Capillary Tube Thermal Mass Flow Meters & Controllers: a User's Guide
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IRITS-0313-040 EUEN 0518 DEC Refrigerated Dryer Datasheet.Indd
Dec High-Efficiency Cycling Dryers 42-5,400 m3/hr Achieve maximum energy savings, while ensuring a continuous supply of dry high-quality air. increase reliability. Features such as dryer self-regulation and plug-and-play installation make start-up convenient, while readily-available parts make ongoing maintenance simple and easy. Advanced Environmental Sustainability By shutting off the compressor during low loads, Dec dryers dramatically reduce energy waste. Dec dryers use R134a and R407c refrigerants that are environmentally-friendly with low global warming potential to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. High-quality components provide longer lasting dryers that require fewer replacement parts, minimising environmental impact. Higher Efficiency, Lower Cost The high-efficiency design and construction of Ingersoll Energy Savings by Technology Rand Dec cycling dryers helps you achieve better 4.0 performance, while reducing energy consumption. The Dec Dryer 3.5 patented high-efficiency heat exchanger, combined with Non-Cycling 3.0 Dryers a thermal mass circuit, helps save energy at any load. The kW 2.5 Variable Speed highly efficient refrigerant compressor is automatically Drive Dryers 2.0 deactivated to save energy when not needed. 1.5 Energy Savings Consumption 1.0 Reliability and Simplicity through Experience 0.5 Utilising extensive dryer design experience, the Ingersoll Rand 0.0 Dec dryer includes features like microprocessor control 02025507580100 and a heavy-duty electronic no-loss (ENL) drain that % Load Efficiency Is the Bottom Line The Dec dryer’s efficient design and construction are evident in terms of superior air quality and throughput with a lower Low Operating Cost cost of operation. -
Thermal Mass
Thermal Mass • What is Thermal Mass? • Types of Thermal Mass • Historical Applications • Thermal Properties of Materials • Analyzing Heat/Cool Storage • Strategies • Other Factors • Computer Analysis • Bibliography Thermal Mass • Thermal mass refers to materials have the capacity to store thermal energy for extended periods. • Thermal mass can be used effectively to absorb daytime heat gains (reducing cooling load) and release the heat during the night (reducing heat load). Types of Thermal Mass • Traditional types of thermal mass include water, rock, earth, brick, concrete, fibrous cement, caliche, and ceramic tile. • Phase change materials store energy while maintaining constant temperatures, using chemical bonds to store & release latent heat. PCM’s include solid-liquid Glauber’s salt, paraffin wax, and the newer solid-solid linear crystalline alkyl hydrocarbons (K-18: 77oF phase transformation temperature). PCM’s can store five to fourteen times more heat per unit volume than traditional materials. (source: US Department of Energy). Historical Applications • The use of thermal mass in shelter dates back to the dawn of humans, and until recently has been the prevailing strategy for building climate control in hot regions. Egyptian mud-brick storage rooms (3200 years old). The lime-pozzolana (concrete) Roman Pantheon Today, passive techniques such as thermal mass are ironically considered “alternative” methods to mechanical heating and cooling, yet the appropriate use of thermal mass offers an efficient integration of structure and thermal services. Thermal Properties of Materials The basic properties that indicate the thermal behavior of materials are: density (p), specific heat (cm), and conductivity (k). The specific heat for most masonry materials is similar (about 0.2-0.25Wh/kgC). -
A Simplified Ground Thermal Response Model for Analyzing
1 A Simplified Ground Thermal Response 2 Model for Analyzing Solar-Assisted Ground 3 Source Heat Pump Systems 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jamie P. Fine, Hiep V. Nguyen, Jacob Friedman, Wey H. Leong, and Seth B. Dworkin* 11 12 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering 13 Ryerson University 14 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Canada 15 (*Corresponding author: [email protected]) 16 17 Abstract 18 19 Ground source heat pump systems that are installed in areas with heating or cooling dominant 20 seasons, or in buildings with utilization characteristics that lead to a disparity in demand, often 21 encounter challenges related to ground thermal imbalance. This imbalance can lead to long-term 22 ground temperature changes and may cause premature system failure. This paper focuses on 23 combining a ground source heat pump system with a solar thermal array, with the goal of 24 eliminating the effect of ground thermal imbalance, and minimizing system lifetime cost. A 25 thermal mass ground heat transfer model is combined with a time-stepping model to analyze the 26 system for a variety of solar array sizes. The details associated with this modelling technique are 27 presented, and case studies are provided to illustrate the results of the calculations for three 28 different buildings. It is shown that increasing the solar array size can offset ground thermal 29 imbalances, but increasing the array size also results in a larger initial system cost. An economic 30 analysis is then carried out to determine the system lifetime cost as a function of this solar array 31 size, and an optimal array size from an economic perspective was found. -
A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
sustainability Review A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage Ioan Sarbu * ID and Calin Sebarchievici Department of Building Services Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Piata Victoriei, No. 2A, 300006 Timisoara, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-256-403-991; Fax: +40-256-403-987 Received: 7 December 2017; Accepted: 10 January 2018; Published: 14 January 2018 Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and in industrial processes. This paper is focused on TES technologies that provide a way of valorizing solar heat and reducing the energy demand of buildings. The principles of several energy storage methods and calculation of storage capacities are described. Sensible heat storage technologies, including water tank, underground, and packed-bed storage methods, are briefly reviewed. Additionally, latent-heat storage systems associated with phase-change materials for use in solar heating/cooling of buildings, solar water heating, heat-pump systems, and concentrating solar power plants as well as thermo-chemical storage are discussed. Finally, cool thermal energy storage is also briefly reviewed and outstanding information on the performance and costs of TES systems are included. Keywords: storage system; phase-change materials; chemical storage; cold storage; performance 1. Introduction Recent projections predict that the primary energy consumption will rise by 48% in 2040 [1]. On the other hand, the depletion of fossil resources in addition to their negative impact on the environment has accelerated the shift toward sustainable energy sources. -
Automatic Flow Control Valves 6
Automatic Flow Form No.: F143.6 Control Valves Date: 8.06 Guide Specifications Supersedes: F143.5 5.99 Guide Specifications A. Manufacturers: 5. For 2 1/2” and larger flanged connections: 1. Flow Design, Inc., Autoflow or approved equal. Ductile-iron body suitable for mounting wafer Models YR, AC, MC, WG, WS, WB, WR style between standard 150# or 300# flanges. or WT. The long flange bolts and nuts shall be provided with each control valve. Flow Design Model WS B. Design: or equal. 1. The GPM for the automatic flow control valves 6. All valves shall be factory leak tested at 100 psi shall be factory set and shall automatically limit air. the rate of flow to within 5% of the specified D. Minimum ratings: GPM over at least 95 percent of the control 1. 1/2” through 2” pipe size: 400 PSIG at 250°F range. 2. 2 1/2” through 14” pipe size: 600 PSIG at 250°F 2. For 1/2” - 2“, the flow cartridge shall be 3. 16” through 30” pipe size: 250 PSIG at 250°F removable from the Y- body housing without the use of special tools to provide access for E. Flow Verification (choose one): regulator change-out, inspection and cleaning 1. The differential pressure across the Automatic without breaking the main piping. (Access shall Flow Control Valve shall be measured for flow be similar to that provided for removal of a verification and to determine the amount of Y-strainer screen). system over heading or under pumping. 3. PUMP HEAD REQUIREMENT: 2. -
Cycling Refrigerated Air Dryers — Are Savings Significant?
| 11/11 SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING FEATURES CYCLING REFRIGERATED AIR DRYERS — ARE SAVINGS SIGNIFICANT? BY TIMOTHY J. FOX AND RON MARSHALL FOR THE COMPRESSED AIR CHALLENGE® One of the many tasks in assessing a compressed air system supply refrigerated dryers that have different energy implications, especially side is to analyze the air treatment system for appropriateness and when the dryers are subject to partial heat and moisture loading. In efficiency. Most compressed air systems have one or more air dryers order to make a good choice in terms of energy efficiency, the purchaser in place to remove the water vapor contained in the compressed air should take care in understanding the operating characteristics of the produced by the system air compressors. If there is no air dryer, the different refrigerated dryer options available. normally hot saturated air produced by the air compressors will cool Air compressors consume the majority of the power required by a in downstream system components, and condensed water will form in compressed air system; a well running system requiring between 18 and pressurized system pipework. This water may contaminate downstream 22 kW of energy input per 100 scfm of air produced at a compressor air-powered tools and production machinery with rust, oil and pipe discharge pressure of about 100 psig (kW/100 cfm is called specific debris. Refrigerated style dryers are typically used in industrial plants power). Fully loaded refrigerated air dryer specific power levels range to process general industrial compressed air that would be use by tools between 0.6 and 0.8 kW per 100 scfm, or about 3 to 4% of the total and pneumatic machinery. -
Analysis and Comparison of Some Low-Temperature Heat Sources for Heat Pumps
Article Analysis and Comparison of Some Low-Temperature Heat Sources for Heat Pumps Pavel Neuberger * and Radomír Adamovský Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-224-383-179 Received: 12 April 2019; Accepted: 13 May 2019; Published: 15 May 2019 Abstract: The efficiency of a heat pump energy system is significantly influenced by its low- temperature heat source. This paper presents the results of operational monitoring, analysis and comparison of heat transfer fluid temperatures, outputs and extracted energies at the most widely used low temperature heat sources within 218 days of a heating period. The monitoring involved horizontal ground heat exchangers (HGHEs) of linear and Slinky type, vertical ground heat exchangers (VGHEs) with single and double U-tube exchanger as well as the ambient air. The results of the verification indicated that it was not possible to specify clearly the most advantageous low- temperature heat source that meets the requirements of the efficiency of the heat pump operation. The highest average heat transfer fluid temperatures were achieved at linear HGHE (8.13 ± 4.50 °C) and double U-tube VGHE (8.13 ± 3.12 °C). The highest average specific heat output 59.97 ± 41.80 W/m2 and specific energy extracted from the ground mass 2723.40 ± 1785.58 kJ/m2·day were recorded at single U-tube VGHE. The lowest thermal resistance value of 0.07 K·m2/W, specifying the efficiency of the heat transfer process between the ground mass and the heat transfer fluid, was monitored at linear HGHE. -
Hydraulic Valve Remote Control System
HYDRAULIC VALVE REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW Nordic Flow Control’s compact design for our Hydraulic Valve Remote Control Systems does not compromise on power. Our systems operate at a higher torque level even with our smaller actuators. Submerged applications are available, and maintenance is possible even during operation. By having a hand pump in a deck box with solenoid valves, manual operations are now possible. Our Hydraulic Valve Remote Control Systems are tried and tested in the harshest conditions. The system consists of the hydraulic actuator, a power unit, solenoid valve cabinet, and the control station with operating system. Our actuators and control systems are able to match and operate valves with no limitations. BENEFITS • Able to operate bigger size valves with smaller actuators • Able to use for submerged applications • Cost efficient • Reliable • Able to operate at hazardous areas • Simplicity of design and control Nordic Flow Control Valve Remote Control Systems 1 COMPONENTS ACTUATORS Nordic Flow Control’s actuators are manufactured using sophisticated machinery in our own production plant. They convert hydraulic energy directly into a mechanical rotating movement by using the rack and pinion principle, elimi- nating cost from intensive servicing, maintenance and the sensitivity of transmission elements. Our actuators are created for durability, performance and cost effectiveness. Our new NRA series actuators are now more compact and provide higher torque at even smaller sizes. They have a longer life span, with higher efficiency. Polymer bearings for smaller actuators and ball bearings for bigger actuators are used to reduce friction between the parts. Mounting is according to ISO5211 standards, but can be customised to meet other requirements. -
Thermal Autonomy As Metric and Design Process
Thermal Autonomy as Metric and Design Process Brendon Levitt. Author Loisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, California California College of the Arts, San Francisco M. Susan Ubbelohde. Co-Author Loisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, California University of California, Berkeley George Loisos. Co-Author Loisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, California Nathan Brown. Co-Author Loisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, California California College of the Arts, San Francisco ABSTRACT: Metrics for quantifying thermal comfort and energy consumption focus on the role of mechanical systems, not architecture. This paper proposes a new metric, "Thermal Au- tonomy," that links occupant comfort to climate, building fabric, and building operation. Ther- mal Autonomy measures how much of the available ambient energy resources a building can harness rather than how much fuel heating and cooling systems will consume. The change in mental framework can inform a change in process. This paper illustrates how Thermal Auton- omy analysis gives rich visual feedback as to the diurnal and seasonal patterns of thermal com- fort that an architectural proposition is expected to deliver. Thermal Autonomy has far-reaching utility as a comparative metric for envelope design, identifying mechanical strategies, and mixed-mode operation decisions. Foremost, it is a generative metric to quantify ways that the building filters the ambient environment. The use of Thermal Autonomy is illustrated through parametric building thermal simulation and analysis. INTRODUCTION There is a need for the fundamental re-alignment of how we measure and think about thermal comfort in buildings. Most existing metrics were developed to inform the design of mechanical systems. Occasionally, metrics are proposed that define when people are likely to be comforta- ble without heating or cooling systems, but these metrics are framed to avoid energy use rather than embrace the opportunities of climate. -
Thermal Mass Requirement for Building Envelope in Different Climatic Conditions
Click here for table of contents Click here to search THERMAL MASS REQUIREMENT FOR BUILDING ENVELOPE IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ANIR KUMAR UPADHYAY Architect / Urban Planner 4/24, Park Street, Kogarah NSW 2217, Australia ABSTRACT This study investigates the thermal mass requirement at three different places: Mackay, Brisbane and Amberley in Queensland, Australia. These places have been selected considering their proximity to the nearby coast. Mackay is situated along the coast, Brisbane is located near the coast and Amberley lies inland. Climate data of these cities were retrieved from Bureau of Meteorology’s data bank and climate analysis tools such as Mahoney tables, Building bioclimatic chart were used to get a clear picture of prevailing climatic conditions. Wind roses for different times in different seasons were prepared to understand the wind direction and speed. This paper concludes that provision of thermal mass in buildings is beneficial in coastal as well as inland locations of Queensland. THERMAL MASS IN BUILDING Thermal mass is a major building element in passive solar building design. Passive solar building design understands the local micro-climate and uses natural energies like sun and wind to maintain thermal comfort in buildings. Thermal mass in building fabric will affect the thermal response and performance of spaces. Incorporating thermal mass in buildings helps to balance fluctuating temperatures across the diurnal cycle. A heavy weight building envelope will respond slowly to heat gains from all types of natural or artificial heating sources like sun or mechanical heating systems. Hence, thermal mass assists in the reduction of energy consumed in heating and cooling. -
IRM-G-8721 Nvcdryerbroch
Nirvana Cycling Refrigerated Dryers Nirvana Cycling Refrigerated Dryers Reliability Is Our Design Ingersoll Rand's Nirvana Cycling Refrigerated Dryer High Heat Transfer at Work The superior performance of the Nirvana dryer can be attributed to the provides reliability like no other dryer in its class: reliability effective heat transfer capabilities of the exchanger design, utilized that you can count on to protect your air system day in throughout the package for each stage of heat removal. The dryer design includes a pre-cooling system with stainless steel heat exchangers to An innovative corrugated and and day out; reliability built in by design. properly condition the air for drying. A re-heater section of the dryer's folded stainless steel panel is air side also uses these high performance heat exchangers to prepare the stacked inside two stainless steel dried compressed air for re-entry into the air system. This prevents pipe shells, then welded together to form sweating and readies the compressed air for use in process applications. a unitized heat exchanger. This design ensures reliability through the elimination of dissimilar metals or tube in tube chaffing, which is a • common cause for heat exchanger leaks and failures. The Nirvana is a genuine cycling dryer, incorporating innovative features that make it • not only the most reliable, but the most energy efficient, dryer in its class. • The key element central to the Nirvana's 100% stainless steel construction reliability and energy efficiency is its permits optimal heat transfer, distinct, patented heat exchanger design. resulting in a consistent pressure Providing high heat transfer with low dew point. -
Design of Ground Source Heat Pump Systems Thermal Modelling and Evaluation of Boreholes
THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF LICENTIATE OF ENGINEERING Design of ground source heat pump systems Thermal modelling and evaluation of boreholes SAQIB JAVED Building Services Engineering Department of Energy and Environment CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2010 Design of ground source heat pump systems Thermal modelling and evaluation of boreholes Saqib Javed © SAQIB JAVED, 2010 Licentiatuppsats vid Chalmers tekniska högskola Ny serie nr 2706 ISSN 0346-718X Technical report D2010:02 Building Services Engineering Department of Energy and Environment Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 GÖTEBORG Sweden Telephone +46 (0)31 772 1000 Printed by Chalmers Reproservice Göteborg 2010 ii Design of ground source heat pump systems Thermal modelling and evaluation of boreholes SAQIB JAVED Building Services Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Abstract Ground source heat pump systems are fast becoming state-of-the-art technology to meet the heating and cooling requirements of the buildings. These systems have high energy efficiency potential which results in environmental and economical advantages. The energy efficiency of the ground source heat pump systems can be further enhanced by optimized design of the borehole system. In this thesis, various aspects of designing a borehole system are studied comprehensively. A detailed literature review, to determine the current status of analytical solutions to model the heat transfer in the borehole system, indicated a shortage of analytical solutions to model the short-term borehole response and the long-term response of the multiple borehole systems. To address the modelling issue of long-term response of multiple boreholes, new methods based on existing analytical solutions are presented.