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Foraminiferal and Calpionellid FORAMINIFERAL AND CALPIONELLID BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, MICROFACIES ANALYSES AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE UPPER JURASSIC – LOWER CRETACEOUS CARBONATE PLATFORM TO SLOPE SUCCESSIONS IN SİVRİHİSAR REGION (ESKİŞEHİR, NW TURKEY) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SERDAR GÖRKEM ATASOY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING JANUARY 2017 Approval of the thesis: FORAMINIFERAL AND CALPIONELLID BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, MICROFACIES ANALYSES AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE UPPER JURASSIC – LOWER CRETACEOUS CARBONATE PLATFORM TO SLOPE SUCCESSIONS IN SİVRİHİSAR REGION (ESKİŞEHİR, NW TURKEY) submitted by SERDAR GÖRKEM ATASOY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geological Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin DURAL _____________________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Erdin BOZKURT _____________________ Head of Department, Geological Engineering Prof. Dr. Demir ALTINER _____________________ Supervisor, Geological Engineering Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Bora ROJAY _____________________ Geological Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Demir ALTINER _____________________ Geological Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. İsmail Ömer YILMAZ _____________________ Geological Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kaan SAYIT _____________________ Geological Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Aral OKAY _____________________ Geological Engineering Dept., İTU Date: 25.01.2017 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Serdar Görkem Atasoy Signature: iv ABSTRACT FORAMINIFERAL AND CALPIONELLID BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, MICROFACIES ANALYSES AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE UPPER JURASSIC – LOWER CRETACEOUS CARBONATE PLATFORM TO SLOPE SUCCESSIONS IN SİVRİHİSAR REGION (ESKİŞEHİR, NW TURKEY) ATASOY, Serdar Görkem M.Sc., Department of Geological Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Demir ALTINER January 2017, 256 pages This study focuses on the biostratigraphy, microfacies analyses and the tectonic interpretation of an Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous carbonate succession widely exposed in a tectonic klippe of the Sakarya Zone (Pontides), north of Sivrihisar region (Eskişehir). For this purpose two stratigraphic sections were measured (925 m thick in total) along the carbonate rocks that crop out north of the Dümrek Village. According to the biozonation and the microfacies types, two coeval but dissimiliar depositional domains, separated by an overthrust, have been detected along the measured sections. The one on the southern part shows a slope to basin facies and is characterized by the Kimmeridgian – Berriasian Yosunlukbayırı Formation and the v overlying Valanginian Soğukçam Limestone. Within these deposits the following biozones were defined: Globuligerina oxfordiana – Mohlerina basiliensis Zone (Kimmeridgian), Crescentiella morronensis (Saccocoma subzone) Zone (Lower Tithonian), Protopeneroplis ultragranulata Zone (Upper Tithonian), Crassicollaria (massutiniana subzone) Zone (uppermost Tithonian), Calpionella (alpina, Remaniella and elliptica subzones) Zone (Lower Berriasian), Calpionellopsis (simplex and oblonga subzones) Zone (Upper Berriasian) and Calpionellites (darderi subzone) Zone (Lower Valanginian). The Jurassic – Cretaceous boundary is located at the base of the Calpionella Zone. This succession overthrusted from north to south by a thin slice of the Berriasian Yosunlukbayırı Formation and an overlying thicker slice consisting of the Kimmeridgian Günören Limestone which is a part of the Edremit – Bursa - Bilecik Carbonate Platform. Within the Günören Limestone, Labyrinthina mirabilis – Protopeneroplis striata (Kimmeridgian) Zone was recognized. A much thinner section, measured to the north of these successions, consists of the Yosunlukbayırı Formation of Early Berriasian age deposited on the slope and the basinal Soğukçam Limestone. The boundary of these two formations is probably tectonic. If the positions of the studied sections with respect to the Edremit – Bursa – Bilecik Carbonate Platform is considered, the studied basin and slope facies should represent the southern platfrom margin and slope environmnets of this carbonate platform that faced an ocean to the south during the Jurassic – Cretaceous interval. The slope and basinal facies (the Yosunlukbayırı Formation and the Soğukçam Limestone) overthrusted by the shallow marine deposits (the Günören Limestone) in a region studied to the south of the main İzmir – Ankara – Erzincan (İAE) suture suggests an important disruption and shortening of the Edremit – Bursa – Bilecik Carbonate Platform margin and slope deposits probably related to the closure of the İAE ocean. Keywords: Biostratigraphy, Jurassic – Cretaceous boundary, foraminifera, calpionellids, Edremit – Bursa – Bilecik Carbonate Platform, microfacies, Pontides vi ÖZ SİVRİHİSAR (ESKİŞEHİR, KB TÜRKİYE) BÖLGESİ ÜST JURA – ALT KRETASE KARBONAT PLATFORMU VE YAMAÇ İSTİFLERİNDE FORAMİNİFER VE KALPİONELLİD BİYOSTRATİGRAFİSİ, MİKROFASİYES ANALİZLERİ VE TEKTONİK ÇIKARIMLAR ATASOY, Serdar Görkem Yüksek Lisans, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Demir Altıner Ocak 2017, 256 sayfa Bu çalışmanın amacı Sivrihisar (Eskişehir)’in kuzeyinde, Sakarya Zonu’na ait bir tektonik klipte yer alan Geç Jura – Erken Kretase yaşlı karbonat istifindeki birimlerin çökelme yaşlarının ayrıntılı şekilde belirlenmesi, mikrofasiyes evriminin ortaya konulması ve bu çökellerin Jura – Erken Kretase aralığında Sakarya Zonu üzerinde gelişen karbonat platform sistemindeki yerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla, Dümrek köyünün hemen kuzeyinde yüzeylenen karbonat istifleri boyunca toplam kalınlığı 925 m olan iki adet stratigrafik kesit ölçülmüş ve detaylı örnekleme yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda benzer yaş aralığında iki farklı çökelme ortamına ait kayaçların bindirme fayı dokanağı ile bir araya geldiği belirlenmiştir. Bunlardan güneyde bulunan kayaç dizilimi havza ve yamaç fasiyeslerini göstermekte olup, vii Kimmericiyen – Berriyasiyen yaşlı Yosunlukbayırı Formasyonu ve üzerini örten Valanjiniyen yaşlı Soğukçam Kireçtaşı ile temsil edilmektedir. Bu çökellerde Globuligerina oxfordiana – Mohlerina basiliensis Zonu (Kimmericiyen), Crescentiella morronensis (Saccocoma alt zonu) Zonu (Alt Titoniyen), Protopeneroplis ultragranulata Zonu (Üst Titoniyen), Crassicollaria (massutiniana alt zonu) Zonu (en Üst Titoniyen), Calpionella (alpina, Remaniella ve elliptica alt zonları) Zonu (Alt Berriyasiyen), Calpionellopsis (simplex ve oblonga alt zonları) Zonu (Üst Berriyasiyen) ve Calpionellites (darderi alt zonu) Zonu (Alt Valanjiniyen) ayırtlanmış ve Jura – Kretase sınırı Calpionella Zonu’nun tabanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu istifin üstüne ise, araya Yosunlukbayırı Formasyonu’na ait yamaç fasiyesinde, Berriyasiyen yaşlı bir dilimi alarak ters fay dokanağı ile Kimmericiyen yaşlı, tipik bir karbonat platform fasiyesi ile karakterize olan Günören Kireçtaşı gelmektedir. Bu çökellerde Labyrinthina mirabilis – Protopeneroplis striata (Kimmericiyen) Zonu ayırtlanmıştır. Bu birimlerin kuzeyinde, daha kısa ek bir stratigrafik kesit boyunca örneklenen, üst yamaç fasiyesindeki, Erken Berriyasiyen yaşlı Yosunlukbayırı Formasyonu ile bu çökellerin üstünde muhtemelen bir tektonik dokanakla oturan Soğukçam Kireçtaşı bulunmaktadır. Edremit – Bursa – Bilecik Karbonat Platfromunun, çalışma alanına göre konumu göz önüne alındığında, çalışılan havza ve yamaç çökellerinin, bu platformun güneyinde Jura – Kretase zaman aralığında bulunan bir okyanusa bakan ve bu platformdan beslenen şelf yamacı – havza ortamını temsil ettiği düşünülmektedir. Bu birimlerin üstüne bindiren sığ platform karbonatlarının varlığı, çalışma alanının İzmir – Ankara – Erzincan (İAE) kenet kuşağının güneyinde yer almış olması ile birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, Edremit – Bursa – Bilecik Karbonat Platformu kenar ve yamaç çökellerinin, muhtemelen İAE okyanusunun kapanmasına bağlı olarak önemli bir deformasyon ve kısalma gösterdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyostratigrafi, Jura – Kretase sınırı, foraminifera, kalpionellidler, Edremit – Bursa – Bilecik Karbonat Platformu, mikrofasiyes, Pontid viii To my family… ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Demir Altıner for his guidance, support, encouragement and patience throughout all phases of this thesis. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Sevinç Özkan Altıner for her valuable recommendations and her help with the literature of calpionellids. I would like to express my special thanks to Prof. Dr. Aral Okay for his support in fieldwork and his generosity in providing some rare papers. I would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. İsmail Ömer Yılmaz for his fruitful discussions and encourangement. I am very grateful to my dear friends Uygar Karabeyoğlu, Gamze Tanık and Ezgi Vardar, my dear friend and “team mate” Timur Ersöz and dear friend Uğur Balcı for their mental and technical support during my thesis study. It would have been impossible to finish field works without their support. I would like to thank my friends and colleagues Okay Çimen and Alican Aktağ for their continous
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