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Auricularia Auricula & Anti-Semitism FINDINGS AFIELD

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Auricularia Auricula & Anti-Semitism FINDINGS AFIELD LONG ISLAND MYCOLOGICAL CLUB http://limyco.org VOLUME 13, NUMBER 2, SUMMER, 2005 FINDINGS AFIELD The Tree Ear: Auricularia auricula & by Joel Horman Anti-Semitism nstead of a rare by David Rose (from Spores Illus- or unusual trated, Winter 2004, excerpted and reprinted, courtesy of the author) mushroom, I ne may wonder in disbelief that the subject of mush- which this column usually deals with, today we will focus on a com- rooms and the phenomenon of anti-Semitism could mon species, but one which our O be even remotely associated, and it is actually rather club members, including myself, painful for me to tell you that they indeed are - I would far rather be have consistently misidentified. writing about pleasant matters. As horrid as this pairing sounds, it Not until Peggy questioned it did I is the unfortunate predicament of the human species that we are not look closer. Since it is not consid- only capable of evil, but we commit evil acts quite regularly. Therein ered edible, and is usually classi- lies the root cause of what will follow: a reflection on the history and fied as being of questionable or un- taxonomy of a species of basidiomycete, the jelly fungus Auricularia known edibility, no harm has been auricula, and some observations on Nazi propaganda that has used done in any way but taxonomically. mushrooms to depict Jewish people as thieves, murderers, and de- The species in question, serving extermination. which we have always identified as What's this? Mushrooms in Nazi hate literature? Yes - all too Lactarius aquifluus, is more accu- true and alarming all the more since propaganda picture books first rately referred to as Lactarius quie- produced in 1938 under the Third Reich have recently resurfaced in tus v. incanus. Why the confusion? Westchester and Rockland Counties and in Bergen County, New Jer- Simply put, the two species are sey, distributed by a hate group in October 2004. very similar in appearance, in odor, We know that although some and even microscopically. More- fungi are harmful to humans (the over, once a species has been mis- cancer-causing Aspergillus flavus, identified, the error perpetuates it- for example, springs to mind), fungi self, with one person transmitting in general are, like most things, nei- it to another, in epidemiological ther good nor bad in themselves. fashion. This illustrates also the But the "harm" that the fungi (or danger of accepting any identifica- any other life form) cause to hu- tion at face value, no matter how mans (or to any other life form) is trusted the informant, without definable only in relation to hu- making an effort to verify it on our man concerns, understandable own. In this case, as I said, no bod- only in terms of our own moral and ily harm was done, but it is a good intellectual capability. How humans lesson to take to heart. have perceived the fungi through the Aquifluus means watery course of history and through the dis- fluid (latex) and that is how we torted lens of their "harmful" effects is an- usually identify it, by the presence other matter entirely and a subject endlessly fascinating, for mush- of clear latex in combination with rooms have typically been viewed as grotesque, disgusting, sexually provocative, dangerous, magical, supernatural, and hauntingly am- (Continued on page 6) (Continued on page 4) 2 LI SPOREPRINT PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE Aside from the requisite few morels this means we’ll have a good Bolete season! and the usual Oysters, this has been a poor Some of our traditional spots seem to spring season. Some other edibles were be less productive in recent years, for a num- found but came from watered areas. The ber of reasons, so if anyone knows any good most exciting to me was the finding of three gathering areas that we have overlooked and yellow morels, Morchella esculenta. They are accessible, please let us know; sharing is were found on three different occasions. Joel what this club is all about. found one in Planting Fields on a foray and I want to remind everyone that my Dale found one there on his own. Roger term as president comes to an end in Octo- found one in the Northport area. We usually ber. If you think you might want to put your find M. elata. Conditions must have been name in for the position, please feel free to just right for them. Rumor has it that Michi- run. Conversely, you can also nominate gan and Pennsylvania did not get their great someone. Think about it. abundance of morels this year either. Maybe Good hunting! EDITOR’S NOTE Among our members, the general impression is that many species that usually appear early in May, that this season has been lackluster. And in proof, such as Inocybe lacera, did not make an appearance we can point to our recollection of previous years, until almost June. Information such as this quanti- when our harvest, for example, of Oyster Mush- fies and verifies our impressionistic appraisal. rooms was much greater. But without detailed re- For these reasons, I recommend that everyone cords, we probably cannot say exactly how many keep detailed records of their own excursions. Look- and which species were found in previous years. ing back at previous year’s records not only shows This is where the practice of record keeping proves us natures larger patterns, but can also impart local its value. Looking at our club records, I can say knowledge of the seasonal timing of the appearance with confidence that although we found an average of different species. You will be surprised how the of 18 species of fungi at Muttontown in previous mention of a particular species at a specific site can years, this year we found only 10. This pattern evoke memories of forays past. And it helps to holds true for most of this years forays. know that, e.g., we found Boletus edulis in Septem- When I look at my personal data files, I can see ber but not October MATERIAL FOR THE AUTUMN, 2005 EDITION SHOULD REACH THE EDITOR BY AUGUST 30TH (Submissions should preferably be typed or submitted in Rich Text Format on PC floppy disk or by e-mail) LI Sporeprint is published quarterly. Material herein may be freely copied by any non-profit organization if appropriate acknowledgements are made. LONG ISLAND MYCOLOGICAL CLUB President:Peggy Horman Sporeprint Editor: Joel Horman Treasurer & Membership Secretary: Peggy Horman 11Ramblewood Rd., Ridge, NY 11961 (631) 744-4965 e-mail: [email protected] Tel: (631) 744-4965 Recording Secretary: Monique Dussault e-mail: [email protected] Foray Chairman: Jacques Brochard Editorial Ass’t: Peggy Horman Species Recorder: Position Open Board Members: Rita Blinderman, Webmaster: Dale Robins Paul Fox, Ken Gobright, Lyle Peters Leonard Schecter. SUMMER, 2005 3 Lichens: An Ancient Partnership cold that growth is only possible for a few days in the from ”The Life of Plants” by David Attenbor- year. ough. Princeton Univ. Press, 1995) At the other end of the earth, in the Arctic tundra, lichens grow with particular luxuriance. A he most intimate relationship between bushy kind forms ankle-deep carpets that covers plant and fungus developed very, very great areas and grows in such quantities that it pro- Tmuch earlier. The first single-celled vides the main food for reindeer in winter. This is plants floated in the sea, as many kinds of algae do the so-called reindeer "moss". The long beards - blu- today. About four hundred million years ago, some ish-green, grey or even yellow – that hang from the managed to spread to the moist earth around the branches of trees in many northern forests are also, margins of fresh-water lakes and survived as a thin in fact, lichens. They obtain their moisture from green dusting on the soil. There they encountered mists and find all the minerals they need dissolved thread-like fungi which were also, around that time, in the rain. Lichens can also tolerate heat which beginning to colonize the land.* Where plants lived, would desiccate and kill most plants. They shrivel plants died and the fungi were there to consume the but remain alive and, when the opportunity comes, remains. Doubtless at that early period they were they take up moisture at extraordinary speed and in living within the soil. Lacking chlorophyll, they could great quantities, absorbing as much as half their not manufacture complex organic substances for dried body weight in a mere ten minutes. themselves. But, then as now, they were able to ob- The fungal member of the lichen partnership tain some nutriment by secreting an acid and dis- reproduces by spores that develop inside special solving the minerals in rocks and the soil. So each small cups and spikes. A single spore among the organism had valuable commodities needed by the many millions blown from these structures is capa- other. The fungi could absorb starches and sugars ble of founding a new colony but to do so it has to from the plants. The plants could extract minerals find a new algal partner. Exactly how it does this is dissolved in the water that they took from the fungi. even now not known. But the complexities of coordi- A partnership was established and the fungi en- nating two separate sexual cycles appears to have closed the algae within their tissues in a most inti- defeated many lichens. Instead they produce small mate embrace. The partnership survives to this day knobs containing representatives from both part- in twenty thousand different forms.
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