J. David Archibald
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Lineages, Splits and Divergence Challenge Whether the Terms Anagenesis and Cladogenesis Are Necessary
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, , – . With 2 figures. Lineages, splits and divergence challenge whether the terms anagenesis and cladogenesis are necessary FELIX VAUX*, STEVEN A. TREWICK and MARY MORGAN-RICHARDS Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Received 3 June 2015; revised 22 July 2015; accepted for publication 22 July 2015 Using the framework of evolutionary lineages to separate the process of evolution and classification of species, we observe that ‘anagenesis’ and ‘cladogenesis’ are unnecessary terms. The terms have changed significantly in meaning over time, and current usage is inconsistent and vague across many different disciplines. The most popular definition of cladogenesis is the splitting of evolutionary lineages (cessation of gene flow), whereas anagenesis is evolutionary change between splits. Cladogenesis (and lineage-splitting) is also regularly made synonymous with speciation. This definition is misleading as lineage-splitting is prolific during evolution and because palaeontological studies provide no direct estimate of gene flow. The terms also fail to incorporate speciation without being arbitrary or relative, and the focus upon lineage-splitting ignores the importance of divergence, hybridization, extinction and informative value (i.e. what is helpful to describe as a taxon) for species classification. We conclude and demonstrate that evolution and species diversity can be considered with greater clarity using simpler, more transparent terms than anagenesis and cladogenesis. Describing evolution and taxonomic classification can be straightforward, and there is no need to ‘make words mean so many different things’. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 00, 000–000. -
A Framework for Post-Phylogenetic Systematics
A FRAMEWORK FOR POST-PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS Richard H. Zander Zetetic Publications, St. Louis Richard H. Zander Missouri Botanical Garden P.O. Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166 [email protected] Zetetic Publications in St. Louis produces but does not sell this book. Any book dealer can obtain a copy for you through the usual channels. Resellers please contact CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform of Amazon. ISBN-13: 978-1492220404 ISBN-10: 149222040X © Copyright 2013, all rights reserved. The image on the cover and title page is a stylized dendrogram of paraphyly (see Plate 1.1). This is, in macroevolutionary terms, an ancestral taxon of two (or more) species or of molecular strains of one taxon giving rise to a descendant taxon (unconnected comma) from one ancestral branch. The image on the back cover is a stylized dendrogram of two, genus-level speciational bursts or dis- silience. Here, the dissilient genus is the basic evolutionary unit (see Plate 13.1). This evolutionary model is evident in analysis of the moss Didymodon (Chapter 8) through superoptimization. A super- generative core species with a set of radiative, specialized descendant species in the stylized tree com- promises one genus. In this exemplary image; another genus of similar complexity is generated by the core supergenerative species of the first. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................................. -
Taxonomy and Affinities of African Cenozoic Metatherians
Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 36 (2), 2021 https://doi.org/10.7203/sjp.36.2.20974 Sociedad Española de Paleontología ISSN 2255-0550 / eISSN 2660-9568 OPEN ACCESS RESEARCH PAPER Taxonomy and affi nities of african cenozoic metatherians Taxonomía y afi nidades de los metaterios cenozoicos africanos Vicente D. CRESPO & Francisco J. GOIN Abstract: The record of extinct African metatherians (Mammalia, Theria) is scanty, restricted Received: 20 January 2021 in time (Eocene–Miocene), and its taxonomy is still subject of debate. A review of all African Accepted: 24 May 2021 metatherians, or alleged metatherians, known up to now, led us to the recognition of only Published online: XXX three taxa referable to this group: (1) Kasserinotherium tunisiense (Peradectoidea?), from the early Eocene of Tunisia; (2) Peratherium africanum (Herpetotheriidae), from the early Oligocene of Egypt and Oman, and (3) an indeterminate Herpetotheriidae? from the early Corresponding author: Miocene of Uganda. Herpetotheriids probably reached Afro-Arabia from Europe in one Vicente D. Crespo or more dispersal waves since the early Oligocene. Kasserinotherium, on the contrary, [email protected] suggests an earlier (Paleocene) arrival from South America, judging from its alleged affi nities with South American and Australian taxa. Such a migration event (probably, Keywords: through a fi lter corridor such as the Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge system in the South Mammalia Atlantic) may also explain the enigmatic presence of polydolopimorphian metatherians in Metatheria the Cenozoic of central Anatolia (Turkey). A more radical hypothesis is that all European (Eurasian?) Marsupialiformes have an ultimate origin in South America, from where they Africa dispersed via Africa by the Paleocene–earliest Eocene. -
A Model of Mass Extinction
A model of mass extinction M. E. J. Newman Cornell Theory Center, Rhodes Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853. and Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501. Abstract A number of authors have in recent years proposed that the processes of macroevo- lution may give rise to self-organized critical phenomena which could have a sig- nificant effect on the dynamics of ecosystems. In particular it has been suggested that mass extinction may arise through a purely biotic mechanism as the result of so-called coevolutionary avalanches. In this paper we first explore the empirical evidence which has been put forward in favor of this conclusion. The data center principally around the existence of power-law functional forms in the distribution of the sizes of extinction events and other quantities. We then propose a new math- ematical model of mass extinction which does not rely on coevolutionary effects and in which extinction is caused entirely by the action of environmental stresses on species. In combination with a simple model of species adaptation we show that this process can account for all the observed data without the need to invoke coevo- lution and critical processes. The model also makes some independent predictions, such as the existence of “aftershock” extinctions in the aftermath of large mass extinction events, which should in theory be testable against the fossil record. arXiv:adap-org/9702003v1 12 Feb 1997 1 Introduction Building on ideas first put forward by Kauffman (1992), there has in re- cent years been increasing interest in the possibility that evolution may be a self-organized critical phenomenon (Sol´eand Bascompte 1996, Bak and Paczuski 1996). -
New Late Cretaceous Mammals of Southern Kazakhstan
New Late Cretaceous mammals of southern Kazakhstan ALEXANDER 0. AVERIANOV Averianov, A.O. 1997. New Late Cretaceous mammals of southern Kazakhstan. -Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 42,2,243-256. Mammalian remains from the lower part of the Darbasa Formation (lower Campanian) at the 'Grey Mesa' locality in the Alymtau Range, southern Kazakhstan, are described. They include ?Bulganbaatar sp. (Multituberculata), Deltatheridiurn nessovi, sp. n. @el- tatheroida), and four eutherians: an undeterminated ?otlestid kemalestoid (?Otlestidae), ?Alymlestes sp. (Zalambdalestidae), ?Aspanlestes sp. (Zhelestidae), and an undetermi- nated eutherian. This new Cretaceous fauna is most similar to that from the Djadokhta Formation in Mongolia and may tentatively confirm an early Campanian age for the latter. Key w o r d s : Mammalia, Cretaceous, Kazakhstan, Mongolia. Alexander 0.Averianov [[email protected]. ru], Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia. Introduction Mesozoic mammals from Kazakhstan are poorly known. The first Mesozoic mammal from Kazakhstan (and the first from the former USSR), found in 1962, is a mandibular fragment with heavily damaged molars, the holotype of Beleutinus orl~vi(?Zalamb- dalestidae), from the Santonian Bostobe Formation at Zhalmauz Well, Kyzyl-Orda Region (Bazhanov 1972). Since that time only three additional mammal remains have been recognized from the Cretaceous of Kazakhstan: a cervical vertebra of a relatively large, undeterminated mammal from the Zhalmauz locality (Nessov & Khisarova 1988); a dentary fragment with p5, ml-3, the holotype of Sorlestes kara (Zhelestidae), from the drilling core penetrating lower Turonian deposits near Ashchikol' Lake, Chimkent Region (Nessov 1993); and a lower molar (ml), the holotype of Alymlestes kielanae (Zalambdalestidae) from the lower part (Campanian) of the Darbasa Forma- tion at the 'Grey Mesa' locality in the Alymtau Range, Chimkent Region (Averianov & Nessov 1995). -
Mammalian Faunal Succession in the Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum Desert
Journal of Mammalian Evolution, Vol. 12, Nos. 1/2,C 2005)June 2005 ( DOI: 10.1007/s10914-005-4867-3 A number of typographical errors were introduced during copyediting. All that were found were corrected in this version. Mammalian Faunal Succession in the Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum Desert J. David Archibald1,3 and Alexander O. Averian2 ov Both metatherians and eutherians are known from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian, 125 mya; million years ago) of China, while eutherian-dominated mammalian faunas appeared in Asia at least by the earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian, 95 mya). The approximately 99–93 my old (Cenomanian) Sheikhdzheili l.f. from western Uzbekistan is a small sample of only eutherians, including three zhelestids and a possible zalambdalestoid. The much better-known 90 my old (Turonian) Bissekty l.f. at Dzharakuduk iin central Uzbekistan includes 15 named and un- named species, based on ongoing analyses. Of these, 12 are eutherians represented by at least the three groups—asioryctitheres, zalambdalestids, and zhelestids—plus an eutherian of uncertain position—Paranyctoides. Zalambdalestids and zhelestids have been argued to be related to the origin of the placental gliriforms (Euarchontoglires) and ferungulates (Laurasiatheria), respec- tively. Although there are four previously recognized metatherians, we believe three are referable to the deltatheroid Sulestes karakshi and the fourth, Sailestes quadrans, may belong to Paranyc- toides. There is one multituberculate and one symmetrodont in the Bissekty l.f. While comparably aged (Turonian) localities in North America have somewhat similar non-therians, they have more metatherians and no eutherians. The next younger localities (early Campanian, ∼80 mya) in North America have both a zhelestid and Paranyctoides, suggesting dispersal of eutherians from Asia. -
September 2009
Coaster Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) 12-Month Finding Decision Document SEPTEMBER 2009 0 Coaster Brook Trout 12-Month Finding Decsion Document TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 DECISION STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................................... 4 DECISION PROBLEM .................................................................................................................................................... 5 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................................. 7 ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 CONSEQUENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 TRADE-OFFS .............................................................................................................................................................. 13 DISTINCT POPULATION ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. -
Speciation Free Download
SPECIATION FREE DOWNLOAD Jerry A. Coyne,H. Allen Orr | 480 pages | 09 Apr 2010 | Sinauer Associates Inc.,U.S. | 9780878930890 | English | Sunderland, United States speciation Categories : Speciation Ecology Evolutionary biology Sexual selection. Molecular Ecology. Hybrid zones are regions where diverged populations meet and interbreed. A Series of Books in Biology. John L. Buffalo grass seeds pass on the characteristics of the members in that region to offspring. Though vital to the concept of evolution, the Speciation "species" has been defined several different ways throughout history. Anolis lizardsa classroom activity for grades Speciation 30, Adaptation Natural selection Sexual selection Ecological speciation Assortative mating Haldane's rule. If an isolated population such as this survives its genetic upheavalsand subsequently expands into an unoccupied niche, or into a niche in which it has an advantage over its competitors, a new species, or subspecies, will Speciation come in being. The first and most commonly used sense refers to the "birth" of new species. Speciation possible Speciation of sympatric speciation is the apple maggot, an insect that lays its eggs inside the fruit of an apple, causing it to rot. Defining a species. See Speciation, and Darwin's dilemma. Pretty Fly The Hawaiian islands are home to Speciation of the most stunning Speciation of speciation. Ancestral wild cabbage. Plant Speciation. View Article. Princeton University Press. Fields and applications Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary Speciation Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary Speciation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Speciation experiments Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism. -
A Theory of Evolution Above the Species Level (Paleontology/Paleobiology/Speciation) STEVEN M
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 646-650, February 1975 A Theory of Evolution Above the Species Level (paleontology/paleobiology/speciation) STEVEN M. STANLEY Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 Communicated by Hanm P. Eugster, December 11, 1974 ABSTRACT Gradual evolutionary change by natural lished species are seen as occasionally becoming separated by selection operates so slowly within established species to form new species. Most isolates become that it cannot account for the major features of evolution. geographic barriers Evolutionary change tends to be concentrated within extinct, but occasionally one succeeds in blossoming into a speciation events. The direction of transpecific evolution is new species by evolving adaptations to its marginal environ- determined by the process of species selection, which is ment and diverging to a degree that interbreeding with the analogous to natural selection but acts upon species within original population is no longer possible. Mayr has empha- higher taxa rather than upon individuals within popula- tions. Species selection operates on variation provided sized the stability of the genotype of a typical established by the largely random process of speciation and favors species. Most species occupy heterogeneous environments species that speciate at high rates or survive for long within which selection pressures differ from place to place and periods and therefore tend to leave many daughter species. oppose each other through gene flow. Furthermore, biochemi- Rates of speciation can be estimated for living taxa by cal systems interact in complex ways. Most genes affect means of the equation for exponential increase, and are clearly higher for mammals than for bivalve mollusks. -
Highly Derived Eutherian Mammals from the Earliest Cretaceous of Southern Britain
Highly derived eutherian mammals from the earliest Cretaceous of southern Britain STEVEN C. SWEETMAN, GRANT SMITH, and DAVID M. MARTILL Sweetman, S.C., Smith, G., and Martill, D.M. 201X. Highly derived eutherian mammals from the earliest Cretaceous of southern Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica XX (X): xxx–xxx. Eutherian mammals (Placentalia and all mammals phylogenetically closer to placentals than to marsupials) comprise the vast majority of extant Mammalia. Among these there is a phenomenal range of forms and sizes, but the origins of crown group placentals are obscure. They lie within the generally tiny mammals of the Mesozoic, represented for the most part by isolated teeth and jaws, and there is strongly conflicting evidence from phenomic and molecular data as to the date of origin of both Eutheria and Placentalia. The oldest purported eutherians are Juramaia from the Upper Jurassic of China, and Eomaia and Acristatherium from the Lower Cretaceous, also of China. Based on dental characters and analyses of other morphological and molecular data, doubt has recently been cast on the eutherian affinities of the Chinese taxa and consequently on the date of emergence of Eutheria. Until now, the only tribosphenic mammal recorded from the earliest Cretaceous (Berriasian) Purbeck Group of Britain was the stem tribosphenidan Tribactonodon. Here we document two new tribosphenic mammals from the Purbeck Group, Durlstotherium gen. nov. and Durlstodon gen. nov., showing highly derived eutherian molar characters that support the early emergence of this clade, prior to the Cretaceous. Key words: Mammalia, Eutheria, dentition, Early Cretaceous, Purbeck Group, Britain. Steven C. Sweetman [[email protected]], Grant Smith [[email protected]], and David M. -
A Review of William Diller Matthew's Contributions to Mammalian Paleontology
AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by THE AmzRICAN MUSeum oF NATURAL HISTORY May 14, 1931 Number 473 New York City 56.9:091 M A REVIEW OF WILLIAM DILLER MATTHEW'S CONTRI- BUTIONS TO MAMMALIAN PALEONTOLOGY BY WILLIAM K. GREGORY The late William Diller Matthew, Professor of Paleontology and Director of the Museum of Palaeontology in the University of California, and for many years Curator of the Department of Vertebrate Paleon- tology in the American Museum of Natural History, left to the world a legacy in the form of some two hundred and forty-four scientific papers, which deal for the most part with mammalian palseontology. He also imparted to many of his students and junior colleagues an active interest in palaeontological exploration and in the advancement of the great theme of mammalian evolution to which he had contributed so much. Various general biographical articles' on Doctor Matthew having already been published, it would now seem both timely and useful to attempt a special review of his chief contributions to mammalian palmeontology. HIS EARLIER CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE OF RECENT AND FOSSIL MAMMALS Soon after Doctor Matthew's coming to the American Museum of Natural History in 1895, he was sent by Professor Osborn to Philadelphia to catalogue, pack up and ship to New York the great collections of Professor E. D. Cope, which had been purchased by the Museum. In this way Matthew came to know and admire Professor Cope and began the detailed task of checking Cope's identifications and revising his classifications, which was to occupy him, along with many other matters, for the next thirty-odd years. -
The Tetrapod Fossil Record from the Uppermost
geosciences Review The Tetrapod Fossil Record from the Uppermost Maastrichtian of the Ibero-Armorican Island: An Integrative Review Based on the Outcrops of the Western Tremp Syncline (Aragón, Huesca Province, NE Spain) Manuel Pérez-Pueyo 1,* , Penélope Cruzado-Caballero 1,2,3,4 , Miguel Moreno-Azanza 1,5,6 , Bernat Vila 7, Diego Castanera 1,7 , José Manuel Gasca 1 , Eduardo Puértolas-Pascual 1,5,6, Beatriz Bádenas 1 and José Ignacio Canudo 1 1 Grupo Aragosaurus-IUCA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain; [email protected] (P.C.-C.); [email protected] (M.M.-A.); [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (J.M.G.); [email protected] (E.P.-P.); [email protected] (B.B.); [email protected] (J.I.C.) 2 Área de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, Citation: Pérez-Pueyo, M.; 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain 3 Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología (IIPG), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Moreno-Azanza, M.; Vila, B.; 8500 Río Negro, Argentina 4 IIPG, UNRN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Castanera, D.; Gasca, J.M.; 2300 Buenos Aires, Argentina Puértolas-Pascual, E.; Bádenas, B.; 5 GEOBIOTEC, Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, Canudo, J.I. The Tetrapod Fossil 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal Record from the Uppermost 6 Espaço Nova Paleo, Museu de Lourinhã, Rua João Luis de Moura 95, 2530-158 Lourinhã, Portugal Maastrichtian of the Ibero-Armorican 7 Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Edifici Z, C/de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la Island: An Integrative Review Based Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] on the Outcrops of the Western Tremp * Correspondence: [email protected] Syncline (Aragón, Huesca Province, NE Spain).