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Karakteristike Životnog Ciklusa Nekih Agrobiontnih Vrsta Evropskih Paukova

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Karakteristike Životnog Ciklusa Nekih Agrobiontnih Vrsta Evropskih Paukova UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU BIOLOŠKI FAKULTET Mr Boris D. Dudić Karakteristike životnog ciklusa nekih agrobiontnih vrsta evropskih paukova (Araneae, Arachnida) Doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2015 UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF BIOLOGY Mr Boris D. Dudić Life cycle characteristics of some European agrobiont spider species (Araneae, Arachnida) Doctoral dissertation Belgrade, 2015. Mentori: Dr Vladimir Tomić, vanredni profesor Univerziteta u Beogradu Biološkog fakulteta Dr Luka Lučić, vanredni profesor Univerziteta u Beogradu Biološkog fakulteta Članovi komisije: Dr Slobodan Makarov, redovni profesor Univerziteta u Beogradu Biološkog fakulteta Dr Srđan Stamenković, docent Univerziteta u Beogradu Biološkog fakulteta Dr Ivan Sivčev, naučni savetnik Institut za zaštitu bilja i životnu sredinu u Beogradu Datum odbrane doktorske disertacije: Veliku zahvalnost dugujem svom mentoru dr Vladimiru Tomiću, vanrednom profesoru Biološkog fakulteta Univeziteta u Beogradu na nesebičnoj pomoći i izvanrednoj saradnji tokom izrade ove doktorske disertacije. Njegove ideje, predlozi, znanje i iskustvo su u najvećoj meri doprineli izradi ove teze i njenom kvalitetu. Zahvalnost dugujem i mentoru prof dr Luki Lučiću, vanrednom profesoru Biološkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu čiji su precizni komentari i ispravke u mnogome poboljšali moju doktorsku disertaciju. Zahvaljujem se i kolegama sa projekta SEE-ERA.NET PLUS (ERA 51/01) naučnom savetniku na Institutu za zaštitu bilja i životnu sredinu dr Ivanu Sivčevu, dr Wolgangu Büchs-u i dr Sabine Perscher sa Instituta “Julius-Kühn” i Lazaru Sivčevu koji su omogućili prikupljanje materijala, a ujedno i na njihovoj pomoći, kao i brojnim savetima tokom izrade doktorske teze. Veliki doprinos u sagledavanju određenih aspekata analizirane problematike i donošenju konačnih zaključaka doprineo je i dr Srđan Stamenković, docent Biološkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu. Posebno se zahvaljujem i dr Slobodanu Makarovu, redovnom profesoru Biološkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu i šefu Katedre za dinamiku razvića životinja na velikom razumevanju i saradnji. Na kraju bih istakao da najveću zahvalnost dugujem svojim roditeljima i sestri, koji su mi pružali bezgraničnu ljubav i podršku. Karakteristike životnog ciklusa nekih agrobiontnih vrsta evropskih paukova (Araneae, Arachnida) Rezime: Agrobiontni pauci se ubrajaju među najbrojnije i najučestalije grupe predatora na poljoprivrednim površinama igrajući važnu ulogu u kontroli štetočina. Obrada zemljišta dovodi do redukcije njihove brojnosti nekoliko puta u toku godine pa tempo oporavka populacija agrobiontne araneofaune i njihova fenologija primarno zavise od reproduktivne biologije i načina razvića. Ciljevi istraživanja su se prevashodno odnosili na praćenje načina razvića, reproduktivne biologije i disperzije tri dominantne porodice agrobiontnih paukova (Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae) na tri eksperimentalne površine u Nemačkoj, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji obrađivane konvencionalnom, integrisanom i organskom metodom, zatim komparaciju životnih ciklusa četiri najzastupljenije vrste – Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus (Linyphiidae), Pardosa agrestis (Lycosidae) i Xysticus kochi (Thomisidae) i njihove adaptiranosti na različite uslove staništa. Značajan akcenat je stavljen na proučavanje uticaja dinamike agroekosistema, heterogenosti njihove okoline, načina obrade zemljišta i geografskog gradijenta na životni ciklus i diverzitet agrobiontne araneofaune. Posebno mesto zauzima razmatranje specifičnog aspekta parazitizma krpelja Trombidium brevimanum na nekim vrstama agrobiontnih paukova iz familije Linyphiidae na nemačkim oglednim površinama kao i usklađenost ektoparazitske faze njihovog životnog ciklusa sa fenologijom paukova kao domaćina. U sakupljanju primeraka su korišćeni fotoeklektori, barber klopke i duboke endogejske klopke. Individue su razdvojene po uzrastnim stupnjevima i čuvane u flakonima napunjenim 70% alkoholom. Taksonomska identifikacija je izvršena na istraživačkoj binokularnoj lupi Carl Zeiss opremljenoj fotoaparatom Canon PowerShot A80 (softver Canon Utilities Remote Capture ver. 2.7.5.27) i stereo mikroskopu Carl Zeiss Stemi 2000-C sa fotoaparatom Axiocam (softver Axiovision ver. 4.2). Statističke analize su urađene uz pomoć softverskog paketa za statističku analizu "Statistica" verzija 10.0, CANOCO verzija 5.0 i Quantitative parasitology ver. 3.0. Ekološki parametari su procenjivani preko softvera Ecological methodology 6.1. Faunističkim analizama je utvrđeno da tipični evropski agrobionti iz familije Linyphiidae čine 93% vrsta sakupljenih na obradivim površinama u Nemačkoj, dok u Srbiji i Hrvatskoj preovlađuju predstavnici iz porodice Lycosidae sa 64% ukupnog učešća u strukturi araneofaune. Takođe je ustanovljeno da je stepen sličnosti vrsta u zajednicama paukova Srbije i Hrvatske veći, nego između araneofauna Nemačke i ove dve balkanske zemlje. Najveći broj vrsta paukova je registrovan na poljima pod uljanom repicom. Statističke analize su pokazale pozitivnu korelaciju sa organskom obradom zemljišta, sa izvesnim odstupanjima u Srbiji gde araneofauna pokazuje veći afinitet ka integrisanom metodu. Juvenilni pauci u sve tri zemlje su imali najveće fenološke pikove tokom juna 2011. godine na parcelama pod uljanom repicom tretiranim organskom metodom i nešto manje na usevima pod kulturom ozime pšenice obrađenim na integrisan i konvencionalni način. Praćenjem životnog ciklusa i reproduktivne biologije vrsta Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone dentipalpis, Pardosa agrestis i Xysticus kochi, zastupljenih u Nemačkoj, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji, utvrđeno je da brojnost vrsta Oedothorax apicatus i Erigone dentipalpis opada duž geografskog gradijenta severozapad-jugoistok, dok je suprotna tendencija primećena kod vrsta Pardosa agrestis i Xysticus kochi. Takođe je ustanovljeno da vrsta Oedothorax apicatus ima bimodalnu fenologiju, osim u Srbiji, dok se vrste Erigone dentipalpis i Xysticus kochi odlikuju unimodalnom fenologijom u sve tri zemlje. Vrsta Pardosa agrestis se karakteriše bimodalnom fenologijom u Srbiji i Hrvatskoj i unimodalnom u Nemačkoj. Sve četiri vrste su generalno imale najveću brojnost na usevima uljane repice tretiranim organskom metodom. Razmatranje potencijalnog uticaja korišćenja insekticida na njihovu fenologiju je pokazalo da upotreba piretroidnih agrohemikalija ima negativan efekat. Ovom tezom je potvrđeno da većina agrobiontnih vrsta paukova pokazuje pozitivnu korelaciju sa usevom uljane repice i organskom obradom zemljišta, kako u vezi životnog ciklusa tako i u smislu reproduktivne biologije. Takođe je ustanovljeno da smena useva kao i povećana estenzifikacija pozitivno deluju na razmnožavanje paukova kao korisne grupe predatora. Fenomen parazitizma krpelja Trombidium brevimanum na agrobiontnim paucima, registrovan je tokom juna i prve polovine jula 2011. godine na eksperimentalnim površinama u Nemačkoj. Sve parazitirane vrste su bili pauci iz familije Linyphiidae, naročito Erigone atra i Erigone dentipalpis. Larve vrste Trombidium brevimanum u najvećem broju su registrovane na delovima abdomena i cefalotoraksa u neposrednoj blizini pedicela, kao i na egzuvijalnim suturama. Rezultati su pokazali da iako broj parazitiranih jedinki raste sa organskom agrotehničkom metodom, broj parazitiranih paukova na obradivim površinama treba posmatrati kao deo opšteg diverziteta agrobiontne araneofaune. Ključne reči: Agrobiontni pauci, fenologija, reproduktivna biologija, agroekosistemi, organska obrada, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae, parazitizam, Trombidium brevimanum Naučna oblast: Biologija Uža naučna oblast: Biologija razvića životinja UDK: (591.35/.35/.36 + (591.525:591.522)): 595.44 (043.3) Life cycle characteristics of some Europaean agrobiont spider species (Araneae, Arachnida) Abstract: Agrobiont spiders are among the largest and most frequent groups of predators in agricultural areas with an important role in pest control. Since land cultivation leads to the reduction in their number several times during the year, the pace of the recovery of agrobiont spider populations and their phenology depends on their reproductive biology and development. The aim of this research monitoring of development, reproductive biology and dispersion of three dominant agrobiont families (Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae) in three experimental fields in Germany, Croatia and Serbia managed by conventional, integrated and organic method, comparison of the life cycles of four common agrobiont species - Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus (Linyphiidae), Pardosa agrestis (Lycosidae) and Xysticus kochi (Thomisidae) and their adaptability to the different environmental conditions. This thesis also considers the specific case of mite parasitism on some agrobiont linyphiid spiders from the German experimental fields by the Trombidium brevimanum species and synchronization of their life cycle with the phenology of spiders as hosts. The sampling methods utilized pitfall, emergence and endogaeic trapping. Individuals were separated by developmental stages and kept in vials filled with 70% alcohol solution. Sampled spider specimens were identified under a binocular microscope Carl Zeiss Stemi 2000 with Canon PowerShot A80 camera (software Canon Utilities Remote Capture ver. 2.7.5.27) and a research microscope Carl Zeiss Axioscop with Axiocam camera (software Axiovision ver. 4.2). All statistical procedures were carried out by Statistica ver. 10 and CANOCO ver 5.0. Statistical assessment of mite parasitism was carried out by Statistica ver. 10 and Quantitative parasitology
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