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Tethyan calpionellids in the Neuquén Basin (Argentine Andes), their significance in defining the Jurassic/Cretaceous boun....
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Tethyan calpionellids in the Neuquen Basin (Argentine Andes), their significance in defining the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary and pathways for Tethyan-Eastern Pacific connections
* Rafael Lopez-Martínez a, Beatriz Aguirre-Urreta b, , Marina Lescano b, Andrea Concheyro b, Veronica Vennari c, Victor A. Ramos b a Laboratorio de Carbonatos y Procesos Karsticos, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M exico, M exico, DF, Mexico b Instituto de Estudios Andinos Don Pablo Groeber, CONICET & Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon 2, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina c Grupo vinculado al Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA-CONICET), Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina article info abstract
Article history: The study of calpionellid distribution in the well-documented Las Loicas section of the Vaca Muerta Received 16 March 2017 Formation in the Neuquen Basin, Argentine Andes, allows the recognition of the upper part of the Received in revised form Crassicollaria Zone and the lower part of Calpionella Zone across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. The 5 June 2017 Crassicollaria Zone, Colomi Subzone (Upper Tithonian) is composed of Calpionella alpina Lorenz, Cras- Accepted 12 June 2017 sicollaria colomi Doben, Crassicollaria parvula Remane, Crassicollaria massutiniana (Colom), Crassicollaria Available online 13 June 2017 brevis Remane, Tintinnopsella remanei (Borza) and Tintinnopsella carpathica (Murgeanu and Filipescu). The Calpionella Zone, Alpina Subzone (Lower Berriasian) is indicated by the explosion of the small and Keywords: Calpionellid globular form of Calpionella alpina dominating over very scarce Crassicollaria massutiniana. The FAD of Vaca Muerta Formation Nannoconus wintereri can be clearly correlated with the upper part of Crassicollaria Zone and the FAD of Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary Nannoconus kamptneri minor with the Calpionella Zone. Additional studies are necessary to establish a Andean region more detailed calpionellid biozonation and its correlation with other fossil groups. The present work Hispanic Corridor confirms similar calpionellid bioevents in westernmost Tethys (Cuba and Mexico) and the Andean region, Paleobiogeography strengthening the Paleo-Pacific-Tethyan connections through the Hispanic Corridor already known from other fossil groups. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction the Tethys and have become accepted as the best late Tithonian to early Berriasian stratigraphic indicators. The Jurassic/Cretaceous transition is currently a hot topic of Works in progress are trying to extend the discussion on that discussion. At present, the accepted marker of the Tithonian/Ber- boundary far away from classical Tethyan areas such as the Boreal riasian boundary for the Berriasian Working Group (Wimbledon region (Hoedemaeker, 1991; Zakharov et al., 1997; Zakharov, 2003; et al., 2011) is the base of the Calpionella Zone (Alpina Subzone), Zakharov and Rogov, 2008), Andean Austral region (Vennari et al., defined by the acme of small and globular Calpionella alpina Lorenz, 2014; Kietzmann et al., 2015; Iglesia Llanos et al., 2017), China widely recognized in the Tethys. Meanwhile the selection of a (Wan et al., 2016) and California (Zakharov, 2015) among others. In Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) is still under that sense, the Neuquen Basin, located at the foothills of the debate. Calpionellids are pelagic microfossils of uncertain origin, Argentine Andes in western Gondwana is a key area, as there are which appeared in the late Tithonian and continued until the clear exposures along hundreds of kilometers, expanded sections middle of the Early Cretaceous (Remane, 1985). They provide and an abundant fossil content. The most common fossils in the important correlation markers, especially in pelagic carbonates of Tithonian-lower Valanginian Vaca Muerta Formation are ammon- ites, but belemnites, bivalves and other mollusks, brachiopods, and echinoids are also present (Riccardi et al., 2011; Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2011) while radiolarians and nannofossils are abundant as * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Aguirre-Urreta). well (Ballent et al., 2011; Vennari and Pujana, 2017). Calpionellids http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2017.06.007 0895-9811/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. R. Lopez-Martínez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 78 (2017) 116e125 117 have been scarcely recorded (Fernandez Carmona et al., 1996; 1998; Fernandez Carmona and Riccardi (1999) reported the Alpina Fernandez Carmona and Riccardi, 1998; 1999; Kietzmann et al., Zone from the Vaca Muerta Formation at the locality Chacay 2011; Kietzmann, 2017). Remane (1985) referring to the apparent Melehue, Neuquen and the study area is within the Neuquen Basin absence of calpionellids in the Neuquen Basin noted that his “own in the Alta Cordillera Mendocina. The calpionellids were repre- repeated scrutiny of samples from Argentine Tithonian and Ber- sented by small forms of Calpionella alpina and large forms of Tin- riasian has also been unsuccessful”. tinnopsella carpathica associated with abundant Nannoconus spp., Thus, the aims of this communication are three fold: to figure Cadosina fusca Wanner and Colomisphaera Nowak (calcareous the hyaline calpionellids in a section exposing the Tithonian/Ber- dinoflagellate cysts) and abundant radiolarian casts. According to riasian transition in the Neuquen Basin; to correlate their record these authors, the small forms of Calpionella alpina indicate the with ammonites and nannofossils and to expand their paleogeo- early Berriasian and were associated with the ammonite Pseudo- graphic distribution to the southern Hemisphere, far from their blanfordia australis (Burckhardt). It should be noted here that typical Tethyan occurrence. Chacay Melehue is a classic locality of the Neuquen Embayment and is situated far away from the Alta Cordillera (High Andes) of 2. Geological setting and fossil locality Mendoza so it is not clear where the calpionellids came from, as in both areas there are outcrops of the Vaca Muerta Formation. Be- The Neuquen Basin has a complex history mainly controlled by sides, if the small forms of Calpionella alpina are associated with the changing tectonic setting of the western margin of Gondwana Pseudoblanfordia australis, their age should be late Berriasian as this (Ramos and Folguera, 2005). It is one of the few South Hemisphere endemic ammonite species is restricted to the Spiticeras damesi basins to have a good marine record from Early Jurassic to mid Early Zone of the late Berriasian (Leanza, 1945; Riccardi, 1988). Besides, Cretaceous (Barremian) times. During that interval, the area large forms of Tintinnopsella carpathica point at least to middle constituted a retro-arc basin linked to the eastern margin of the Berriasian not early Berriasian as suggested. Paleo-Pacific Ocean and its depositional evolution was controlled Kietzmann et al. (2011) studied the Vaca Muerta Formation in by a combination of eustasy and local tectonics (Legarreta and two localities in southern Mendoza (Arroyo Loncoche and Río Seco Gulisano, 1989). The Tithonian-lower Valanginian interval is rep- de la Tosca) where they found chitinoidellids at the Jurassic/ resented by the Vaca Muerta Formation. This unit is mostly Cretaceous boundary. In the Arroyo Loncoche section the micro- composed of black shales and mudstones with variable amount of granular calpionellid level is located 3.2 m above the last bed with interbedded ash-fall tuffs and limestones. Its deposition is related the ammonite Substeueroceras koeneni (Steuer) (late Tithonian) and to a widespread marine transgression that started in the early 1.8 m below of the first occurrence of ammonites of the Spiticeras Tithonian (Legarreta and Uliana, 1991). This work focuses in Las damesi Zone (late Berriasian). They assigned this level to the lat- Loicas section exposed along a road that forks from national road termost late Tithonian to early Berriasian. Besides, they also re- 145, from Bardas Blancas to the international border at Pehuenche ported that the late early Tithonian (Windhauseniceras Pass in Mendoza Province. It is located near the Argentine-Chilean internispinosum ammonite zone) (sic., this zone is early late Titho- border, approximately 34 km west of Bardas Blancas (Fig. 1). The nian) contained Chitinoidella sp. (Chitinoidella Zone) while upper 217 m thick marine black shales and mudstones of the Vaca Muerta Tithonian levels (Corongoceras alternans and Substeueroceras koe- Formation in Las Loicas span from the upper lower Tithonian to the neni ammonite zones) recorded highly recrystallized indeterminate upper Berriasian, but our detailed analysis is restricted to the upper hyaline calpionellids. According to these authors, the Jurassic/ 75 m of the section where the J/K transition occurs as shown in Cretaceous transition presented the genus Chitinoidella and the Fig. 1. Ammonites were identified on the basis of abundant material Berriasian beds some poorly preserved hyaline calpionellids. This is collected in several field trips defining zones according to the an unusual long range for Chitinoidella Zone (Boneti Subzone), as classic ammonite biostratigraphy of the Andes. Calcareous nanno- this subzone indicates the lowermost upper Tithonian in the Tethys fossil markers previously identified in the Tethys were recognized (Sallouhi et al., 2011). in the studied section, spanning the upper Tithonian to the lower More recently, Kietzmann (2017) studied the Vaca Muerta For- Berriasian, with NJK zone and its NJK-A, NJK-B, NJK-C and NJK-D mation where he described seven species of Chitinoidellidae subzones confined to the studied interval (Vennari et al., 2014). ranging from the Virgatosphinctes mendozanus up to the Argenti- niceras noduliferum Andean ammonite Zones in the Arroyo Lon- 3. Comments on previous calpionellid records coche and Río Seco de la Cara Cura sections, and four species of Calpionellidae recorded only in the Río Seco de la Cara Cura in the There are very few previous records of calpionellids in the Corongoceras alternans ammonite Zone. He recognized the Chiti- Neuquen Basin, and most of them are published in brief abstracts noidella and Crassicollaria standard Zones; the first one is corre- that note their presence in the Vaca Muerta Formation, though lated with the Virgatosphinctes mendozanus -Windhauseniceras without taxonomic descriptions or illustrations. However, it is internispinosum Andean ammonite Zones and the second enabled important to list them as they have been recently cited in discus- its correlation at least with the Corongoceras alternans ammonite sions related to the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition in the Andes. Zone. Kietzmann (2017) claimed that, unlike in the Tethys where Fernandez Carmona et al. (1996, 1998) recorded the genera the chitinoidellids abound during the late early Tithonian until the Calpionella Lorenz, Tintinnospsella Colom and Crassicollaria Remane. late Tithonian (Fallauxi to Microcanthum ammonite Standard Large forms of Calpionella alpina and Crassicollaria sp. were asso- Zones) (Lakova and Petrova, 2013), in the Neuquen Basin they ciated with late Tithonian ammonites of the Corongoceras alternans persist in the Argentiniceras noduliferum Andean ammonite Zone. and the lower part of the Substeueroceras koeneni zones in two This zone everywhere in his text is considered as uppermost lower distinctive levels at the Arroyo Durazno locality in the High Andes Berriasian but in the sections depicted in his Figs. 3 and 4 it is drawn of Mendoza. in the base of the upper Berriasian and the records of chitinoidellids Fernandez Carmona and Riccardi (1998) provided the first re- only reach the upper Substeueroceras koeneni ammonite Zone cord of Chitinoidella Doben in Argentina from the Vaca Muerta (sample Lt 90) in the Río Seco de la Cara Cura and just up to the base Formation at the locality Río Seco del Altar, Mendoza. They also of the Argentiniceras noduliferum ammonite Zone (sample L 190) in indicated that from the same levels there are middle-late Tithonian Arroyo Loncoche (Kietzmann, 2017). ammonites. 118 R. Lopez-Martínez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 78 (2017) 116e125
Fig. 1. Log of the upper part of Vaca Muerta Formation at the locality Las Loicas, Mendoza Province, Neuquen Basin (ubication on inset): lithostratigraphy, nannofossil, calpionellid and ammonite distribution (updated from Vennari et al., 2014).
4. Material and methods 5. Calpionellid assemblages
As a first approach, eleven samples from the Vaca Muerta For- Two main calpionellid assemblages were recognized in the mation encompassing the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition at Las studied section of Las Loicas ranging from late Tithonian to early Loicas section were analyzed in thin section for calpionellid Berriasian in age. determination. Only one sample (LLC 13) was sterile. To increase Assemblage 1. Late Tithonian Crassicollaria Zone, Colomi Subzone. the probability of finding calpionellids suitable for determination, Samples LLC 1-LLC 6. Calpionella alpina is abundant and dominates three different thin sections of each hand sample were selected in over scarce Crassicollaria parvula, Cr. colomi, Cr. brevis, Tintinnopsella different orientations varying from parallel to transverse to the remanei and T. carpathica. The presence of Crassicollaria colomi and bedding. Those thin sections were analyzed following a grid of Cr. parvula suggests that this assemblage corresponds to the late 500 Â 500 mm to cover the entire surface. In the analyzed samples, Tithonian Crassicollaria Zone, Colomi Subzone. Nonetheless, this is calpionellids were scarce and poorly preserved. Recrystallization a non-typical assemblage compared with that present in sections of and absence of collar prevented the determination of several the Mediterranean Tethys (Lakova et al., 1999; Andreini et al., 2007; specimens. Rehakov a et al., 2011; Lakova and Petrova, 2013) but it is similar to The illustrated fossils are housed at the Paleontology Collec- records from Mexican and Cuban sections (Pszczo łkowski and tions, University of Buenos Aires, under the acronyms BAFC-NP Myczynski,~ 2010; Lopez-Martínez et al., 2013a, b; 2015) in which (nannofossils) and BAFC-LD (calpionellids). Tintinnopsella remanei is still present in the higher part of the R. Lopez-Martínez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 78 (2017) 116e125 119
Crassicollaria Zone. globular form typical for the early Berriasian (Fig. 2C). Both forms Assemblage 2. Early Berriasian Calpionella Zone, Alpina Subzone. are easy to distinguish due to their size and morphology. Both Samples LLC 7- LLC 10. This assemblage is marked by the “explosion” morphotypes coexist in sample LLC 6 but the globular form is of the small and spherical form of Calpionella alpina. This bioevent poorly represented: the acme of this form occurs in sample LLC 7. is recognized as marker of the Calpionella Zone, Alpina Subzone by Calpionella alpina is a very well known species reported from several authors (Remane, 1985, 1986; Lakova, 1994; Oloriz et al., numerous Tethyan sections. 1995; Pop, 1996; Rehakov a and Michalík, 1997; Hou sa et al., 1999; Crassicollaria colomi Doben (Fig. 2D). Crassicollaria colomi is very Boughdiri et al., 2006; Andreini et al., 2007; Michalík and scarce (only in sample LLC 1) and with bad preserved collar but the Rehakov a, 2011; Wimbledon et al., 2011, 2013 and others) and it typical morphology with a small preoral shoulder can be observed. is currently regarded as the best primary marker candidate for the This species is well known from the Tethys and it is a new record for Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary (Wimbledon et al., 2011; the Neuquen Basin. Wimbledon, 2014). The assemblage is nearly monospecific, domi- Crassicollaria parvula Remane (Fig. 2E). Specimens attributable nated by Calpionella alpina over scarce specimens of Crassicollaria to Cr. parvula are scarce in the studied thin sections (LLC 1) and the massutiniana, Tintinnopsella remanei and T. carpathica. species is difficult to separate from Cr. massutiniana due to the The calpionellids from Las Loicas are shown in Fig. 2, and a preservation of the collar. Nonetheless, in some specimens the species list is summarized below. typical sub parallel collar can be observed. This species is well Calpionella alpina Lorenz (Fig. 2AeC). This species appears in all known for the whole Tethys and it is a new record for the Neuquen the studied samples in two distinct morphologies; the large form Basin. (Fig. 2AeB) typical for the late Tithonian assemblages and the small Crassicollaria massutiniana (Colom) (Fig. 2F). Typical forms of Cr.
Fig. 2. Identified calpionellids in the Las Loicas section. A-C, Calpionella alpina Lorenz BACF-LD6. D, Crassicollaria colomi Doben BACF-LD3. E, Crassicollaria parvula Remane BACF-LD3. F, Crassicollaria massutiniana (Colom) BACF-LD3. G, Crassicollaria brevis Remane BACF-LD4. H, Tintinnopsella remanei (Borza) BACF-LD3. I, Tintinnopsella carpathica (Murgeanu and Filipescu) BACF-LD6. White scale bar 50 mm. 120 R. Lopez-Martínez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 78 (2017) 116e125 massutiniana appear in samples LLC 3, LLC 4, LLC 8 and LLC 9. Some distribution of this fossil group in the Neuquen Basin and the specimens are well preserved and conserve the typical ring near prospect of using them in the definition of the Jurassic/Cretaceous the oral zone. This species is again recorded throughout the Tethys boundary in the Andean region. and it has recently been reported in the Neuquen Basin (Kietzmann, Our recorded assemblage of Crassicollaria colomi, Cr. parvula, Cr. 2017). massutiniana, Cr. brevis and Tintinnospella remanei in the upper part Crassicollaria brevis Remane (Fig. 2G). This species appears in of the Crassicollaria Zone, Colomi Subzone, is very similar to that samples LLC 4, LLC 5, LLC 6 and LLC 7. Even with high recrystalli- reported by Lopez-Martínez et al. (2013b) in Cuba and Lopez- zation, morphological details like the small conical lorica with a Martínez et al. (2013a, 2015) in Mexico. The presence of Tintin- well-developed outward collar allow its recognition. This species nopsella remanei and Crassicollaria brevis in the upper part of the widely reported in the Tethys is here recorded for the first time in Crassicollaria Zone was first assumed to be the result of reworking the Neuquen Basin. (Lopez-Martínez et al., 2013a) but its persistent appearance in Tintinnopsella remanei (Borza) (Fig. 2H). Specimens assigned to Mexican sections and now in the Neuquen Basin suggests a similar T. remanei are frequent in samples LLC 3, LLC 4, LLC5 and LLC 7 but it distribution pattern in westernmost Tethys (Mexico and Cuba) and is not documented upwards. This species has been recorded the Andes. throughout the Tethys in the Crassicollaria Zone but this is the first In the Las Loicas section, there are seven calcareous nannofossil record from the Neuquen Basin. bioevents previously identified in the Tethys (Bralower et al., 1989; Tintinnopsella carpathica (Murgeanu and Filipescu) (Fig. 2I). Only Casellato, 2010)(Fig. 3). The Tethyan NJK zone can be recognized two specimens assignable to T. carpathica were identified in sam- here and its NJKeA, NJKeB, NJKeC and NJKeD subzones are ples LLC 6 and LLC 7. The scarcity of this species does not allow the confined to the studied interval, suggesting a late Tithonian to early determination of morphological changes throughout the section. Berriasian age (Fig. 4). The FAD of Umbria granulosa is considered The specimen illustrated in Fig. 2I is small, 50 mm in height with a the base of subzone NJKeB and is correlated with the uppermost near conic aboral zone. Tintinnopsella carpathica has been recorded Tithonian. The appearance of Rhagodiscus asper (Stradner) Rein- throughout the Tethyan domain. hardt is a secondary bioevent (Casellato, 2010) and correlates with the subzone NJKeB(Bralower et al., 1989). The FAD of Nannoconus 6. Discussion wintereri is considered a late Tithonian marker, and a bioevent of subzone NJKeC(Bralower et al., 1989), which defines the base of As few previous records of Calpionellidae in the Neuquen Basin subzone NJT 17 b (Casellato, 2010). The FAD of Nannoconus were hardly described or illustrated, their vertical distribution re- kamptneri minor defines the base of subzones NJKeD(Bralower mains in doubt. Riccardi (2015, p. 30) noted that the genus Chiti- et al., 1989) and NKT (Casellato, 2010), assigned to the Berriasian. noidella was recorded for the first time in the Tithonian of Río Seco Other bioevents identified are the FAD of Nannoconus steinmannii del Altar, Sierra de la Cara Cura, by Fernandez Carmona and Riccardi minor and the LOs of Nannoconus wintereri and Polycostella senaria. (1998), and that the recorded species include Chitinoidella boneti, C. The vertical distribution of the studied calpionellids compared sp. cf. C. pinarensis (Furrazola-Bermúdez and Kreisel), and Chiti- with previous records of nannofossils (Figs. 1 and 4) shows a noidella spp. These came from a level with ammonites indicating coincidence between the FAD of Nannoconus wintereri with the the lower boundary of the Windhauseniceras internispinosum Zone. uppermost calpionellid Crassicollaria Zone, Colomi Subzone and In his remarks on the Tithonian and Berriasian ammonite biostra- the FAD of Nannoconus kamptneri minor with the acme of Calpio- tigraphy of west-central Argentina, Riccardi (2015, p. 35) affirmed nella alpina (small and globular form). Those bioevents clearly that the presence at Chacay Melehue of Calpionella alpina (small indicate the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary even though the cal- form) together with large forms of Tintinnopsella carpathica, pionellid resolution on its own is not enough to establish a com- abundant Nannoconus spp., calcareous dinoflagellate cysts (Cado- plete biozonation. This correlation between calpionellids and sina fusca Wanner, Colomisphaera Nowak) (cf. Fernandez Carmona nannofossils has also been reported by several authors elsewhere and Riccardi, 1999) in the middle intervals with ammonites of the (Ondrejí ckova et al., 1993; Michalík et al., 2009; Rehakov a et al., Substeueroceras koenenieArgentiniceras noduliferum zones confirms 2009; Lukeneder et al., 2010; Hoedemaeker et al., 2016). the extension of the Substeueroceras koeneni Zone into the Berria- Kietzmann (2017) reported chitinoidellids distributed from the sian of Argentina. In the original abstract of Fernandez Carmona lower Tithonian up to the lower Berriasian. In the present work we and Riccardi (1999) the microfossils were said to be associated do not have any taxon with microgranular calcite walls and we only with the late Berriasian ammonite Pseudoblanfordia australis, thus, record hyaline calpionellids in the upper Tithonian and lower the lack of precision in the accurate position of Calpionella alpina in Berriasian. “the middle intervals of the S. koenenieA. noduliferum ammonite More detailed work is necessary to clarify the vertical distri- zones” (Riccardi, 2015, p. 35) does not clarified the J/K boundary bution of calpionellids in the Andean region and its correlation with and the amount of extension of the Substeueroceras koeneni Zone in ammonite zones, but at least the main calpionellid bioevents for the Berriasian. the Crassicollaria and Calpionella zones are very similar when Iglesia Llanos et al. (2017, Fig. 11) reported a calpionellid bio- compared with those of the westernmost Tethys (Mexico and Cuba) zonation for the Neuquen Basin which differs in age from the classic and can also been correlated in a lesser extent with those typical of Tethyan standards regarding the lower boundary of the Calpionella the Mediterranean Tethys. Zone, which is placed in the late Tithonian instead of the base of Berriasian. In this paper, focused mainly on magnetostratigraphy, 7. Possible dispersal pathways of calpionellids from Tethys to the lack of necessary illustrations and exact location of the the Neuquen Basin observed calpionellids hinders the value of this biozonation. Even though the present study only recognizes the Crassicollaria Calpionellids represent one of the most important constituents and Calpionella zones, these records of calpionellids in the well- of tropical calcareous microplankton in Upper Jurassic - Lower studied Las Loicas section are correlated with calcareous nanno- Cretaceous pelagic carbonates (Rehakov a and Michalík, 1997) and fossil bioevents, ammonites and radio-isotopic ages from the same have been recorded in numerous surface sections in the Tethys, section (Vennari et al., 2014). Thus, these data shed new light into from Iran and Kurdistan in the east to Mexico in the west (Remane, the discussion and offer a preliminary view of the vertical 1968, 1985; Adatte et al., 1993, 1994, 1996; Rehakov a and Michalík, R. Lopez-Martínez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 78 (2017) 116e125 121
Fig. 3. Representative calcareous nannofossils from Las Loicas after Vennari et al. (2014).A,Umbria granulosa Bralower and Thierstein BAFC-NP 3879. B, Rhagodiscus asper (Stradner) Reinhardt BAFC-NP 3872. C-D, Nannoconus wintereri Bralower and Thierstein BAFC-NP 3883. E, Nannoconus kamptneri minor Bralower BAFC-NP 3883. F, Nannoconus steinmannii minor Deres and Acherit eguy BAFC-NP 3883. G-H, Eiffellithus primus Applegate and Bergen BAFC-NP 3876. I-K, Polycostella senaria Thierstein BAFC-NP3886. L, Zeugrhabdotus embergeri (Noel)€ Perch-Nielsen BAFC-NP 3876. All photomicrographs under crossed nicols (polarized light), white scale bar 1 mm.
1997; Boughdiri et al., 2006; Benzaggagh et al., 2012; Lopez- Atlantic (offshore) (Remane, 1985; Azema and Jaffrezo, 1984), Martínez et al., 2013 a, b; Mohialdeen et al., 2013; Zell et al., Eastern Canada (offshore) (Jansa et al., 1980), Venezuela (Bermúdez 2015a, b; Wimbledon et al., 2016; see Michalík and Rehakov a, and Rodríguez, 1962) and New Guinea (Rickwood, 1955; Ali et al., 2011 for an excellent review). Other reports came from North 2001). All these records demonstrate the wide distribution of this 122 R. Lopez-Martínez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 78 (2017) 116e125
Fig. 4. Integrated fossil markers and magnetostratigraphy from the Tithonian-Berriasian interval in the Western Tethyan Realm and correlation with the Neuquen Basin (modified from Schnabl et al., 2015). group not only restricted to the Tethyan domain, even if the The distribution of calpionellids during Tithonian and Berriasian Australian record of Calpionella (Brunnschweiler, 1960) has been times provides data suggesting three possible pathways for their dismissed by Remane (1971). Some records still remain dubious as dispersal from Tethys to the Neuquen Basin. The first one can be those reported by Heim and Gansser (1939) from the Himalayas postulated along the Tethys across the Paleo-Pacific(Fig. 5, arrow and Salazar Soto (2012) from Chile. 1). This option is possible, but difficult, due to the long distance
Fig. 5. World paleogeographic reconstruction in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous times with records of calpionellids and possible alternative dispersal pathways (base map modified from Smith et al., 1994; records from Remane, 1985 and references cited in the text). R. Lopez-Martínez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 78 (2017) 116e125 123 between both regions but the record of calpionellids in New Guinea based on ammonites and nannofossils which are presently and perhaps in Australia may support a possible connection by this accepted as secondary markers for the base of the Berriasian route. (Wimbledon et al., 2011). A potential second route (Fig. 5, arrow 2), is along the eastern This finding of hyaline calpionellids opens not only a new African margin of Gondwana down the Mozambique Corridor and window in the determination of the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary crossing towards the Paleo-Pacific near the Antarctic Peninsula. The in the Andes but also for studies of the calpionellid dispersal most important factor not in favor of this route is the absence, up to pathway from the Tethys to the Paleo-Pacific throughout the His- now, of calpionellid records between north-eastern Africa and the panic Corridor. Neuquen Basin. Another factor in opposition to this hypothesis is Research projects in progress in the Neuquen Basin on biostra- that calpionellids should have to migrate across high Austral lati- tigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and high precision radio-isotopic tudes. However, it is known that calpionellids have been reported dating will certainly improve our knowledge of the Jurassic/ in the North Hemisphere as high as 45North Latitude in clear mix Cretaceous transition in the Andes and the correlation with the with typical Boreal fauna (Jansa et al., 1980). Then, it may be classic Tethyan region, helping to solve decades of debate over the J/ possible that calpionellids migrated at least to similar latitudes in K boundary. the southern Hemisphere, as seen for example by the bivalves Anopaea Eichwald and Arctotis Bodylevsky, taxa known from rocks Acknowledgements in Mexico (Zell et al., 2015a, b). According to Ballent and Whatley (2009) during latest Jurassic and Berriasian times the opening of We want to specially thank Drs. Mabrouk Boughdiri, Peter a shallow intermittent epicontinental seaway between southern Rawson, Daniela Rehakov a and Patrick Zell for the revision of the South Africa and southern Patagonia favored faunal interchange of manuscript and their suggestions that enhanced the quality of the ostracods. This proposal is in accordance with Riccardi (1991) who present paper. We also thank Dr. Francisco Vega Vera for his stated that in the Late Jurassic the break-up of Gondwana was editorial work. This research was funded by projects PAPIIT initiated and a seaway began to open between South America, Af- IA102616 to RLM; ANPCyT 1413/13 to BAU and PIP-CONICET (0542) rica and Antarctica, though the connection of the Eastern Pacific to VR. This is a contribution to the Berriasian Working Group of the with Tethyan waters through southern Africa was sporadic. ICS and R-220 of the Instituto de Estudios Andinos “Don Pablo Nonetheless, the clearest route and the one proposed herein, is Groeber”. across the Hispanic Corridor (Fig. 5, arrow 3). This continuous seaway through Central America, at least since the Early Jurassic References (Arias, 2008) allowed free migration and dispersal of Tethyan biotas to the Pacific along the western margin of Gondwana (Damborenea Adatte, T., Stinnesbeck, W., Hubberten, H., Remane, J., 1993. Nuevos datos sobre el et al., 2013; Zell et al., 2013, 2015 a, b; Bardet et al., 2014; among límite Jurasico-Cretacico en el noreste y centro de Mexico. Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex. 52 (1e2), 11e14. many others). Adatte, T., Stinnesbeck, W., Remane, J., 1994. The Jurassic e Cretaceous boundary in During Kimmeridgian and Tithonian times a second order sea Northeastern Mexico. Confrontation and correlation by microfacies, clay- level transgression is reported in the Gulf of Mexico and the Proto- mineral mineralogy, calpionellids and ammonites. Geobios Memoire Spec. 17, 37e56. Caribbean (Goldhammer and Johnson, 2001). This sea level rise Adatte, T., Stinnesbeck, W., Remane, J., Hubberten, H., 1996. Paleoceanographic affected the shallow water platform in Cuba (San Vicente Member changes at the JurassiceCretaceous boundary in the western Tethys, North- of Guasasa Formation) which was totally drowned during the eastern Mexico. Cretac. Res. 17, 671e689. Aguilera-Franco, N., Franco-Navarrete, S., 1995. Importancia biocronoestratigra fica e Chitinoidella Zone (late Tithonian) (Lopez-Martínez et al., 2013b). implicaciones ambientales del genero Saccocoma arachnoidea (Bronniman The same sea level event is reported by Rehakova (2000) in the 1955), en el sureste de Mexico, durante el Tithoniano Medio. Bol. Soc. Geol. Carpathian area and can be correlated with the apparition of sac- Mex. 52 (3e4), 21e30. Aguirre-Urreta, B., Lazo, D.G., Griffin, M., Vennari, V.V., Parras, A.M., Cataldo, C., cocomids facies in Mexico (Aguilera-Franco and Franco Navarrete, Garberoglio, R., Luci, L., 2011. Megainvertebrados del Cretacico y su importancia 1995), Cuba (Lopez-Martínez et al., 2013b) and Argentina bioestratigra fica. In: Leanza, H.A., Arregui, C., Carbone, O., Danieli, J.C., (Kietzmann and Palma, 2009). With this sea level rise, planktonic Valles, J.M. (Eds.), Geología y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia del Neuquen. e organisms from the Gulf of Mexico and the Proto-Caribbean Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Relatorio, pp. 465 488. fi Ali, J.R., Hall, R., Baker, S.J., 2001. Palaeomagnetic data from a mesozoic Philippine (westernmost Tethys) could have spread to the Paci c Realm and sea plate ophiolite on Obi Island, Eastern Indonesia. J. Asian Earth Sci. 19, to the Neuquen Basin. 535e546. Additional studies are necessary for a better understanding of Andreini, G., Caracuel, J.E., Parisi, G., 2007. Calpionellid biostratigraphy of the Upper TithonianeUpper Valanginian interval in Western Sicily (Italy). Swiss J. Geosci. the migration pathways of calpionellids to the Neuquen Basin, but 100, 179e198. strong evidence point to a clear connection between the Tethys and Arias, C., 2008. Palaeoceanography and biogeography in the early Jurassic Pan- the Neuquen Basin at least during Tithonian and Berriasian times. thalassa and Tethys oceans. 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(Eds.), Geología y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia del Neuquen. Asociacion Geo- In this work there are reported for the first time the following logica Argentina, Relatorio, pp. 489e528. species: Crassicollaria colomi, Cr. parvula, Cr. brevis, and Tintinnop- Bardet, N., Falconnet, J., Fischer, V., Houssayec, A., Jouve, S., Pereda Suberbiola, X., Perez-García, A., Rage, J.-C., Vincent, P., 2014. Mesozoic marine reptile palae- sella remanei. e fi obiogeography in response to drifting plates. Gondwana Res. 26, 869 887. The identi cation of calpionellids encompassing the Tithonian- Benzaggagh, M., Cecca, F., Schnyder, J., Seyed-Emamid, K., Majidifard, M.R., 2012. Berriasian boundary in south-western Gondwana is an important Calpionelles et microfaunes pelagiques du Jurassique superieur e Cretac e step forwards the correlation with the Tethyan Realm based on the inferieur dans les Formations Shal et Kolur (Montagnes du Talesh, chaîne de l’Elbourz, Nord-Ouest Iran). 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