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Rote Liste Algen 2020 Rote Listen Sachsen-Anhalt Berichte des Landesamtes für Umweltschutz Sachsen-Anhalt 2 Algen* Halle, Heft 1/2020: 55–75 Bearbeitet von Lothar TÄUSCHER dophyceae = Chloromonadophyceae) und Dinophyta (2. Fassung Algen excl. Armleuchteralgen, (Panzergeißler: Dinophyceae). Stand: August 2019) Einige Arten der Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, (3. Fassung Armleuchteralgen, Stand: August 2019) Zygnematales, Charales und Vaucheriaceae (Grün-, Sternchen-, Armleuchter- und Schlauchalgen) gehören Einleitung zu den Makrophyten in den Binnengewässern. Dabei bilden einige büschel- und/oder wattenbildende fädige Der Begriff „Algen“ (Organisationstyp „Phycophyta“) Grünlagen (Cladophora-, Draparnaldia-, Oedogonium-, ist eine künstliche Sammelbezeichnung für unter- Stigeoclonium-, Ulothrix-, Ulva-[= Enteromorpha-] Ar- schiedliche primär photoautotrophe (Chlorophyll-a ten) und fädige Sternchen-Algen (Mougeotia-, Spirogy- besitzende) Organismen mit verschiedenen Ent- ra- und Zygnema-Arten) beim Austrocknen von tem- wicklungslinien, bei deren Photosynthese mit Hilfe porären Kleingewässern und an Gewässerrändern das der Sonnenlichtenergie aus anorganischen Stoffen sogenannte „Meteorpapier“, während Armleuchter- einfache organische Substanzen und Sauerstoff und Schlauchalgen für eine Besiedlung der Grundrasen produziert werden. Charakteristisch für diese zu den als untere Verbreitungsgrenze der Makrophyten-Be- Kryptogamen gehörenden „niederen Pflanzen“ ist ein siedlung charakteristisch sind (s. TÄUSCHER 2016, 2018a). Thallus (Einzelzellen, Kolonien, Trichome/Fäden oder Der Großteil der anderen Algenklassen und -ordnun- primitive Vegetationskörper) ohne echte Wurzeln, gen in den Binnengewässern sind Mikroalgen, die klei- Stängel und Blätter (s. TÄUSCHER 2011, 2016). ner als 1 mm sind und/oder nur mit Hilfe des Lichtmi- Nach den aktuellen Bearbeitungen der „Algen“ kroskopes bestimmbar sind. Bei den Mikroalgen wird nach ARBEITSGRUppE CHARACEEN DEUTSCHLANDS (2016), BÜDEL nach der Lebensform zwischen Phytoplankton und Mi- et al. (2000–2018), ETTL et al. (1978–1999), FREY (2012, krophytobenthos (Syn.: Aufwuchs, Bewuchs, Periphy- 2015, 2017), GUTOWSKI (2018), KRIENITZ (2009, 2018), ton) unterschieden (s. TÄUSCHER 2018b). Zwischen den KULL (2018) und TÄUSCHER (2011, 2016) gehören dazu Makrophyten lebende Mikroalgen werden als Meta- folgende im Süßwasser vorkommende Abteilungen, phyton (Pleucon, Pseudoperiphyton) bezeichnet. Einige Klassen und Ordnungen. Prokaryotische „Algen“ sind benthische Mikroalgen können als Tychoplankter im die Cyanobacteria (Cyanobakterien = Blaualgen). Die Freiwasser auftreten. Nur Massenentwicklungen sind eukaryotischen „Algen“ („Phycophyta“) umfassen als Beläge und Häute („Frosch- oder Krötenhäute“), die Rhodophyta (Rotalgen), Chlorophyta (Grünalgen: Watten, Krusten und Schleimen bzw. Gallertkugeln auf Chlorophyceae; Trebouxiophyceae; Ulvophyceae; Prasi- verschiedenen Substraten und als Wasserblüten (flos nophyceae), Charophyta = Streptophyta p. p. (Strepto- aquae) oder Vegetationsfärbungen im Freiwasser ma- phyt-Algen: Conjugatophyceae = Zygnematophyceae: kroskopisch erkennbar. Die Algen sind in den meisten Zygnematales, Desmidiales; Klebsormidiophyceae; Co- Gewässern die Hauptprimärproduzenten. leochaetophyceae; Charophyceae: Charales), Eugleno- phyta (Schönaugengeißler: Euglenophyceae), Crypto- Grundlegende Bearbeitungen von Gesamtartenlisten phyta (Schlundgeißler: Cryptophyceae), Haptophyta = (Checklisten) und Roten Listen limnischer Arten liegen Prymnesiophyta (Kalkalgen: Haptophyceae = Prymne- in Deutschland für 6 Algengruppen vor. Dies sind siophyceae), Ochrophyta = Heterokontophyta (Gelbal- die Süßwasser-Rotalgen (Rhodophyta) mit 29 Arten gen: Bacillariophyceae sensu lato = Bacillariophyta: Co- (FOERSTER et al. 2018, KNAppE & HUTH 2014), die Süßwas- scinodiscophyceae, Mediophyceae, Bacillariophyceae ser-Braunalgen (Phaeophyceae = Fucophyceae) mit 4 sensu stricto, Fragilariophyceae; Chrysophyceae sensu Arten (FOERSTER et al. 2018), die Süßwasser-Kieselalgen lato = Chrysophyceae sensu stricto, et Synurophyceae; (Bacillariophyceae sensu lato = Bacillariophyta) mit Dictyochophyceae; Eustigmatophyceae; Phaeophyceae 2103 Arten (HOfmANN et al. 2018), die zu den Gelbgrün- = Fucophyceae; Xanthophyceae = Tribophyceae; Raphi- algen (Tribophyceae = Xanthophyceae) gehörenden * Diese Arbeit widme ich dem Phykologen und Limnologen PD Dr. habil. Lothar KRIENITZ, langjähriger Mitherausgeber der „Süß- wasserflora von Mitteleuropa – Fresh Water Flora of Central Europe“, anlässlich seines 70. Geburtstages. Er hat sowohl einen sehr großen Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Mikroalgen-Besiedlung in Sachsen-Anhalt als auch zur klassischen und modernen Klas- sifizierung der Algen geleistet (vgl.T ÄUSCHER 2014). Außerdem widme ich die Rote Liste der Algen in memoriam Dr. Hermann HEYNIG (1924–2018) und Prof. Dr. habil. Helmut PANKOW (1929–1996) anlässlich ihrer 95. bzw. 90. Geburtstage im Jahr 2019, die mich in meinen Arbeiten als Phykologe sehr geprägt haben. Hermann HEYNIG, Mitherausgeber der „Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa“ von 1976 bis 1999, war ein wissenreicher und hilfreicher Fachkollege. Seine grundlegenden Arbeiten sind für die Kenntnis der planktischen Mikroalgen-Besiedlung in Sachsen-Anhalt sehr wichtig (s. TÄUSCHER 2019a, b). Helmut PANKOW war mein akademischer Lehrer, der mich zum Studium der Algen anregte und zusammen mit seinem langjährigen Mitarbei- ter Dr. Volkbert KELL (1937–2014) mich in die Untersuchungen dieser interessanten Organismen einführte (s. TÄUSCHER 2015). 55 Algen Schlauchalgen (Vaucheriaceae) mit 45 Arten (LINNE VON Cyanobacteria; „Phycophyta“) und von SCHORIES et al. BERG 2018), die Zieralgen (Desmidiales) mit 968 Arten (2009: Makrophytobenthos – Rhodopyta; Chlorophy- (KUSBER & GUTOWSKI 2018) und die Armleuchteralgen ta; Charophyta = Streptophyta p. p.; Xanthophyceae (Charales) mit 36 Arten (KORSCH 2018, KORSCH et al. 2008, = Tribophyceae; Phaeophyceae = Fucophyceae; 2013: 2013, ARBEITSGRUppE CHARACEEN DEUTSCHLANDS 2016). Makrophytobenthos – Rhodopyta; Chlorophyta; Außerdem sind die Algenvorkommen in Deutsch- Phaeophyceae = Fucophyceae). land in der Liste von MAUCH et al. (2003: Cyanobacteria; In den Checklisten der Algen für das Land Sach- „Phycophyta“), in der „Harmonisierte Taxaliste des sen-Anhalt sind insgesamt 1.544 Arten aufgelistet Phytoplanktons“ in MISCHKE & NIXDORF (2008: plankti- (KORSCH 2013, 2016: 19 Armleuchteralgen – Charace- sche und tychoplanktische Cyanobacteria; „Phycophy- ae, TÄUSCHER 2016: 1.514 Cyanobacteria et „Phycophy- ta“), die in den Jahren 2017 und 2018 grundlegend ta“, KUSBER 2017: 11 Phytoflagellaten). überarbeitet wurde (s. KASTEN et al. 2018, MISCHKE et al. Die Mikro- und Makroalgen-Arten und -Gesell- 2018a, b) und in der Bestimmungshilfe „Benthische schaften können mit ihren aut- und synökologischen Algen ohne Diatomeen und Characeen“ von GUTOWSKI Besonderheiten umfangreich als Indikatoren der & FOERSTER (2009: Cyanobacteria; Rhodophyta; Chloro- Gewässerqualität genutzt werden (s. GUTOWSKI 2018, phyta; Charophyta = Streptophyta p. p.; Euglenophyta; HOfmANN et al. 2018, TÄUSCHER 2018a). Sie sind gute Xanthophyceae = Tribophyceae; Phaeophyceae = Fu- Indikatoren für den Gehalt an anorganischen Nähr- cophyceae) umfangreich aufgelistet. Auch in Gesamt- stoffen (Trophie), für die organische Belastung (Sap- artenlisten und Roten Listen für die Bundesländer robie), für den Salzgehalt (Salinität), für den pH-Wert Baden-Württemberg (STUTZ & MATTERN 2018/2019: (acido- bis alkaliphile Arten), für die Erwärmung von Gesamtartenliste – Cyanobacteria; „Phycophyta“), Gewässern (thermophile unbeständige und einge- Bayern (FRANKE et al. 2004: Charales), Berlin (GEISSLER in bürgerte neophytische Cyanobakterien – Cyanobac- GEISSLER & KIES 2003: Gesamtartenliste – Cyanobacte- teria – : z. B. Anabaenopsis elenkinii, Chrysosporum ria; „Phycophyta“, FROmm 2014: Desmidiales, WAGNER bergii, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Sphaerosper- 2014: Rhodophyta, KUSBER et al. 2017: Charales, RUDOLPH mopsis aphanizomenoides; Rotalgen – Rhodophyta et al. 2017: Rhodophyta; Phaeophyceae = Fucophyce- -: Compsopogon-Arten; Grünalgen – Ulvophyceae -: ae), Brandenburg (KABUS et al. 2011: Charales, TÄUSCHER Pithophora roettleri; s. TÄUSCHER 2012c, 2016, 2018a, 2009a, 2010, 2011, 2012a, 2013, 2019c, in Vorberei- b, TÄUSCHER & KUBSCH 2017), für toxische / allergische tung: Gesamtartenlisten – Cyanobacteria; „Phyco- Wirkungen (Hygiene: Leber- und Nervengifte, Haut- phyta“, WAGNER 2014: Rhodophyta), Hamburg (KIES in reizungen) und für den Gehalt an Schwefel und Eisen GEISSLER & KIES 2003: Gesamtartenliste – Cyanobacteria; (thiophile und siderophile Arten). Für die ökologische „Phycophyta“), Hessen (GREGOR & KORTE 2010: Charales), Einstufung der Gewässer nach der Europäischen Was- Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (TÄUSCHER 2007: Auflistung serrahmenrichtlinie (WRRL 2000) spielen die plankti- von Cyanobacteria- und „Phycophyta“-Artenlisten, TEpp- schen (Phytoplankton) und benthischen Mikroalgen KE et al. 2015: Charales), Niedersachsen und Bremen (Kieselalgen; Mikrophytobenthos ohne Diatomeen) (VAHLE 1990: Charales), Nordrhein-Westfalen (FRIEDRICH und die Makroalgen (makroskopische Grün-, Stern- et al. 2010: Rhodophyta; Phaeophyceae = Fucophyce- chen-, Armleuchter- und Schlauchalgen) eine große ae, VAN DE WEYER 2010: Charales), Rheinland-Pfalz (WOLff Rolle, während unter naturschutzfachlichem Aspekt & VAN DE WEYER 2010, 2016: Charales), Saarland (WOLff der Fauna-Flora-Habitat-Richtlinie (FFH-RL 1992, 2008a, b: Rhodophyta; Charales), Sachsen (BERNHARD
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