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Istorija Na Makedonskiot Narod

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ISTORIJA NA MAKEDONSKIOT NAROD 1 INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL HISTORY HISTORY OF THE MACEDONIAN PEOPLE SKOPJE 2008 2 INSTITUT ZA NACIONALNA ISTORIJA ISTORIJA NA MAKEDONSKIOT NAROD SKOPJE 2008 3 Urednik: prof. d-r Todor ^epreganov Avtori: prof. d-r Aneta [ukarova prof. d-r Mitko B. Panov prof. d-r Dragi \orgiev prof. d-r Krste Bitovski akad. Ivan Katarxiev prof. d-r Van~e Stoj~ev prof. d-r Novica Veljanovski prof. d-r Todor ^epreganov 4 MAKEDONIJA VO PRAISTORISKO VREME Na teritorija na Makedonija e evidentiran aktiven `ivot u{te od najranite etapi na ~ovekovata praistorija. Klimata, geomorfo- logijata i drugite prirodni faktori na celata teritorija na Makedo- nija preduslovile organizirano `iveewe i sozdavawe razli~ni kultu- ri, ~ija evolucija se odvivala kontinuirano od prvite zemjodelski zaednici do krajot na `eleznoto vreme. Arheolo{ko-antropolo{kite istra`uvawa na artefaktite od prvite naselbi vo Makedonija pret- stavuvaat bazi~ni soznanija bez koi ne mo`e da se objasnat potekloto na podocne`nite populacii nitu, pak, istorisko-kulturnite vlijanija i dvi`ewa. Teritorijata na Makedonija se nao|a vo sredi{teto na balkan- skite prirodni soobra}ajnici i gi povrzuva dvete golemi kulturni sferi: egejskata i anadolskata, kako `ari{ta na najstarite zemjodel- sko-sto~arski zaednici, so vnatre{niot del na Balkanot i so Sredna Evropa. Posebna uloga vo toj pogled imaat prirodnite pati{ta po dol`inata na re~nite dolini; dolinata na Vardar, koja se nadovrzuva na dolinata na Morava, ovozmo`uva kontakti pome|u egejskiot svet i Panonija, a Strume{nica, preku dolniot tek na Struma, gi povrzuva jugoisto~na Trakija so predniot del na Mala Azija, dodeka dolinata na Drim so ju`noto jadransko krajbre`je. Golemo vlijanie imaat i pati{tata na planinskite prevoi na masivite okolu Ohridsko-pres- panskiot region, koi go povrzuvaat ovoj region so kulturite vo Alba- nija, i Male{evskite i Osogovskite Planini koi, pak, ja povrzuvaat Makedonija so sredniot tek na Struma i so centralna Bugarija. Paleontolo{kite istra`uvawa gi otkrivaat podatocite za `i- votot vo paleolitot i mezolitot, posebno vo Pelagonija, vo okolina- 5 ta na Veles, vo pe{terata Makarovec vo kawonot na rekata Babuna i vo [tipskiot region, kade {to se otkrieni materijalni naodi na prvite oru`ja i orudija od koska i od kamen (orudija od kamen vo oblik na klin na ~ovekot-lovec; vo grobniot naod vo [tipsko, pronajden e skelet na ~ovek, ~ija starost se datira okolu 9.000 g. pred n.e.). Artefaktite od mezolitskiot period (me|u 10.000 i 5.000 g. pred n.e.) – sekiri, ~ekani, kremeni no`iwa, kamewa za to~ewe, ~ukala, avani, igli, koskeni i rogovi dleta svedo~at za prvite zemjodelsko- sto~arski zaednici. Kartata na arheolo{kite nao|ali{ta poka`uva postoewe na okolu 160 neolitski nao|ali{ta (vo periodot od okolu 5.300 – 3.200 g. pred n.e.), glavno naselbi smesteni vo plodnite poliwa, po re~nite dolini i na planinskite podno`ja na Pelagoniskata, Skopskata, Kumanovskata, Strumi~kata, Radovi{kata i Polo{kata Kotlina, kako i vo Ov~epolsko-bregalni~kiot region i vo Ohridskiot basen. Vo isto~na Makedonija e karakteristi~na t.n. Anzebegovo-vr{ni~ka- ta grupa, spored eponimnite naselbi i docnoneolitskata kultura nare~ena Angelci-Zelenikovo. Vo pove}eslojnite naselbi se domuva- lo vo drveni `iveali{ta so ~etvrtesta ili pravoagolna osnova, so dvovoden pokriv, prema~kani so kal i bojadisani so bela ili so crvena boja, ponekoga{ ukrasuvani so plasti~ni ornamenti; vo sekoja ku}a imalo pe~ka, ogni{te, poretko i kulten objekt (Tumba Maxari). Poda- tocite od Tumba Maxari (Skopska Kotlina) uka`uvaat na gusto izgra- deni ku}i, grupirani okolu zaedni~ko svetili{te i so podednakva orientacija. Vo Ohridskiot region naselbite imaat poinakov izgled; imeno, ima nakolni `iveali{ta, koi se analogii na kulturite od Ja- dranskata zona. Se pretpostavuva deka `itelite na pradrevna Makedonija se za- nimavale so zemjodelstvo (odgleduvale `ita i me{unkasti rastenija), so sto~arstvo (ovci, kozi, sviwi i goveda), no i so lov i ribolov. Izra- botkata na kerami~ki sadovi ve}e ne bila samo za doma{na sekojdnev- na upotreba (vo raniot neolit toa se grubo izraboteni sadovi, mono- hromni ili vo crvena boja, ukrasuvani so ornamenti i geometriski motivi vo bela boja – amfori i zaobleni dlaboki panici) tuku se obrnuvalo vnimanie i na likovno-estetskiot izraz (oblicite stanu- vaat poraznovidni, so pogolemi dimenzii, vr~vi, }up~iwa, amfori, pehari na visoka konusna nogarka, slikana keramika so temnokafeavi geometriski figuri), a kultnata keramika se izrabotuvala vo zanaet- ~iski rabotilnici. Me|u religisko-kultnite artefakti dominantno 6 bo`estvoto e bo`icata na plodnosta – Golemata Majka, pretstavena vo terakotna skulptura na `ensko telo, koe vo dolniot del preminuva vo oblik na ku}a; ovaa edinstvena srednoneolitska pretstava na bo`est- vo od Skopskata Kotlina e za{titnik na domot i semejstvoto; se po~i- tuvale i kultot na ognot, doma{nite `ivotni, kultot na umreniot, site povrzani so razni religiozni obredi vo svetili{tata. Docniot neolit e vreme koga zapo~nale krupni op{testveni promeni, predizvikani od demografskite razdvi`uvawa na popula- ciite od sosednite oblasti. Preminot od kameno vo metalno doba, poznat kako eneolit (od krajot na IV milenium pred n.e.) e povrzan so golemite migracii, pre- dizvikani od dvi`ewata na stepsko-nomadskite indoevropski narodi, koi se naseluvale na Balkanskiot Poluostrov i se asimilirale so avtohtonoto naselenie, {to dovelo do novi praistoriski etno-kultur- ni celini so specifi~na materijalna kultura, za koi ima golem broj arheolo{ki potvrdi. Poradi intenzivnoto koristewe i obrabotkata na bakarot, ovoj period e poznat kako bakarno vreme. Od bakarot se izrabotuvale nakit, oru`je i orudija, so {to se razvila trgovijata. Lu|eto od ovoj period se zanimavale so zemjodelstvo, sto~arstvo i lov. Karakteristi~na e regionalnata kulturna grupa [uplevec – Bakarno Gumno od Pelagonija, povrzana so lokalitetite vo Kumanovskata Kot- lina (Nagori~ane) i vo Isto~nobregalni~kata Dolina; registrirani se eneolitski naselbi na Skopsko Kale, vo Pelagonija, vo Ohridsko- prespanskiot basen i vo Ko~anskiot region. Naselbite bile gradeni prete`no na povisoki platoa – tumbi, prirodno za{titeni; isklu~ok se nakolnite `iveali{ta na Ohridskoto Ezero. Otkrienite artefakti na sitna plastika govorat za bogatata du- hovnost na ovaa kulturna grupa i vo religiozna smisla: zoomorfni figuri, `enski i ma{ki pretstavi od Burli~evo, mala kerami~ka fi- gura na ma{ko torzo vo sede~ka polo`ba od Govrlevo (kraj Skopje), poznata kako „Adam od Makedonija“, `enski statuetki vo sede~ka for- ma od Crnobuki i od Bakarno Gumno, kamen skiptar od [uplevec (pot- vrda za indoevropskoto poteklo na naselenieto), bakarni sekiri so se~ivo i kru`en otvor (Vrani{ta, Kravari, Prilepsko); tuka spa|a i nakitot izraboten od {kolki, modelirani belegzii i pe~ati, {to uka`uva na komunikaciite so narodite na Mediteranot. Bronzenoto doba vo Egejot i vo Makedonija zapo~nalo porano otkolku vo oblastite severno od niv. Podatoci od ovoj period ima naj- mnogu vo Pelagoniskata Kotlina (pred i do 1900 g. pred n.e.), izrazeni 7 preku kulturnata grupa nare~ena Armenohori. Arheolo{kite naodi od ovaa kulturna grupa se sli~ni so naodite od pove}e nao|ali{ta vo Egejska Makedonija, a posebno so onie pronajdeni vo dolinata na Var- dar i vo okolinata na Solun. Posebna sli~nost na ovie naodi, preku oblicite na peharite so dve i na ~a{ite so edna dr`alka, se otkriva so naodite od Albanija. Ovie grupi gi povrzuva i grubata siva kerami- ka, kako i na~inot na nejzinoto ukrasuvawe. Spored naodite na orudi- jata i oru`jata, lu|eto se zanimavale so zemjodelstvo, sto~arstvo, lov, no i so zanaet~istvo (grn~arstvo, predewe, tkaewe). Naselbite bile pogolemi, izgradeni vrz prethodnite eneolitski naselbi; otkrieni se i tragi od nekropoli so izgoreni pokojnici, a vo Varo{ kaj Prilep ima nekropola nadvor od naselbata, so grobovi-cisti, ogradeni i po- krieni so kameni plo~i. Od ranoto bronzeno vreme vo Makedonija e pronajdena megalit- ska opservatorija, nare~ena Kokino (kaj Staro Nagori~ane, Kumanov- sko); opservatorijata, sozdadena od vulkanski karpi, gi ozna~uva mes- tata od kade izgrevaat Sonceto i Mese~inata vo periodite na kratko- dnevica, ramnodnevica i dolgodnevica. Kokino pretstavuva svetili{- te od koe se sledele dvi`ewata na nebesnite tela za da se sozdade religiozen kalendar za odreduvawe na denovite za ritualni obredi; opservatorijata gi opredeluvala i denovite za izvr{uvawe na sezon- skite raboti vo zemjodelstvoto i sto~arstvoto. Posebno mesto vo ovoj period ima obrabotkata na bronzata, t.n. „makedonska bronza“ (fibuli, |erdani, brazletni, visulki, bronzeni sat~iwa vo forma na bokal so ra~ka), pronajdena vo arheolo{kite lo- kaliteti vo seloto Patele kaj Ostrovskoto Ezero, Vardino vo dol- niot tek na Vardar, vo Radawe, vo nekropolata Suva Reka kaj Gevge- lija, vo Pelagonija i vo Ohridskiot region. Za ovoj period se karakteristi~ni trgovskite vrski so miken- skiot svet i so jugot voop{to, na trasata Tesalija – Halijakmon (Bis- trica) – Pelagonija – Polog – Ibar, ili patot Pletvar – Vardar; za toa svedo~i i pronajdeniot mikenski me~ vo Tetovo. Na jugozapadniot del od centralniot Balkanski Poluostrov, od bronzeniot period do `eleznoto vreme, postoi kontinuitet na edna zna~ajna etni~ka populacija – Brigi. Starite avtori smetaat deka Brigite se najstariot narod na svetot. Spored arheolo{kite, onomas- ti~kite, lingvisti~kite i istoriskite istra`uvawa, Brigite migri- rale i se naselile vo Mala Azija pod imeto Frigi (prvite migracioni branovi se okolu 1500/1504 g. pred n.e. i traat do 800/700 g. pred n.e.); 8 pomalite etni~ki grupi {to ostanale na teritorija na Makedonija, vo anti~kiot period se asimilirale so anti~kite Makedonci, Pajoncite, Dasaretite, Edonite, Migdoncite i so drugi etnosi.
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