cloud 105 Summary 106 12. CLOUD AND THE ‘CDs’ 107 Why use CD? 107 DevOps flows 108 Summary 109 13. CREATING THE BUSINESS CASE FOR THE CLOUD 111 Total value proposition 111 Summary 118 14. SCALE OUT, SCALE UP AND SCALE THROUGH 119 Building the right cloud platform 119 The cloud and ‘software defined’ 121 The power of idempotency 122 Converged and hyperconverged systems 123 Summary 125 15. CLOUD AND DATA 127 Data sovereignty 127 Data flows 128 Database issues 129 Distance and latency 130 High availability 130 Summary 131 16. CLOUD SECURITY 133 The myth of data security in private data centres 133 Assume that security is breached 135 Data classification 136 The badly protected walled garden 138 The importance of multi-factor single sign-on 140 Edge security 142 Physical security 143 Summary 144 17. VIRTUALISATION, SHARABLE RESOURCES AND ELASTICITY 145 The lure of virtualisation 145 The move to cloud 146 Scaling for massive use: G-Cloud 148 Summary 149 vii Read the complete book: www.bcs.org/books/cloud CONTENTS 18. THE CHANGE IN APPLICATIONS 151 The death of the monolith 151 The need for technical contracts 152 Summary 155 19. APPLICATIONS, VIRTUAL MACHINES AND CONTAINERS 156 The differences between virtual machines and containers 156 The future for containers 160 Summary 161 20. FULL AUDIT IS REQUIRED 162 The importance of a full audit 162 Summary 166 21. MONITORING, MEASURING AND MANAGING THE CLOUD 167 Modern levels of standardisation and abstraction 167 Choosing an over-arching system to manage chaos 168 Automate for effectiveness and efficiency 169 Summary 169 PART 4 THE FUTURE OF CLOUD: CLOUD AS YOU SHOULD BE PLANNING FOR IT IN THE FURTHER-OUT FUTURE 171 22. THE ULTIMATE FUTURE 173 The evolution of the cloud 173 Summary 174 23. IN CONCLUSION 175 Index 176 viii Read the complete book: www.bcs.org/books/cloud LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The sliding scale of ownership in different IT platform models 17 Figure 2.2 BS ISO/IEC 17788:2014 cloud service categories and cloud capability types 20 Figure 3.1 Variable workload model 24 Figure 4.1 Main AWS functional architecture 37 Figure 4.2 Main Microsoft Azure functional architecture 37 Figure 4.3 Main Google Cloud Platform functional architecture 38 Figure 4.4 Basic OpenStack functional architecture 39 Figure 6.1 Cloud broker 55 Figure 6.2 Cloud aggregator 56 Figure 8.1 Disconnected hybrid platform 67 Figure 8.2 Integrated hybrid platform 67 Figure 8.3 Simple value chain 68 Figure 9.1 Tiered costing 77 Figure 10.1 Bridging the capability gap 85 Figure 10.2 The process pyramid 87 Figure 11.1 The impact of data latency in different architectures 93 Figure 12.1 Conceptual flow chart of the DevOps process 109 Figure 13.1 Total value proposition: scope, resources and time 112 Figure 13.2 Total value proposition: