Ddos and Iot: How You Could Have Contributed to Breaking the Internet
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North Korean Cyber Capabilities: in Brief
North Korean Cyber Capabilities: In Brief Emma Chanlett-Avery Specialist in Asian Affairs Liana W. Rosen Specialist in International Crime and Narcotics John W. Rollins Specialist in Terrorism and National Security Catherine A. Theohary Specialist in National Security Policy, Cyber and Information Operations August 3, 2017 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44912 North Korean Cyber Capabilities: In Brief Overview As North Korea has accelerated its missile and nuclear programs in spite of international sanctions, Congress and the Trump Administration have elevated North Korea to a top U.S. foreign policy priority. Legislation such as the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-122) and international sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council have focused on North Korea’s WMD and ballistic missile programs and human rights abuses. According to some experts, another threat is emerging from North Korea: an ambitious and well-resourced cyber program. North Korea’s cyberattacks have the potential not only to disrupt international commerce, but to direct resources to its clandestine weapons and delivery system programs, potentially enhancing its ability to evade international sanctions. As Congress addresses the multitude of threats emanating from North Korea, it may need to consider responses to the cyber aspect of North Korea’s repertoire. This would likely involve multiple committees, some of which operate in a classified setting. This report will provide a brief summary of what unclassified open-source reporting has revealed about the secretive program, introduce four case studies in which North Korean operators are suspected of having perpetrated malicious operations, and provide an overview of the international finance messaging service that these hackers may be exploiting. -
Never Agains IV February 2010
the Availability Digest www.availabilitydigest.com More Never Agains IV February 2010 It is once again time to reflect on the damage that IT systems can inflict on us mere humans. We have come a long way in ensuring the high availability of our data-processing systems. But as the following stories show, we still have a ways to go. During the last six months, hardware/software and network faults shared responsibility, each causing about one-third of the outages. The rest of the outages were caused by a variety of problems such as power failures, construction mishaps, and hacking. Rackspace Hit with Another Outage Techcrunch, June 20, 2009 – On June 20, Rackspace suffered yet another outage1 due to a power failure. The breaker on the primary utility feed powering one of its nine data centers tripped, causing data center’s generators to start up. However, a field excitation failure escalated to the point that the generators became overloaded. An attempt by Rackspace to fail over to its secondary utility feed failed because the transfer switch malfunctioned. When the data center’s batteries ran out, the data center went down. Failovers do fail. Have a contingency plan no matter the extent of your redundancy. NYSE Suffers Several Outages in Less Than a Month Reuters, July 2, 2009 – On Thursday morning, July 2, brokers on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange found that they could not route orders, causing the NYSE to halt trading in some stocks and to extend the trading day. During the previous month, a software glitch halted trading; and an order-matching problem affected timely order reconciliation. -
Stuxnet Under the Microscope
Stuxnet Under the Microscope Revision 1.31 Aleksandr Matrosov, Senior Virus Researcher Eugene Rodionov, Rootkit Analyst David Harley, Senior Research Fellow Juraj Malcho, Head of Virus Laboratory 2 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 TARGETED ATTACKS ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 STUXNET VERSUS AURORA ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 STUXNET REVEALED............................................................................................................................ 11 1.4 STATISTICS ON THE SPREAD OF THE STUXNET WORM ................................................................................ 15 2 MICROSOFT, MALWARE AND THE MEDIA ....................................................................................... 17 2.1 SCADA, SIEMENS AND STUXNET .......................................................................................................... 17 2.2 STUXNET TIMELINE............................................................................................................................. 19 3 DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................................................. 24 3.1 THE LNK EXPLOIT ............................................................................................................................. -
Applying a Framework to Assess Deterrence of Gray Zone Aggression for More Information on This Publication, Visit
C O R P O R A T I O N MICHAEL J. MAZARR, JOE CHERAVITCH, JEFFREY W. HORNUNG, STEPHANIE PEZARD What Deters and Why Applying a Framework to Assess Deterrence of Gray Zone Aggression For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR3142 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0397-1 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © 2021 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: REUTERS/Kyodo Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report documents research and analysis conducted as part of a project entitled What Deters and Why: North Korea and Russia, sponsored by the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7, U.S. -
Availability Digest
the Availability Digest www.availabilitydigest.com Help! My Data Center is Down! Part 3: Internet Outages December 2011 Long gone are the days of the isolated data center. Back then, batch jobs were submitted to update databases and to generate reports. Back then, turn-around times were measured in hours or even days. In today’s competitive environment, IT services are online; and instant response times are expected. What good is a data center if no one can talk to it? Orders can’t be placed or tracked. Medical records can’t be accessed. Online banking comes to a halt. Today’s data centers must be connected. They depend upon the networks that allow users to access them online reliably and with fast response times. In the old days, a company had control over its communication network. It leased lines that it used exclusively for its purposes. If it lost communications, it had direct access to its communication carrier for rapid repair. For critical applications, companies installed redundant communication facilities so that they could continue in operation even in the presence of a communications failure on one of their lines. Not so true today. More and more, companies are relying on the public Internet to connect their users with company data centers. But how reliable is the Internet? In our previous articles in this series, we related horror stories of unimaginable power failures and storage failures that took down the best-designed data centers. In this article, we explore some notable Internet failures that rendered data centers useless even though they were otherwise fully operational. -
Potential Human Cost of Cyber Operations
ICRC EXPERT MEETING 14–16 NOVEMBER 2018 – GENEVA THE POTENTIAL HUMAN COST OF CYBER OPERATIONS REPORT ICRC EXPERT MEETING 14–16 NOVEMBER 2018 – GENEVA THE POTENTIAL HUMAN COST OF CYBER OPERATIONS Report prepared and edited by Laurent Gisel, senior legal adviser, and Lukasz Olejnik, scientific adviser on cyber, ICRC THE POTENTIAL HUMAN COST OF CYBER OPERATIONS Table of Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary ............................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 10 Session 1: Cyber operations in practice .………………………………………………………………………….….11 A. Understanding cyber operations with the cyber kill chain model ...................................................... 11 B. Operational purpose ................................................................................................................. 11 C. Trusted systems and software supply chain attacks ...................................................................... 13 D. Cyber capabilities and exploits .................................................................................................. -
For More Information Support RAND
CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and EDUCATION AND THE ARTS decisionmaking through research and analysis. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service INFRASTRUCTURE AND of the RAND Corporation. TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY Support RAND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Browse Reports & Bookstore TERRORISM AND Make a charitable contribution HOMELAND SECURITY For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND National Security Research Division View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This report is part of the RAND Corporation research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. C O R P O R A T I O N Markets for Cybercrime Tools and Stolen Data Hackers’ Bazaar Lillian Ablon, Martin C. -
Society's Genome.Indb
Society’s Genome Genetic Diversity’s Role in Digital Preservation By Nathan Thompson with Bob Cone and John Kranz Copyright © 2016 by Spectra Logic Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including storage and retrieval systems—except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews—without permission in writing from Spectra Logic Corporation. All product names, logos, and brands mentioned in this book are the property of their respective owners. Neither the authors nor publisher claim any right of ownership to such names, logos, and brands. Cover design by Kristen Coats Back cover image: Detail of “Ptolemy World Map,” from Ptolemy’s the Geography, redrawn by Francesco di Antonio del Chierco (15th century). Housed in the British Library, London. Image retrieved from https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg. Published by Spectra Logic Corporation 6285 Lookout Road Boulder, Colorado 80301-3580 Tel.: 1.800.833.1132 Fax: 1.303.939.8844 www.spectralogic.com ISBN: 978-0-9975644-0-2 Second Printing Printed and bound in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. “We are survival machines—robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules known as genes. This is a truth that still fills me with astonishment.” —Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene Chapter 6 Wolves at the Door Just a few years after the 9/11 attacks, the digital world began showing signs of sudden, profound change. -
S:\FULLCO~1\HEARIN~1\Committee Print 2018\Henry\Jan. 9 Report
Embargoed for Media Publication / Coverage until 6:00AM EST Wednesday, January 10. 1 115TH CONGRESS " ! S. PRT. 2d Session COMMITTEE PRINT 115–21 PUTIN’S ASYMMETRIC ASSAULT ON DEMOCRACY IN RUSSIA AND EUROPE: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY A MINORITY STAFF REPORT PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JANUARY 10, 2018 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations Available via World Wide Web: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/index.html U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 28–110 PDF WASHINGTON : 2018 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:06 Jan 09, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5012 Sfmt 5012 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\HEARING FILES\COMMITTEE PRINT 2018\HENRY\JAN. 9 REPORT FOREI-42327 with DISTILLER seneagle Embargoed for Media Publication / Coverage until 6:00AM EST Wednesday, January 10. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS BOB CORKER, Tennessee, Chairman JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland MARCO RUBIO, Florida ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire JEFF FLAKE, Arizona CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware CORY GARDNER, Colorado TOM UDALL, New Mexico TODD YOUNG, Indiana CHRISTOPHER MURPHY, Connecticut JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming TIM KAINE, Virginia JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts ROB PORTMAN, Ohio JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon RAND PAUL, Kentucky CORY A. BOOKER, New Jersey TODD WOMACK, Staff Director JESSICA LEWIS, Democratic Staff Director JOHN DUTTON, Chief Clerk (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:06 Jan 09, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\HEARING FILES\COMMITTEE PRINT 2018\HENRY\JAN. -
No Internet? February 2008
the Availability Digest What? No Internet? February 2008 On Wednesday, January 30, 2008, North Africa, the Middle East, and India experienced a massive Internet outage that was destined to last for several days or even weeks.1 How did this happen? How did companies cope? Could it happen in other areas such as Europe or the United States? The Failure The bulk of data traffic from North Africa, from the Middle Eastern countries, and from India and Pakistan is routed through North Africa. There, it is carried by a set of three submarine cables that lie under the Mediterranean Sea. The cables link Alexandria, Egypt, with Palermo, Italy, where the traffic then moves on to Europe, the UK, and the Eastern United States. On January 30, 2008, two of these three cables were severed. It is not yet known why, but the predominant theory is that the cables were severed by the anchor of a huge freighter. Heavy storms had hit the area the previous day and forced Egyptian authorities to close the northern entrance to the Suez Canal at Alexandria. As a result, ships had to anchor offshore in the Mediterranean Sea, dropping their anchors to ride out the storm. It is suspected that one of the freighters dropped its anchor on top of the cables. Reportedly, the two severed cables were a kilometer apart. The storm may have dragged the freighter’s anchor across the sea bed, thus taking out both cables. The result of this catastrophe was that 75% of channel capacity was lost from the Mideast to Europe and beyond. -
Understanding the Mirai Botnet
Understanding the Mirai Botnet Manos Antonakakis Tim April‡ Michael Bailey† Matthew Bernhard/ Elie Bursztein◦ Jaime Cochran. Zakir Durumeric/ J. Alex Halderman/ Luca Invernizzi◦ Michalis Kallitsis§ Deepak Kumar† Chaz Lever Zane Ma†∗ Joshua Mason† Damian Menscher◦ Chad Seaman‡ Nick Sullivan. Kurt Thomas◦ Yi Zhou† ‡Akamai Technologies .Cloudflare Georgia Institute of Technology ◦Google §Merit Network †University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign /University of Michigan Abstract of factors—efficient spreading based on Internet-wide The Mirai botnet, composed primarily of embedded scanning, rampant use of insecure default passwords in and IoT devices, took the Internet by storm in late 2016 IoT products, and the insight that keeping the botnet’s when it overwhelmed several high-profile targets with behavior simple would allow it to infect many hetero- massive distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. In geneous devices—all played a role. Indeed, Mirai has this paper, we provide a seven-month retrospective anal- spawned many variants that follow the same infection ysis of Mirai’s growth to a peak of 600k infections and strategy, leading to speculation that “IoT botnets are the a history of its DDoS victims. By combining a variety new normal of DDoS attacks” [64]. of measurement perspectives, we analyze how the bot- In this paper, we investigate the precipitous rise of Mi- net emerged, what classes of devices were affected, and rai and the fragile IoT ecosystem it has subverted. We how Mirai variants evolved and competed for vulnerable present longitudinal measurements of the botnet’s growth, hosts. Our measurements serve as a lens into the fragile composition, evolution, and DDoS activities from Au- ecosystem of IoT devices. -
Cyber Benefits and Risks: Quantitatively Understanding and Forecasting the Balance
Cyber Benefits and Risks: Quantitatively Understanding and Forecasting the Balance Extended Project Report from the Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver www.pardee.du.edu September 2015 Barry B. Hughes, David Bohl, Mohammod Irfan, Eli Margolese-Malin, and José Solórzano In project collaboration with and the Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 Conceptualizing Benefits and Costs 4 Using the IFs System for Analysis 4 Background Research Foundations 5 Forecasts and Findings 9 Conclusion 11 A Final Note on Study Contributions 12 1. Introduction: Understanding and Anticipating Change in the Benefits and Costs of Cyber Technology 13 2. ICT and Cyber Development Indices 18 Indices Replicated in the IFs Forecasting System 18 ICT Development Index 18 Global Cybersecurity Index 19 Additional Indices of Importance in Cyber Security Analyses 21 Digitization Index 21 Digital Economy Ranking Index 21 Networked Readiness Index 22 3. Benefits 23 Competing Schools of Thought on Economic Benefits 23 Pessimism Versus optimism concerning ICT’s economic production impacts 23 ICT as a general-purpose technology 25 ICT’s Economic Impact: The Production Side 26 ICT as a growth sector in the economy 26 ICT investment and capital services 29 ICT and multifactor productivity 32 Comparing the Productivity Impacts of GPTs: Steam, Electricity, ICT 33 Variation in ICT Impact across Time/Pervasiveness and Countries 36 Drivers of variation in ICT impact: ICT (especially broadband) pervasiveness 36 Drivers of variable ICT impact: Beyond PCs and broadband 39 Drivers of variable ICT impact: Country development level 41 Consumer Surplus 42 Consumer surplus forecasts 46 Summary of Knowledge Concerning Cyber Risk Benefits: Modeling Implications 47 4.