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Tarih Araştirm Alari Dergisi

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Tarih Araştirm Alari Dergisi ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, DİL ve TARİH - COGRAFYA FAKÜLTESİ TARİH ARAŞTIR~' \T I ENSTİTÜSÜ - - - - - --- TARİH ARAŞTIRM _ALARI DERGİSİ Cilt : I - Sayı : 1 Ankara - 1963 ANKARA ÜNİVERS İ TESİ B AS I MEV İ .1964 iSLl\l 1-..0TOPHA:\ELERi 1 (.ı•\ İrı•ııl"r: 0-.ıııaıı l•,llSO) -Üz(•r Sff). S \ L James ~ e~tfall Tlıonqı-.on'uıı Tlıe \letliernl Library C\cw York. Hafıın. 1957) adlı e-.<•rinin S. h. Paılo\l'r tarafından ) azılan \/u~/im Ulmırİe:; biilü­ miiuün çe,iri,j olarak -.unduğumuz bu metin, \nad olu'nurı dı~ıııcla kalan Orta Doğu. Kuze) .\friJ..a 'ı· hpaıı) a t ... ıam J..iil iipbaııelerinin bir tarihı;c-.ini 'rr­ ııwktı·dir. Ililinıliği üzere. l!<lilm kütiiplıaneleri iizcrind<' yazı lnw;; TürJ..çe ('~(·r \C makale hemen hemen yoktur. Son ) ıllarda Osmanlı De' ri kiitiiplıancleri ile il~ili olarak Tiir/; Kiitiiplıaıırriler /Jmu•ii,i Biilteni'ude dc/~wli yazılar yayın ­ lanmaktadır. Fakat, \ııadnlu Sclı;ukluları De, ri'nc ait Kiitüplıaneler kuııu­ ~uııda henüz gereği kadar bilgi;.e '<lhip değiliz. Doğu 'e Batı ka) naklarıııda dağınık durumda olan bilgilerin dı•ğl'rlt•ııdirilınc,.i zamamııırı gı·ldiğiııi -.am­ yoruz. Ayrıca çe~it li -.eyalıatrıanıt'lcrtl(' kiit iiplıanelerle ilgili bir hayli malü• matın bulunduğu anla~ılnıaktaclır. Balı 'e Doğu dilini ne vakıf ara~tırıl'l­ ların bu dağınık hilgilni. rııoılc•rıı kiitiiplıam·rilik aı;ı,.mdan kıymetlendirt'­ n•k gün ışığına çıkarmaları gı·n·!.ııwkıcclir. Burada çe' iri,.,ini ... undıığunıuz yazıuııı bir <li~cr özelliği ele. İ,lanı kiil iip­ lıaneleri konu~unda ça lı ~acaklara zı·n~in bir lıibl iyografya tı·miıı Plnıİ'i ol­ ına~ıdır . 1 lslıim kiitllphnneleri kontı'lllHln rıı ıııi,.· I H lınııu lıuzı nll'•elrler io;in ı·n ı;<eniş lıilrı;i, Buyun Rullı Sıdlıo rn Muckcıı-.ı·n'iıı Amniınıı .loıırıwl t1f Sı•nıiı r / mıµııagrs ıınıl l.iırraıııns. 1.1, J.I 1. Llll, ,.e LIY (1935-3i) ılı- çıkan )ıllllurıııılu lı:ıluuıır. Buradaki yedi ıııukulı•, F.nır\ il~r ılı·uiııi içine alır. Ayni )Uzurııı •· Four Gn•at 1 ilırariı·" of MrJİl'\ al 13udıdad", adh Lck lıir ınuku.lr-i, Library Qııarırrh·, il (1932), 2i9-<ı1J, drq:i•iııde ~ıkıııı~ olup, ay ui konunun .\blın,ilrr ılr-.inr ıi.iuir. \fü,Jümau )fı-ır n 1-pnnyu kütiiplııu,..Jı•riıır ıluir grni~ lıilı:i wrı•ıı lıir yuzı yoktur. Khud.ı Bukh.. lı'nin "The ı .. Jamic 1.ilırariı--"', \inı'/ı'rnlh Crnıııry, 1.11 (1902), 125-39, }at1'1 i•' k.ı•a bir Cizellrn ibarellir. Bu )Jzıııııı aın•ıı·ı. 12 "" 13. yuzyıllar.J.ı lıilhn•-a "icilya '" l-paııya yolu ile Balı .\\ rupa kültürü üzerine bir kiilıür lıaziur .. i olarak. kıl\ \etli bir tc',ir icra etmi~ olan J,Jıi.ın kiiliipharıderiuirı clıırumu 'r muhit•\ iyııtı hakkında okııy urıılara l ıir fiJ,.ir 'nıı:rkLir. 276 OS:\!AN ERSOY-ÖZER SOYSAL Bu ~·evirid(', yer, ki"i. kurum, 'e <'"er atlları. nıiimkün merlebe dilimizde yaygın olan şekilleri ile Yerilnıeye ça]ı"ıldı. Tran~krip ... i) on yapıl maşı gc·reken hallerde fslcim Aıısilılopedisi'ne uyuldu. l abancı olaıı bazı adlar melindeki şekilleri ile bırakıldı 'e nırtirıdc gürükıı Lazı yanlışlıklar da ('"'a~ kaynak­ larına inilerek cliizdtildi. İsa'dan sonra 632 de ölen Muhanımcd'den önel'. \raplar kayda değer Lir yazılı edebi) ala ~alı ip o l anıamı~lardı. O zaman. nıcnkibeh•r. şiirfrr 'e yegane tarih şekli olan şecereler ne~ildl'ıı nc-..ile ağızdan naklediliyordu. \rap Halk Edebiyatı. genel olarak. bugiin de a:- ıı ı karakt l"ri t a"ıınaktadır. \luhaın­ med, okuma yazma lıilınezdi. Kuran, öliiıııiindl'n bir )ıl -..oııra)a !-adar, muıı­ lazam bir kitap lıalinıle toplanamaını~ll . _\rap cdebiyalının biiyük bir kı~­ ını, dil 'c ;azı bakımından Arapça olma~ıııa ra~ınen, İran a~ıllıdır. Halbuki, Arabi ilimler, Yunan 'e HinılilcrdPn alınmııılır. Bu sebepten, hiam kiitüp• lıaneleriııin tarihini. Arapların \ IJ. Yüz) ıl'ıla İran imparatorluğu 'e l\lıHr'ı felihleriuden sonra, İran C'delıi) alı 'e Yunan ilirnlPrini atlap ı P et mel eri ile baş l atmak gerekir. Grcko- Romen Doğu 'nun kiilLür tarihinde İsa"dan Önce 3;30 ile İsa 'dan Sonra 225 yılları arası gerileme ) alıul duraklama dı·ni iıli. Bu çağ, Doğu 'da Partlar'ın hakinıi)etine rastlar ki bunlar mcdeniyel bakımından Per,,ler'den bir hayli geri idiJcr. llu de' irde en öueınli ıleği~iklik. E~ki Pers dili \ e onuııla hirlikıc Esli Per;; edcbiyatıııın kayboLna~ı ile bunların yerini. Araıni diline yakın olan Sami dil ile ı\ri dil karı~ınıı olan ) C'lli bir dilin, Pehle\l dilinin alınası olrııulitur. Pehle' ice. 11 harften ibaret fakir Lir dildi. Eski Pers cde­ hiy alıııclan, birh.aı; dini c~cnlen Laşka bir ŞC) kalmamış, iisı dik ı;ok gc·ı,;ınt•ıl,.!1 hu eserler dC', din aclamlarmdan başkası tarafından anlaşılamaz hale gclmiJi· lir. Ilu sebepten, Parllar de' ri, ki lap 'e edebi) allan ) oksundur. İsa'dan Sonra 226 tla Part lıakiıııi)<'li, Eski Pcrs lıaııcdaııındarı gelen Sasan tarafından ) ıkılınca, Hırislİ) an, Yunan 'e Suri) eli unsurların fazlası ilc etkisi altrnda kalmış bir ~·eşil Per,; rönesansı gerçı·klc~ıııi~ oldu. Uu Yeııi- ­ Pers kiilıürii. eıı ) üksek se' iyesiue 'I. ) üzyılda lıııparalor Jüslinyt•ıı'in amans ı z ~·ağdaşı Nu~ire-.au (531 579) yahut Bii) iik Husre\ zamanııııla !'riş­ li. Onun kalıraınaıılıklarla dolu saltanatı, Pers C'dcbi)almı yeniden C'anlaıı­ dırdı ve daha mühimi İran'a 'ı: unan eclchiyatıııı değil>-" bile ) unan fobef<• ve ilmini soklu. Denilebilir ki ÜrLa Zaman Doğu kiitiiphanelcri işte hu clcYir­ de başladı. isL,\~ı KÜ'l DPllAN ELERİ 277 ha'daıı ı,onra 611 de ,.,011 Prr,., İmparatorluğu iizerinclC' kurulan Arap lıakiıııİ) eli, .\rap kiilt ürünii ,.,011 Pt>rs külliirü ilr doğrudan doğruya lema«a ı,:l'linli 'C çok geçmeden fatihl(•r frthrılildiler. Fakat. V H YI. Yüzyıllard a Pers kiihiirü bü)ük ölc;iid<') uııan etkisi allmcla kalınışlı; bu yiizıl<'n, ,\rap­ lara hakim olan kiillür. ). unan-Prr~ kült iirii oldu. ). unan ılii';'iiuii~iinün Doğu') a gc·c:nıe,.i. Suriyrlilı•ri11 ararılı~ı ilt• olınu!;>lur . •\nlakya. Br) rut '-<' i);ıellikle r rfa okullarında yunun fı·l-efı· H' ilminin ba~lıca e~erlrri Siiryani­ ('('Y(' ı:PHildi: fakal. Suriydill'r ) unun rdr hi~ alı. grameri ve belagal ilmim• ilgi>-İ/. kalılılar. Jlıri,.li~ anlığın '\a,.,turi nıczlı<'hindrn olan Suriyeliler, bu yiizden. münkir -.ayılma.,alar hilı•. a~ ırıeı (Şizrna) kabul edilip. Doğu Honıa ~ani Bizan« Ortodoks lıükfımcti tarafından lak ip edilen, imparatorluk dahi­ linde krsin bir din birli ği kurmak politika,.,ı icabı, tazyik ve zulüm altıncla t utulnıu~lardı. Urfa okulu 187 de İmparator Zencı tarafınrlan kapat ılınış 'e siirgiin edilen öğrctın!'nl<'r Orta Çağ Pı•rs 1mparatorluğu 'nun kalbi mesa­ lır'-inrleki "\"u,.,aybi11\I<' lıima)t' nlııııa alıııııııı;tı. llizan" İmparatorluğu Ortodoks hükfınwtinin okullar üzPrindcki lıaskN, ,\ lİııa okulunun ilmi serhe~tiyt• sahip y ı·~anc yE'r olarak kalmas111a kadar ck,·am etti. Yunan ruhu'<' ö~rrninıinin yoku lınası. bu okulun 529 ela Lmpara­ tor Jiistiııyen tarafından kapatılması sırasına ra"tlar. Daha sonra lıu okuldaki iiğn·t ııwııll'rin ) C"disi siirgii ıı ı•clilcli 'P bunlar Iran'ın son yerli hanedanı olan Sa-.aııilerirı en biiyiik lıükiiıııcları \w.,.ire' aıı·ın sara~-ına sığındılar. ı Bu y · iizrlPıı İ raıı. Yl. Yiiz~ ıl'ın orl alarıncla \' rupa 'ıla main olan ). unan fel,efo 'e ilminin filizlcııclif!İ bir ortanı halinr gc lmi ~tir . .1 Büyiik ı;oıı;unlu~unu llcl(•nizt' olmuş Suriy(•lilrrin lC'şkil c•t tiği yiizlrrec ınütcrrim. l unan fikir cliin­ ya-.ınııı ı;alıc,crlerini Farsçaya ı;t•virnıryı• nıı•mur t•clildiler. Ilö) lece \raplar, İran'ı fetlıcttikkriııd(• Lir) aııcluıı ~ C'Tli lraıı <'ılt'!Ji~ al Ye ilminin, iibiir yandan İran ) unan felsefe'<' ilminin mira-.çısı oldular 'e hu fikir iirünlerini \rap ı;a ­ ya ÇC\ ir<'n•k süratlr k('nclilı•rim· ıııalı·ttilc·r. 4 Sonuç olarak. ı\raplar fı•ı lıclliklc·ri y<•rlcrdc ı•mni) C'I iı; irıılı • olcluklarıııı lıi-.M • ılı·r c·L mcz, oralardaki medeni) el üriin• IC"riııi ya\ aş yavaş kc•ndilcriıw malı•tııwyr koyuldular. Kiitüplıanrlcr, t rıuı ı·dt>lıİ)atı. Yunan fC'befr H ilmi clü~iiniişiı ile ilgili kitaplarla dolmaya baş­ ladı ki hunlarda Arapça unsur olarak ılil 'e yazıdan başka hir ~c·y ~ okt ıı. 2 Bu yedi ll~inin adlan: Daın~l'-rİu s, !-\inıplil·iu ... , Eudaliu~. Peri ... cianu.... Herınia ... , DioL?;cne~. \ c hidoru•'lur. • FaJ..aı. Yunan ıılıhının ilinulr h,ı) alİ)f'lİnİ de' oııı cttirdi[!;i 'öylenelıitir. •Bununla ilgili olar:ıJ.., Vi'. l\ıı•f'h. ··lıır Gr-l'lıidıtf der S~ri~r - \rulıİ•t'ht•n ı·rbı•.,f'lwn­ ı;-litrralur," Orieııtalia, V t ( 1937). 6R 82, hakınu . Bu) ük Fran•ll lıitgini Eme-l Renan, .\rap edebİ)ııtınıu üncmini ilJ.. •ezen ndumılır. 278 OS~IAN ERSOY-ÖZER SOYSAL Bununla beraber, fatihlerin bu düşünce seviye~ine ulaşmaları için yak­ laşık olarak iki yüz yıl süren ağır L<'ınpolu bir eğitim devresinin g<'çmesi icap elli. Araplar yiir.yıllarca -belki ele binlerce yıl- sınır boylarından başka hiç bir ) erde ılış diinya ile Lema,ları olmadan. okuma ve yazmadan yoksım ve hu S<'lı<'pteıı de kitaplardan 'e okuma sevgi,.inclen haberı;iz) a~adılar. Halkın çoğunluğu için yazı yazma. bir r;eşiL sihire alaıncl, okuma ise, ölülerden haber almak için yapılan bir nn'i ii) in sa) ılıyordu. Bu gibi insiyaki peşin lıi.iküm­ lcrin çabucak ortadan kalkması diişiinüleınezdi. ~ Fakat. Medain (CLcsifon) 'e :'\ u!-aybin ·den yayılan. İran ve Suriye-Yunan etkisi ile bu yıkıcı gelenek­ lerin atılması vr celıaleLin )Okeclilmesi ya,aş ya,aş gen;ekleşti. Arap aı;lından gelmeyen hu kiilı üre bü) iik ilgi gösteren ilk Mi.blüman lıükiimdar Halife l\Te'miırı (813-833) oldu.
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