The List of All Interrupts That Are Currently Supported by the Emulator
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Virus Bulletin, March 1991
March 1991 ISSN 0956-9979 THE AUTHORITATIVE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION ON COMPUTER VIRUS PREVENTION, RECOGNITION AND REMOVAL Editor: Edward Wilding Technical Editor: Fridrik Skulason, University of Iceland Editorial Advisors: Jim Bates, Bates Associates, UK, Phil Crewe, Fingerprint, UK, Dr. Jon David, USA, David Ferbrache, Information Systems Integrity & Security Ltd., UK, Ray Glath, RG Software Inc., USA, Hans Gliss, Datenschutz Berater, West Germany, Ross M. Greenberg, Software Concepts Design, USA, Dr. Harold Joseph Highland, Compulit Microcomputer Security Evaluation Laboratory, USA, Dr. Jan Hruska, Sophos, UK, Dr. Keith Jackson, Walsham Contracts, UK, Owen Keane, Barrister, UK, Yisrael Radai, Hebrew University, Israel, John Laws, RSRE, UK, David T. Lindsay, Digital Equipment Corporation, UK, Martin Samociuk, Network Security Management, UK, John Sherwood, Sherwood Associates, UK, Dr. Peter Tippett, Certus International Corporation, USA, Dr. Ken Wong, PA Consulting Group, UK, Ken van Wyk, CERT, USA. CONTENTS SOFTWARE STRATEGY Defining Executable Code in the Advent of Windows 10 EDITORIAL 2 VB PRESENTATIONS 11 TECHNICAL NOTES 3 VIRUS ANALYSES THE VB CONFERENCE 1. INT13 - A New Level of Final Programme 4 Stealthy Sophistication 12 2. Casino - Gambling With INTEGRITY CHECKING Your Hard Disk 15 The Flawed Six Byte Method 6 OPINION PROGRAM TACTICS TSR Monitors and Memory Scanners - The ‘Playground’ Approach to Virus Detection 18 Developing a Virus Scanner 7 END-NOTES & NEWS 20 IBM PC VIRUSES (UPDATES) 9 VIRUS BULLETIN ©1991 Virus Bulletin Ltd, 21 The Quadrant, Abingdon Science Park, Oxon, OX14 3YS, England. Tel (+44) 235 555139. /90/$0.00+2.50 This bulletin is available only to qualified subscribers. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical or photocopying, without the prior written permission of the publishers. -
Uefi وبعض أنظمة Bios Uefi واجهة الربنامج الثابت املوحدة والقابلة للتمديد
- جدول أقسامGUID GUID Partition Table جدول أقسام )أو تقسيم( يستخدم املعرفات الفريدة العميمة "! G % تعري. و-يي, ا+قسام *( ال)'ي& املقسم % أ$#مة !0/ و2ع1 أ$#مة 45!3 UEFI واج=ة ال>$ا;: ال9ا82 امل)7دة والقا62ة ل6تمديد مس جد? % ;<رم ّو@B @AA دة 'Cتمرب/أي6)ل DE@F2 " F جدول أقسام GUID *باIة *H تخGيط )أو تقسيم( جدول أقسام ;عياJI *( أج=,ة التخ,يH الفي,ياKيةM9; L ا+قراN الثا2تةL أو أقراN الحالة الC6OةPQ Lا التخGيط يستخدم املعرR الفريد العميم U@TS % متيي, ا+قسام وأ$)ا*هاL وXIم أ$W ج,H; V ;عياI واج=ة ال>نا;: الثا82 امل)حدة والقا62ة ل6تمديد !U ZD S YL /0 )املق^[ ;H ;\تد] h _`abc /0! 0defgبديM ل6\ظام التق6يدJ 45!3( $ظام Hlm GPj ا'تخدا;W أيضا % 2ع1 أ$#مة 45!3 بسnC ;حدو?ية جدول أقسام Lo3p الذJ يستخدم 82qTD فقط % تخ,يH ;ع6)مات ال<rم و*ناويr7 v; us3t Hم القGاw التق6يدqx@D Jبايu8 ;ع#م أ$#مة التشyيM تد*م P\; LGPj العام LDE@E 2ع1 ا+$#مة ;M9 ما{ أوu|} ومايكرو')ف8 ويندو~ )x86( تد*م فقط اإلقالH; w أقسام GPj % أ$#مة !L /0!B/0 2ي\ام ;ع#م ت)~يعات لي\lس و ت)~يعات 2ريhيل ي)$lس ;M9 فرJ يب |} ?lm J\ها اإلقالH; w أقسام GPj % أج=,ة 45!3 أو أج=,ة !u /0 6A TD % ا+قراN الثا2تة التي تستخدم r7م القطاw املعياx@D JI بايL8 ال<rم ا+قىص ل6قرN با'تخدام DuD (Q o3p ترياباي8 أو ) x@D × D بايuU @ S )8 2ي\ام ال<rم ا+قىص ل6قرN با'تخدام GPj 'يك)ن FuA ~يتاباي8 أو ) x@D × D بايU T S U @ S )8 والسnC % ذلك ا'تخدام H; 82 6A أجM *ناويH الكتM امل\Gقية % جدول أقسام u GPj تاIيخياL رشhة |$تي LM كا$8 وIاV تG)ير LGPj أواخر التسعينات )L)DEEE الذJ أصCح ج,H; V ;)اصفة !U D S Y /0 % عام DE@E وت<8 |?اIة Qيئة خاصة تد*ى !P\; u _`abc /0 عام uDEEF قطاعات GPT % عام LDE@E *ندما بدأ ;\تr)ن ا+قراN الثا2تة الت<)ل |ىل ت)ظي. -
Interrupt Handling in Linux
Department Informatik Technical Reports / ISSN 2191-5008 Valentin Rothberg Interrupt Handling in Linux Technical Report CS-2015-07 November 2015 Please cite as: Valentin Rothberg, “Interrupt Handling in Linux,” Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat¨ Erlangen-Nurnberg,¨ Dept. of Computer Science, Technical Reports, CS-2015-07, November 2015. Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat¨ Erlangen-Nurnberg¨ Department Informatik Martensstr. 3 · 91058 Erlangen · Germany www.cs.fau.de Interrupt Handling in Linux Valentin Rothberg Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Dept. of Computer Science, University of Erlangen, Germany [email protected] November 8, 2015 An interrupt is an event that alters the sequence of instructions executed by a processor and requires immediate attention. When the processor receives an interrupt signal, it may temporarily switch control to an inter- rupt service routine (ISR) and the suspended process (i.e., the previously running program) will be resumed as soon as the interrupt is being served. The generic term interrupt is oftentimes used synonymously for two terms, interrupts and exceptions [2]. An exception is a synchronous event that occurs when the processor detects an error condition while executing an instruction. Such an error condition may be a devision by zero, a page fault, a protection violation, etc. An interrupt, on the other hand, is an asynchronous event that occurs at random times during execution of a pro- gram in response to a signal from hardware. A proper and timely handling of interrupts is critical to the performance, but also to the security of a computer system. In general, interrupts can be emitted by hardware as well as by software. Software interrupts (e.g., via the INT n instruction of the x86 instruction set architecture (ISA) [5]) are means to change the execution context of a program to a more privileged interrupt context in order to enter the kernel and, in contrast to hardware interrupts, occur synchronously to the currently running program. -
Lecture Notes in Assembly Language
Lecture Notes in Assembly Language Short introduction to low-level programming Piotr Fulmański Łódź, 12 czerwca 2015 Spis treści Spis treści iii 1 Before we begin1 1.1 Simple assembler.................................... 1 1.1.1 Excercise 1 ................................... 2 1.1.2 Excercise 2 ................................... 3 1.1.3 Excercise 3 ................................... 3 1.1.4 Excercise 4 ................................... 5 1.1.5 Excercise 5 ................................... 6 1.2 Improvements, part I: addressing........................... 8 1.2.1 Excercise 6 ................................... 11 1.3 Improvements, part II: indirect addressing...................... 11 1.4 Improvements, part III: labels............................. 18 1.4.1 Excercise 7: find substring in a string .................... 19 1.4.2 Excercise 8: improved polynomial....................... 21 1.5 Improvements, part IV: flag register ......................... 23 1.6 Improvements, part V: the stack ........................... 24 1.6.1 Excercise 12................................... 26 1.7 Improvements, part VI – function stack frame.................... 29 1.8 Finall excercises..................................... 34 1.8.1 Excercise 13................................... 34 1.8.2 Excercise 14................................... 34 1.8.3 Excercise 15................................... 34 1.8.4 Excercise 16................................... 34 iii iv SPIS TREŚCI 1.8.5 Excercise 17................................... 34 2 First program 37 2.1 Compiling, -
16-Bit MS-DOS Programming (MS-DOS & BIOS-Level Programming )
Microprocessors (0630371) Fall 2010/2011 – Lecture Notes # 20 16-Bit MS-DOS Programming (MS-DOS & BIOS-level Programming ) Objectives Real-Address Mode MS-DOS Memory Organization MS-DOS Memory Map Interrupts Mechanism—Introduction Interrupts Mechanism — Steps Types of Interrupts 8086/8088 Pinout Diagrams Redirecting Input-Output INT Instruction Interrupt Vectoring Process Common Interrupts Real-Address Mode Real-address mode (16-bit mode) programs have the following characteristics: o Max 1 megabyte addressable RAM o Single tasking o No memory boundary protection o Offsets are 16 bits IBM PC-DOS: first Real-address OS for IBM-PC Later renamed to MS-DOS, owned by Microsoft MS-DOS Memory Organization Interrupt Vector Table BIOS & DOS data Software BIOS MS-DOS kernel Resident command processor Transient programs Video graphics & text Reserved (device controllers) ROM BIOS MS-DOS Memory Map Address FFFFF R O M BIO S F0000 Reserved C0000 Video Text & Graphics B8000 V R A M Video Graphics A0000 Transient Command Processor Transient Program Area (available for application programs) Resident Command Processor 640K R A M DOS Kernel, Device Drivers Software BIOS BIOS & DOS Data 00400 Interrupt Vector Table 00000 Interrupt Mechanism—Introduction Devices such as the keyboard, the monitor, hard disks etc. can cause such interrupts, when they require service of some kind, such as to get or receive a byte. For example, when you press a key on the keyboard this causes an interrupt. When the Microprocessor is interrupted, it completes the current instruction, and then pushes onto the stack the flags register plus the address of the next instruction (the return address). -
Programmer's Reference Guide, This Section Could Be of Assistance in Getting Around
PEN*KEYR 6100 Computer PROGRAMMER’S REFERENCE GUIDE """"""""""""""""""""" P/N 977-054-001 Revision B December 2000 " NOTICE The information contained herein is proprietary and is provided solely for the purpose of allowing customers to operate and service Intermec manufactured equipment and is not to be released, reproduced, or used for any other purpose without written permission of Intermec. Disclaimer of Warranties. The sample source code included in this document is presented for reference only. The code does not necessarily represent complete, tested programs. The code is provided AS IS WITH ALL FAULTS." ALL WARRANTIES ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. We welcome your comments concerning this publication. Although every effort has been made to keep it free of errors, some may occur. When reporting a specific problem, please describe it briefly and include the book title and part number, as well as the paragraph or figure number and the page number. Send your comments to: Intermec Technologies Corporation Publications Department 550 Second Street SE Cedar Rapids, IA 52401 ANTARES, INTERMEC, NORAND, NOR*WARE, PEN*KEY, ROUTEPOWER, TRAKKER, and TRAKKER ANTARES are registered trademarks and ENTERPRISE WIRELESS LAN, INCA, Mobile Framework, TE 2000, UAP, and UNIVERSAL ACCESS POINT are trademarks of Intermec Technologies Corporation. 1996 Intermec Technologies Corporation. All rights reserved. Acknowledgments ActiveX, Microsoft, MS, and MSĆDOS, Windows, and Windows NT are registered trademarks and MSDN, Visual Basic, Visual C++, and Windows for Pen are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Borland, dBase, and Turbo Pascal are registered trademarks and Borland C and C++ for Windows are trademarks of Borland International, Inc. -
Lesson-2: Interrupt and Interrupt Service Routine Concept
DEVICE DRIVERS AND INTERRUPTS SERVICE MECHANISM Lesson-2: Interrupt and Interrupt Service Routine Concept Chapter 6 L2: "Embedded Systems- Architecture, Programming and Design", 2015 1 Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education Interrupt Concept • Interrupt means event, which invites attention of the processor on occurrence of some action at hardware or software interrupt instruction event. Chapter 6 L2: "Embedded Systems- Architecture, Programming and Design", 2015 2 Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education Action on Interrupt In response to the interrupt, a routine or program (called foreground program), which is running presently interrupts and an interrupt service routine (ISR) executes. Chapter 6 L2: "Embedded Systems- Architecture, Programming and Design", 2015 3 Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education Interrupt Service Routine ISR is also called device driver in case of the devices and called exception or signal or trap handler in case of software interrupts Chapter 6 L2: "Embedded Systems- Architecture, Programming and Design", 2015 4 Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education Interrupt approach for the port or device functions Processor executes the program, called interrupt service routine or signal handler or trap handler or exception handler or device driver, related to input or output from the port or device or related to a device function on an interrupt and does not wait and look for the input ready or output completion or device-status ready or set Chapter 6 L2: "Embedded Systems- Architecture, Programming and Design", -
Additional Functions in HW-RTOS Offering the Low Interrupt Latency
HW-RTOS Real Time OS in Hardware Additional Functions in HW-RTOS Offering the Low Interrupt Latency In this white paper, we introduce two HW-RTOS functions that offer the lowest interrupt latency available and help create a more software-friendly environment. One of these is ISR implemented in hardware, which improves responsiveness when activating a task from an interrupt and eliminates the need for developing a handler in software. The other is a function allowing the use of non-OS managed interrupt handlers in a multitasking environment. This makes it easier to migrate from a non-RTOS environment to a multitasking one. R70WP0003EJ0100 September, 2018 2 / 8 Multitasking Environment with Lowest Interrupt Latency Offered by HW-RTOS 1. Executive Summary In this white paper, we introduce two functions special to HW-RTOS that improve interrupt performance. The first is the HW ISR function. Renesas stylized the ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) process and implemented it in hardware to create their HW ISR. With this function, the task corresponding to the interrupt signal can be activated directly and in real time. And, since the ISR is implemented in the hardware, application software engineers are relieved of the burden of developing a handler. The second is called Direct Interrupt Service. This function is equivalent to allowing a non-OS managed interrupt handler to invoke an API. This function %" "$# $""%!$ $ $""%!$!" enables synchronization and communication "$ "$ between the non-OS managed interrupt handler and $($ $($ '$ '$ tasks, a benefit not available in conventional $ $ software. In other words, it allows the use of non-OS # $ % " "$) ) managed interrupt handlers in a multitasking $($ '$ environment. -
Exceptions and Processes
Exceptions and Processes! Jennifer Rexford! The material for this lecture is drawn from! Computer Systems: A Programmerʼs Perspective (Bryant & O"Hallaron) Chapter 8! 1 Goals of this Lecture! •#Help you learn about:! •# Exceptions! •# The process concept! … and thereby…! •# How operating systems work! •# How applications interact with OS and hardware! The process concept is one of the most important concepts in systems programming! 2 Context of this Lecture! Second half of the course! Previously! Starting Now! C Language! Application Program! language! service! levels! Assembly Language! levels! Operating System! tour! tour! Machine Language! Hardware! Application programs, OS,! and hardware interact! via exceptions! 3 Motivation! Question:! •# How does a program get input from the keyboard?! •# How does a program get data from a (slow) disk?! Question:! •# Executing program thinks it has exclusive control of CPU! •# But multiple programs share one CPU (or a few CPUs)! •# How is that illusion implemented?! Question:! •# Executing program thinks it has exclusive use of memory! •# But multiple programs must share one memory! •# How is that illusion implemented?! Answers: Exceptions…! 4 Exceptions! •# Exception! •# An abrupt change in control flow in response to a change in processor state! •# Examples:! •# Application program:! •# Requests I/O! •# Requests more heap memory! •# Attempts integer division by 0! •# Attempts to access privileged memory! Synchronous! •# Accesses variable that is not$ in real memory (see upcoming $ “Virtual Memory” lecture)! •# User presses key on keyboard! Asynchronous! •# Disk controller finishes reading data! 5 Exceptions Note! •# Note:! ! !Exceptions in OS % exceptions in Java! Implemented using! try/catch! and throw statements! 6 Exceptional Control Flow! Application! Exception handler! program! in operating system! exception! exception! processing! exception! return! (optional)! 7 Exceptions vs. -
BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Specification
BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Specification Version 1.1 May 9, 1995 Ò Technical Editor: Curtis E. Stevens Phoenix Technologies 2575 McCabe Way Irvine, Ca. 92714 Phone: (714) 440-8000 Fax: (714) 440-8300 [email protected] Phoenix Technologies Ltd. THIS SPECIFICATION IS MADE AVAILABLE WITHOUT CHARGE FOR USE IN DEVELOPING COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND DISK DRIVES. PHOENIX MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY REGARDING THIS SPECIFICATION OR ANY ITEM DEVELOPED BASED ON THIS SPECIFICATION, AND PHOENIX DISCLAIMS ALL EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND FREEDOM FROM INFRINGEMENT. WITHOUT LIMITING THE GENERALITY OF THE FOREGOING, PHOENIX MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND THAT ANY ITEM DEVELOPED BASED ON THIS SPECIFICATION WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY COPYRIGHT, PATENT, TRADE SECRET OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT OF ANY PERSON OR ENTITY IN ANY COUNTRY. USE OF THIS SPECIFICATION FOR ANY PURPOSE IS AT THE RISK OF THE PERSON OR ENTITY USING IT. Enhanced Disk Drive Specification Version 1.1 Version 1.1 Copyright ã 1995 Phoenix Technologies Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Phoenix Technologies Ltd Enhanced Disk Drive Specification PRELIMINARY Version 1.1 Revision History Rev Date Description 1.0 January 25, 1994 Initial Release 1.1 January 25, 1995 Added the following: · Description of the 528 MB limitation · Description of compatibility issues caused by translation · Description of Int 13h Extensions as implemented by Phoenix · Description of the Translated Fixed Disk Parameter Table. · Support for ATAPI devices · Support for translation reporting Companies Supporting this Specification Phoenix Technologies 2575 McCabe Way Irvine, Ca. -
BIOS Boot Specification
Compaq Computer Corporation Phoenix Technologies Ltd. Intel Corporation BIOS Boot Specification Version 1.01 January 11, 1996 This specification has been made available to the public. You are hereby granted the right to use, implement, reproduce, and distribute this specification with the foregoing rights at no charge. This specification is, and shall remain, the property of Compaq Computer Corporation (“Compaq”), Phoenix Technologies Ltd (“Phoenix”), and Intel Corporation (“Intel”). NEITHER COMPAQ, PHOENIX NOR INTEL MAKE ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY REGARDING THIS SPECIFICATION OR ANY PRODUCT OR ITEM DEVELOPED BASED ON THIS SPECIFICATION. USE OF THIS SPECIFICATION FOR ANY PURPOSE IS AT THE RISK OF THE PERSON OR ENTITY USING IT. COMPAQ, PHOENIX AND INTEL DISCLAIM ALL EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND FREEDOM FROM INFRINGEMENT. WITHOUT LIMITING THE GENERALITY OF THE FOREGOING, NEITHER COMPAQ, PHOENIX NOR INTEL MAKE ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND THAT ANY ITEM DEVELOPED BASED ON THIS SPECIFICATION, OR ANY PORTION OF IT, WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY COPYRIGHT, PATENT, TRADE SECRET OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT OF ANY PERSON OR ENTITY IN ANY COUNTRY. Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 REVISION HISTORY 5 1.2 RELATED DOCUMENTS 5 1.3 PURPOSE 5 1.4 TERMS 6 2.0 OVERVIEW 9 2.1 DESCRIPTION 9 3.0 IPL DEVICES 10 3.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR IPL DEVICES 10 3.1.1 IPL TABLE 10 3.1.2 PRODUCT NAME STRING 11 3.2 BAIDS 11 3.3 DEVICES WITH PNP EXPANSION HEADERS -
Virus Infection Techniques: Boot Record Viruses
Virus Infection Techniques: Boot Record Viruses Bill Harrison CS4440/7440 Malware Analysis and Defense Reading } Start reading Chapter 4 of Szor 2 Virus Infection Techniques } We will survey common locations of virus infections: MBR (Master Boot Record) Boot sector Executable files (*.EXE, *.COM, *.BAT, etc.) } Most of the examples of these viruses, especially the first two types, are from the DOS and floppy disk era 3 Why Study Older Viruses? } Vulnerabilities remain very similar over time, along with the means to exploit them and defend against them } Modern Internet worms differ mainly in the use of the internet for transport, and are otherwise similar to older viruses } Older viruses illustrate the virus vs. antivirus battle over many generations 4 Boot-up Infections and the PC Boot-up Sequence } PC boot-up sequence: 1. BIOS searches for boot device (might be a diskette, hard disk, or CD-ROM) 2. MBR (Master Boot Record) is read into memory from the beginning of the first disk partition; execution proceeds from memory 5 Master Boot Record Structure Boot-up Sequence cont’d. 3. Beginning of MBR has tiny code called the boot- strap loader 4. Data area within MBR has the disk PT (partition table) 5. Boot-strap loader reads PT and finds the active boot partition 6. Boot-strap loader loads the first sector of the active partition into memory and jumps to it; this is called the boot sector 7 Boot-up Sequence cont’d. } MBR is always at BIOS the very first sector of the hard MBR: Expanded View MBR Boot-strap loader code (446 disk (first 512