Initial Environmental Examination

Project Number: 48325-001 July 2015

PHI: 150 MW Burgos Wind Farm Project Transmission Line and Jetty

Section 7 – Marine Ecology and Seawater Quality Section 8 – Water and Drainage Assessment Section 9 – Soil and Groundwater Contamination Section 10 – Air Quality Assessment

(Part 4 of 14)

Prepared by EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation and the Asian Development Bank.

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “Terms of Use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Table of contents

1. Introduction...... 1-1

2. Project Description ...... 2-1

3. Assessment Methodology ...... 3-1 4. Land Use Assessment ...... 4-1

5. Noise and Vibration Assessment ...... 5-1

6. Biodiversity and Conservation ...... 6-1

7. Marine Ecology and Seawater Quality ...... 7-1 7.1 Introduction ...... 7-1 7.2 Assessment Methodology ...... 7-1 7.3 Baseline Environmental Conditions ...... 7-10 7.4 Operation Phase Assessment ...... 7-28 7.5 References ...... 7-29

Table index

Table 7-1 GPS coordinates of the marine sampling sites (November 2014) ...... 7-4

Table 7-2 Comparison of GPS coordinates of the 2012 and 2014 marine surveys in reference to the Burgos EBWPC Jetty ...... 7-5

Table 7-3 Categories of coral reef health based on percent cover of hard coral (Gomez et al. 1981) ...... 7-6 Table 7-4 Reef fish status categories and their corresponding values (after Hilomen et al. 2000 and Nañola et al. 2006) ...... 7-7

Table 7-5 Comparison of coral genera found in the reefs around the EBWPC Jetty in Burgos, ...... 7-11

Table 7-6 Species richness of reef fish in four survey sites in Burgos, Ilocos Norte ...... 7-16

Table 7-7 Diversity and percent cover of macrobenthic algae on the reef crest on both sides of the jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte ...... 7-19

Table 7-8 Mean densities (no. of / 0.02 m2) and relative abundances (%) of soft- bottom fauna observed in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) ...... 7-24 Table 7-9 Primary productivity at the coastal area fronting the jetty at Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) ...... 7-25

Table 7-10 Mean (no. of cells/m3) and relative densities (%) of phytoplankton observed at four sampling stations in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) ...... 7-26

Table 7-11 Mean (no. of inds./m3) and relative mean densities (%) of zooplankton recorded at four sampling stations in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) ...... 7-27 Table 7-12 Levels of six water quality parameters measured at four stations at the vicinity of the jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) ...... 7-27

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Table 7-13 Key impacts and proposed mitigation/enhancement measues ...... 7-29

Figure index

Figure 7-1 Location of survey sites for the post-construction marine ecology and water quality assessment of the EBWPC Jetty (November 2014) ...... 7-3

Figure 7-2 Map of proposed Jetty Site in Burgos, Ilocos Norte showing reference points for directly impacted area (red), indirectly impacted area (blue), and possibly impacted areas ...... 7-4

Figure 7-3 Profile of hard (live) coral cover and that of other benthos in four reef sites in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) ...... 7-14

Figure 7-4 A comparison of live and dead coral and combined cover of other lifeforms in four reef sites in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) ...... 7-14 Figure 7-5 Comparison of average cover of live, dead coral and abiotics between the pre- construction assessment in June 2012 and the current (November 2014) assessment ...... 7-15

Figure 7-6 Profile on the generic diversity of corals in the reefs within the vicinity of the Burgos jetty before (June 2012) and after jetty construction (November 2014) ...... 7-15

Figure 7-7 Comparison of species richness across reef sites fronting the Burgos jetty ...... 7-16 Figure 7-8 Comparison of abundance of different fish groups in four reef sites in front of the jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) ...... 7-17

Figure 7-9 Comparison of estimated fish biomass on four reef sites fronting the jetty (November 2014) ...... 7-17

Figure 7-10 Relative abundance of different fish groups on the reefs fronting the jetty based on population counts (left) and biomass (right) ...... 7-18 Figure 7-11 Most abundant fish families on the reefs fronting the temporary jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte based on population counts and biomass ...... 7-18

Figure 7-12 Mean percent cover and relative abundance of macrobenthic algal groups found on the high-energy reef crest in the vicinity of the temporary jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) ...... 7-20

Figure 7-13 Age distribution and educational attainment of fishers in Bgry. Ablan, Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) ...... 7-22

Figure 7-14 Number of years fisher-respondents in Bgry. Ablan spent on fishing (left) and a profile on livelihood (right) of respondents showing their dependence on fishing (November 2014) ...... 7-22

Figure 7-15 Comparison of CPUE values of common fishing activities among Ablan fishers (November 2014) ...... 7-23

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7. Marine Ecology and Seawater Quality

7.1 Introduction

In June 2012 an assessment of the marine ecosystem fronting the site of the proposed Jetty of the EDC-Burgos Wind Project Corporation (EBWPC) was carried out by the Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) on behalf of First Balfour, and included baseline assessments of coral reefs and associated reef fish and other fauna, and seaweeds within the 1 km radius from the proposed Jetty site.

A post-construction assessment of the marine environment fronting the jetty two years after, in November 2014, was made to evaluate the bio-physical condition of the macrobenthic and fish communities associated with the coral reef ecosystem. The survey also obtained information on the state of the nearshore fishery and fishers’ perceptions about the state of their coastal resources. Furthermore, sampling for soft-bottom fauna was undertaken, as well as collection of planktonic organisms and estimation of primary productivity at the site. Finally, in situ water quality parameters were obtained in various locations proximate to the Jetty location, along with analysis for chl-a concentrations in marine water samples.

The specific objectives of the marine survey in the vicinity of the Jetty are the following:

a. Determine the generic diversity and cover of corals and other macrobenthos

b. Describe the diversity and abundance of associated fish communities in the coral reef c. Determine composition and abundances of soft-bottom fauna and plankton communities in the area

d. Estimate primary productivity in the project site e. Determine water quality conditions at the study site, and

f. Obtain a profile of the coastal fishery in terms of fishing effort, gear technology, catch species composition and catch-per-unit effort (CPUE).

7.2 Assessment Methodology

A post-construction assessment of the marine environment fronting the Jetty of the EBWPC was conducted on 9 to 11 November 2014. Four sites each were established for the assessment of coral reefs (corals and fish; CRS1–CRS4), seaweed resources (SWS1–SWS4), plankton (PS1– PS4), and marine water quality (MWQ1–MWQ4). Triplicate soft-bottom benthos samples were obtained from CRS1, CRS2, and CRS3.

Selection of coral reef sites identified areas immediately adjacent to the jetty and those offshore to the east and west of the jetty (Figure 7-1). The two sites (i.e., CRS2 and CRS3) were in close proximity at a distance of 25 m to the right and 20 m to the left, respectively, of the jetty. Site CRS1 was located about 165 m offshore on the western side of the jetty at variable depths of 6–12 m. Site CRS4, on the other hand, was located close to shore some 120 m on the eastern side of the jetty but along a steep wall that drops to 9–11 m. Coordinates and estimated distances of coral reef sites are listed in Table 7-1. The four seaweed sites were established along the reef crest just below the jetty where thick carpets of macroalgae thrive. Two sampling sites each were located on the left (SWS 1 and SWS2) and right (SWS3 and SWS4) sides of the jetty. Extremely strong turbulence during the field survey made it virtually impossible to conduct algal assessments beyond the reef crest. Coral reef sites CRS1 and CRS4 are located outside the periphery of the Jetty while CRS2 and CRS3 are on reefs immediately fronting the Jetty, reported by MMU as within the directly impacted areas

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The survey report of the Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) identified three impact zones of the proposed Jetty Project at that time (2012), namely, 1) Directly Impacted Areas (DIA), 2) Indirectly Impacted Areas (IIA), and 3) Possibly Impacted Areas (PIA) (Figure 7-2) covering an area of approximately 23.14 ha. Average live coral cover was highest (40%) within the DIA while lower coral cover was observed in the IIA (32%) and PIA (or Least) impacted area (21%) (MMSU 2012). GPS coordinates presented in the MMSU report were reference points of each of the three impact areas in Figure 7-2. When plotted on the map alongside the coordinates of the four coral reef sites in the November 2014 assessment, only one point coincided with the present site (CRS2). Site CRS3 was within the vicinity of the DIA while Site CRS4 was in the vicinity of the PIA (Table 7-2). , on the other hand, is much farther than any station in the 2012 assessment. Except for Site CRS4 the present survey stations (November 2014) are definitely within the three impact zones identified in the pre-construction assessment conducted by MMSU (June 2012).

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LEGEND EDC Burgos Wind Prower Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 WX SeaweedStation %, Wind Turbine Generators Proposed Wind Farm Watercourse ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Revision 0 0250 500 Road Network Date 19 Jan 2016 ^[ CoralReefStation A! Jetty Trail Metres Location of survey sites for the post-construction Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, EDC, Google and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Google Earth Pro (Date Extracted - 20140108). Created by:jcmatic

Figure 7-2 Map of proposed Jetty Site in Burgos, Ilocos Norte showing reference points for directly impacted area (red), indirectly impacted area (blue), and possibly impacted areas

Source: Proposed Assessment and Biophysical Report on the Proposed Construction of Temporary Jetty, First Balfour and Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU)

Table 7-1 GPS coordinates of the marine sampling sites (November 2014) Approximate Distance from Survey site Northing Easting the Jetty Jetty location 120° 36' 46.116" E 18° 31' 59.736" N Coral reef stations CRS1 120° 36' 40.608" E 18° 31' 59.736" N 165 m south (offshore) CRS2 120° 36' 45.540" E 18° 32' 0.240" N 25 m north (nearshore) CRS3 120° 36' 45.540" E 18° 31' 59.484" N 20 m south (nearshore) CRS4 120° 36' 44.856" E 18° 32' 3.156" N 120 m north (nearshore) Seaweed stations SWS1 120° 36' 44.496" E 18° 31' 55.704" N 150 m south SWS2 120° 36' 44.820" E 18° 31' 57.216" N 100 m south SWS3 120° 36' 45.720" E 18° 32' 0.492" N 25 m north SWS4 120° 36' 45.072" E 18° 32' 2.508" N 100 m north Plankton and marine water quality PS1/MWQ1 120° 36' 40.716" E 18° 32' 1.643" N PS2/MWQ2 120° 36' 40.463" E 18° 32' 4.415" N PS3/MWQ3 120° 36' 44.460" E 18° 31' 57.828" N PS4/MWQ4 120° 36' 7.091" E 18° 31' 24.923" N

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Table 7-2 Comparison of GPS coordinates of the 2012 and 2014 marine surveys in reference to the Burgos EBWPC Jetty

June 2012 November 2014 Extent of impact Reference Latitude Longitude Reef sites Latitude Longitude point (Northing) (Easting) (Northing) (Easting) Directly impacted 01 18°31'59.19" 120°36'45.29" Jetty 120° 36' 46.116" E 18° 31' 59.736" N 1 18°32'0.20" 120°36'45.40" 3 18°32'1.50" 120°36'44.80" CRS1 120° 36' 40.608" E 18° 31' 59.736" N 5 18°32'2.10" 120°36'44.50" CRS2 120° 36' 45.540" E 18° 32' 0.240" N 13 18°32'3.70" 120°36'44.84" CRS3 120° 36' 45.540" E 18° 31' 59.484" N 14 18°32'5.20" 120°36'45.27" CRS4 120° 36' 44.856" E 18° 32' 3.156" N Indirectly impacted 02 18°31'59.95" 120°36'43.80" 4 18°32'10.87" 120°36'43.70" 6 18°32'6.20" 120°36'44.10" 15 18°32'4.24" 120°36'43.70"

Possibly impacted 03 18°32'4.45" 120°36'40.62" 04 18°32'3.30" 120°36'39.24" 05 18°32'5.14" 120°36'37.42" 8 18°32'7.60" 120°36'42.90" 9 18°32'9.60" 120°36'39.30" 10 18°32'6.50" 120°36'37.60" 11 18°32'5.70" 120°36'39.80" 12 18°32'5.20" 120°36'41.10"

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7.2.1 Reef benthos survey

Detailed assessment of the coral and benthic community around the Jetty site was made in four sites using the Digital Photo Transect (DPT) method as described in Vergara and Licuanan (2007). Assessment of the coral reef in the four sites (CRS1-4) was made along two 50 m transects laid parallel to the shore (Plate 7-1). The DPT method was carried out using an encased digital Olympus camera attached to an aluminum distance bar whose length was predetermined so that the substratum covered by the image will be approximately 0.25 m2. Images of the reef substratum were taken at 1 m intervals, thus obtaining 51 images per 50 m transect. Analysis of the digital photos was made on a computer to obtain estimates of percentage cover of corals, other lifeforms and abiotic attributes. Identification of corals genera and other invertebrates was based on Veron (1993) and the Coral ID software (2000). The results of the DPT survey were then translated into status categories (Gomez et al. 1981) based on percent live coral cover to indicate the health condition of the reef as presented in Table 7-3.

Table 7-3 Categories of coral reef health based on percent cover of hard coral (Gomez et al. 1981) Range of percent cover of hard coral Qualitative description of coral condition 0 to 24.9 Poor 25 to 49.9 Fair 50 to 74.9 Good 75 to 100 Excellent

Plate 7-1 Survey of corals and other macrobenthos on the reefs fronting the temporary jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014)

B

A B

Note: Survey of corals and other macrobenthos on the reefs fronting the Jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte was carried out using the digital phototransect method (A), producing photographs of the benthos (B) which are processed in the D laboratory (C). Associated fish communities were surveyed through the daytime fish visual census (D).

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7.2.2 Survey of reef associated fish communities

Assessment of associated reef fishes was conducted through the daytime Fish Visual Census method described in English et al. (1997) in the same sites and along the same transects as the coral reef assessment (Plate 7-1). All reef fishes encountered within the 50 m x 10 m corridor were identified to species level whenever possible, using field guides for fish identification (e.g. Myers 1991, Allen et al. 2003, and Kuiter and Debelius 2006). Fish abundance was estimated from the actual counts of fish encountered within two transects, enclosing an area of 1000 m2. Estimates of total length of fish in centimetres were also made in order to estimate fish biomass on the reef from the length-weight relationship of fish using the formula

(Pauly 1984):

❜

❲ ❂ ❛ ✯ ▲

where W is the body weight (g), ✞ the condition factor, b an exponent (b>1), and L is the

estimated total length (cm) of fish. The specific constants ✞ and b used in this report were obtained from FishBase (www.fishbase.org).

Fish were categorized as “indicator”, “target” or “major” (demersal) species and description of the condition of reef fish communities (Table 7-4) was based on the categories described by Hilomen et al. (2000) and Nañola et al. (2006). Indicator species are fish whose presence and abundance in an area may give some indication of the health of the reef (e.g., coral feeding butterflyfish may indicate healthy coral colonies or high coral cover) (Crosby and Reese, 1996). Target species are those with commercial/market value as food such as surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae), jacks (Carangidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), and groupers (Serranidae). Major species comprise the most abundant fish groups on the reef that do not have commercial value as food but are essential links in the trophic structure of the reef. Many of these fishes are tiny but colourful members of the families of Pomacentridae and Labridae and are widely caught to supply the lucrative yet often unsustainable aquarium fish export industry.

Table 7-4 Reef fish status categories and their corresponding values (after Hilomen et al. 2000 and Nañola et al. 2006) Category Species richness Abundance Biomass (no of species per 1000 m2) (no. of fish per 1000 m2) (kg/1000 m2) Very poor/low < 26 < 201 < 3 Poor/low 27-47 202-676 3.1-10 Moderate 48-74 677-2267 10.1-20 High 75-100 2268-7592 20.1-50 Very high > 100 > 7592 > 50

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7.2.3 Macrobenthic algal survey

No seagrass beds were observed in the vicinity of the EBWPC Jetty, thus vegetation survey was carried out in the rocky reef crest where abundant macroalgae are found (Plate 7-2). Survey of the macrobenthic algal or seaweed resources on the reef crest was made in four sites on both sides of the Jetty using the transect–quadrat method. Steel quadrats measuring an area of 0.25 m2 were placed at 10 m intervals along the 50 m transect in each site. Since the reef crest was quite narrow, only one transect was established in each site. All macroalgae found inside the quadrat were identified to species level, where possible, and their percent cover was obtained. Associated invertebrates were also identified and counted.

Plate 7-2 Survey of the highly diverse macrobenthic algal community on the wave-swept, exposed bedrocks adjacent to the Jetty w as accomplished through quadrat sampling (November 2014)

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7.2.4 Capture fisheries survey

Current information on the capture fisheries of Burgos and related livelihoods was obtained through a short questionnaire survey conducted on 11 November 2014. The survey instrument obtained data on basic demographics, type of fishing gear and boat, time spent on fishing, fishing area, catch composition and volume, and fishing costs. From these data, estimates of catch rates or catch-per-unit effort (CPUE) by various gear types and the net daily income were obtained. The survey schedule was used on about 10 local fishers and other residents in Barangay Ablan, about 0.6 km to the Jetty area. A key informant, knowledgeable about management interventions in the two neighboring barangays of Ablan and Bayog, was interviewed (Plate 7-3).

Plate 7-3 Information on the artisanal fisheries of the area in the vicinity of the jetty was accomplished through a questionnaire survey and key informant interview of selected fishers and local officials in Barangay Ablan, Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014)

7.2.5 Soft-bottom fauna

A total of nine sediment samples were collected from three stations around the location of the Jetty namely: Jetty north (CRS3), Jetty offshore (CRS1), and Jetty south (CRS2). Three replicate samples were obtained from each station. Sediment samples were obtained by SCUBA divers using trowels from an estimated area of 0.02 m2. The sediments were carefully placed inside sealed plastic bags and preserved with 10 percent formalin. Samples were brought to the laboratory for further processing. In the laboratory, sediment samples were passed through a 1 mm mesh-sized sieve and all animals retained were identified using taxonomic keys, illustration guides and checklists (Poppe 2008, de Bruyne 2003, Tan and Chou 1993), and their number counted. Abundances of soft bottom animals were reported as number of animals/0.02 m2.

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7.2.6 Plankton communities

A total of 24 samples of zooplankton and phytoplankton were collected from four sampling stations at the vicinity of the Jetty. Three stations were identified as impact stations (Stations PS1, PS2 and PS3), which are located at the immediate vicinity of the project site. Station 4 served as the control station Figure 7-1).

Plankton samples were collected using a net with a mesh size of 64 m and a mouth diameter of 0.30 m. At each site, the plankton net was lowered to 10 m and hauled vertically at a rate not exceeding 1 m/ s. Three replicate samples of zooplankton and phytoplankton were collected from each station and placed in properly-labelled plastic containers. Phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were fixed with 10 percent formalin immediately after collection. All samples were allowed to stand undisturbed for about a week to allow organisms to settle at the bottom of the container. Excess liquid was carefully decanted until about 50 ml was left. For phytoplankton samples, a 1 ml aliquot subsample was placed in a Sedgewick-Rafter cell counter and was examined under a microscope. For zooplankton samples, a 1 ml aliquot subsample was placed in a Sedgewick-Rafter cell counter and was examined under a microscope. Planktonic organisms were identified to the lowest possible taxa using references such as those of Goswami (2004), Nishikawa and Toda (2004), Sekiguchi et al. (2004) and Verlencar (2004), and their numbers counted. Phytoplankton and zooplankton densities were expressed as number of cells/m3 and number of individuals./m3, respectively.

7.2.7 Primary productivity

Primary productivity at the coastal area fronting the Jetty was determined using light and dark bottle technique (Colinvaux 1973). A total of eight biological oxygen demand (BOD) bottles (four light and four dark) were filled up with surface water. Water was allowed to overflow, dislodging any bubble inside the BOD bottles. The initial dissolved oxygen concentrations in the eight BOD bottles were determined and values were recorded as OS (Oxygen level at the start). The light and dark bottles were suspended in pairs at each corner of the boat, approximately 0.3 m below the water surface, for about four to five hours. At the end of the exposure period, all bottles were retrieved. The bottles were inverted several times to equalize and mix all bubbles within. The DO concentration was determined by dipping the dissolved oxygen (DO) meter probe into the bottle and stirring the samples. Values were recorded as OL and OD for light and dark bottles, respectively. Series of computations were done to estimate respiration, net primary productivity and gross primary productivity values, which involved converting DO values to biomass, then to energy expressed as calories.

7.3 Baseline Environmental Conditions

The underwater seascape fronting the EBWPC Jetty is characterized by a rather discontinuous reef system with large and steep rock walls separated by deep channels between 9 and 12 m. The reef crest is continuously pounded by high wave energy (see Plate 7-1) resulting from strong wind intensities during the northeast monsoon (or amihan), although relatively calm seas can be experienced during summer months.

7.3.1 Coral communities

The coral reefs fronting the EBWPC Jetty are moderately diverse communities with variable conditions across the four sites surveyed (Plate 7-4 to Plate 7-7). At least 23 coral genera were found in four reef sites in the November 2014 survey, which is slightly higher than the 20 genera listed in the MMU 2012 report before the construction of the Jetty (Table 7-5). The difference in species richness may be a function of differences in transect locations. The transect positions presumably varied between time periods, thus, it is likely that the LIT surveys conducted in 2012 and the DPT (or PHOT) survey carried out in November 2014 also have variable results.

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Similarity in generic composition between the two surveys, however, is quite high at 70 percent. Based on these observations, the construction of the EBWPC Jetty seemed to have had minimal impact on the species composition of the coral community in the area.

Table 7-5 Comparison of coral genera found in the reefs around the EBWPC Jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte

Coral genera 2012 2014

Acropora

Alceonacea

Amplexi

Anacropora

Astreopora

Cyphastrea

Diploastrea

Echinopora

Echinopyllia

Favia

Favites

Fungia

Galaxea

Goniopora

Millepora

Merulina

Montastrea

Montipora

Mycedium

Pachyseris

Pavona

Pectinia

Platygyra

Porites

Scolymia

Seriatopora

Symphyllia

Turbinaria No. of Genera 20 23

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Plate 7-4 Underwater seascape, Site 1 (~165 m west and offshore from jetty and closest to S3)

Note: Underwater seascape of reef about 500 m from left side of the Jetty (Site 1) showing fair coral cover <33%), relatively high incidence of macroalgae (13%) and low abundance of associated reef fish. The fire coral Millepora sp. (upper right) is quite abundant in this site. Small target food fish such as fusiliers (Pterocaesio tile) are transient species that aggregate around the deeper reef slopes. (9 November 2014).

Plate 7-5 Diverse coral communities with fair live cover (~43%) are found at the reef immediately south (Site 3) of the Jetty closest to Site 1 (November 2014)

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Plate 7-6 Healthy corals (~57% LCC) dominated by Acropora (left) and Porites (right) characterize the reef immediately north (Site 2) of the EBWPC Jetty (November 2014) and closest to Site 3

Plate 7-7 The reef to the far north of the Jetty (Site 4) has fair live coral cover (~30%) made up mostly of encrusting coral and high incidence of dead coral (~55%) overgrown by macrobenthic algae (November 2014)

Live coral cover has an overall mean of 40.7 percent, which is considered in fair condition based on Gomez et al. (1981). Among the reef sites surveyed Site 2 (S2) (Figure 7-3 and Figure 7-4) has the highest mean live coral cover (57.3%) which is considered to be in good condition, while Site 3 (S3) has a mean LCC of 42.8% (fair). Both reef sites are located immediately adjacent (south and north) of the jetty. Site 1 and Site 4, which are farther away, have considerably lower LCC (30-32%). These results indicate that corals in the reefs closest to the Jetty are in much better physical condition than the reefs farther from the Jetty. However, a good part of the reef immediately in front of the Jetty was completely devoid of hard coral, as this part appeared to have been cleared or dredged, presumably to allow barges and ships to approach the Jetty for loading and unloading of materials for the Burgos Wind Project. From these observations, it can be easily deduced that the strip of area cleared for Jetty construction must have been part of a healthy reef. The MMSU assessment report (2012) indicated that the coral reef within the Directly Impacted Area had a mean LCC of 40%, very close to the present estimate. About 50 m from the shore the coral reef slopes abruptly to a drop off into deep water (>15 m) and the distance between S2 and S3 is approximately 50 m. These estimates suggest that dredging may have been conducted within an approximate area of 2,500 m2 resulting in a loss of highly diverse coral community of about one-fourth of a hectare.

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Figure 7-3 Profile of hard (live) coral cover and that of other benthos in four reef sites in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014)

Figure 7-4 A comparison of live and dead coral and combined cover of other lifeforms in four reef sites in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014)

Figure 7-5 compares the average live and dead coral cover between the pre-construction (2012) and post-construction (2014) assessments. Live coral cover remained fairly the same but dead coral cover is significantly higher in the recent survey (November 2014). The minimal change in live coral cover does not seem to indicate additional coral deaths as contributing to the seeming increase in dead coral cover. As previously mentioned, the placement of the coral reef transects for the later survey may not have corresponded exactly with the 2012 survey, and this difference in transect placement may have accounted for the variability in benthic composition observed.

Overall mean cover of dead coral (45.2%) across all sites is very high indicating habitat degradation. Among the four reef sites, Site 3 and Site 4 have the highest dead coral cover at

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49.4 and 54.5 percent, respectively. The positive results for live coral cover, however, show that the impact of reef clearing to give way to the Jetty was localized, and the reef offshore of the Jetty area remains in good condition.

Figure 7-5 Comparison of average cover of live, dead coral and abiotics between the pre-construction assessment in June 2012 and the current (November 2014) assessment

A comparative profile of the most common genera (based on frequency of occurrence) along the transect in the vicinity of the Burgos Jetty is shown in Figure 7-6, with Acropora-type coral occurring at higher frequency (22%) in the reefs recently surveyed than in 2012 (14%).

Figure 7-6 Profile on the generic diversity of corals in the reefs within the vicinity of the Burgos jetty before (June 2012) and after jetty construction (November 2014)

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An important concern about the construction of the Jetty is its possible impact on neighbouring reefs, particularly on the 34-ha Ablan-Bayog Marine Sanctuary, a marine protected area (MPA) established in 2005 as a joint initiative of the contiguous coastal barangays of Ablan and Bayog. Given the considerable distance of the EBWPC Jetty site from the marine sanctuary (~1 km), the physical and biological impact of the construction on the coral communities of the MPA may be assumed to have been minimal, if not negligible.

7.3.2 Associated fish communities

The associated fish community in the four reef sites are moderately diverse, according to categories described by Hilomen et al. 2000 (see also Table 7-1 with 103 species belonging to 29 families (Figure 7-7 and Table 7-6). Figure 7-8 compares the abundance among fish groups and shows that despite moderate species richness, the reefs in the vicinity of the Burgos Jetty (Site 3 & Site 4) support very few fish and are therefore in very poor condition (<201 inds./1000 m2). They also consequently have low biomass (<5 kg/1000m2) (Figure 7-9). Fish abundance and biomass are much better in Sites 1 and Site 4. These results suggest that while coral cover remains fair to good even after the construction of the Jetty, the fish communities were more considerably affected by the disturbance, made up mostly of small demersals and only a few large target species (Figure 7-10).

Figure 7-7 Comparison of species richness across reef sites fronting the Burgos jetty

Table 7-6 Species richness of reef fish in four survey sites in Burgos, Ilocos Norte Location No. of Families No. of Genera No. of Species Site 1 26 50 69 Site 2 13 27 38 Site 3 12 19 22 Site 4 16 28 43 Overall 29 59 103

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Figure 7-8 Comparison of abundance of different fish groups in four reef sites in front of the jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014)

Figure 7-9 Comparison of estimated fish biomass on four reef sites fronting the jetty (November 2014)

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Figure 7-10 Relative abundance of different fish groups on the reefs fronting the jetty based on population counts (left) and biomass (right)

The most common fish families in the reefs surveyed are small damselfishes, labrids and chaetodonts (butterflyfishes), although fusiliers (caesionids), which are target food fish, are also common (Figure 7-11). On the other hand, caesionids are small target fish and, unless occurring in large abundances, contribute little to biomass on the reef. Construction of the Jetty would have created much siltation or re-suspension of sediment, covering benthic habitats where many herbivorous and omnivorous fish forage for food. Fish however easily migrates once their habitat is disturbed, seeking other areas where food is readily available.

Figure 7-11 Most abundant fish families on the reefs fronting the temporary jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte based on population counts and biomass

7.3.3 Macrobenthic algal communities

The seaweed or macrobenthic algal resources found along the reef crests in the vicinity of the Jetty constructed in Burgos are composed of at least 35 species, made up of 19 species of red algae (Rhodophyta), 12 species of green algae (Chlorophyta) and 4 species of brown algae (Phaeophyta) (Table 7-7). Despite its low species variety the brown algal group has the highest overall mean cover (22.9%) owing to their large thalli, with Turbinaria and Sargassum as

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common examples (Plate 7-2 and Plate 7-8). Although diverse, the red and green algal groups are mostly small plants at lower covers of 17.54 and 4.69 percent, respectively. associates, such as invertebrates, were very rare along the wave-swept reef crest, comprising only a few small crabs, gastropods, and encrusting sponges.

The present diversity of seaweeds in the vicinity of the Burgos Jetty is only slightly higher than reported by the 2012 survey conducted by MMU, where a total of 33 species (7 green, 5 brown, and 21 red seaweeds were identified. Seaweed resources of the area prior to Jetty construction were reported to have been very abundant, particularly in the deeper (6–7 m) portions (First Balfour, 2012). Species of the red seaweeds Laurencia and Glacilaria had the highest frequency of occurrence with an aggregate cover of 12 percent, while in the present assessment the brown seaweed Turbinaria was the dominant species (21.4%) on the reef crest. A comparison of algal cover between the two assessments cannot be made, however, since no mean cover estimates were included in the 2012 MMU report.

Table 7-7 Diversity and percent cover of macrobenthic algae on the reef crest on both sides of the jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte Macroalgal Species Group Mean % Cover Anadyomene plicata Chlorophyta 0.10 Boergesenia forbesii Chlorophyta 0.30 Boodlea composita Chlorophyta 1.60 Caulerpa racemosa Chlorophyta 0.70 Cladophora sp. Chlorophyta 0.50 Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii Chlorophyta 0.30 Codium arabicum Chlorophyta 0.20 Dictyosphaera cavernosa Chlorophyta 0.36 Halimeda macroloba Chlorophyta 0.15 Halimeda opuntia Chlorophyta 0.06 Neomeris annulata Chlorophyta 0.11 Valonia aegagropila Chlorophyta 0.31 Dictyota dichotoma Chlorophyta 0.30 Padina japonica Phaeophyta 0.60 Sargassum sp. Phaeophyta 0.60 Turbinaria ornata Phaeophyta 21.40 Amansia sp. Rhodophyta 0.15 Amphiroa fragilissima Rhodophyta 0.20 Amphiroa sp. Rhodophyta 0.40 Carpopeltis affinis Rhodophyta 3.00 Carpopeltis sp. Rhodophyta 0.25 Cheilosporum sp. Rhodophyta 0.10 Coelothrix irregularis Rhodophyta 0.20 Gelidiella acerosa Rhodophyta 2.25 Gelidiopsis sp. Rhodophyta 0.50 Gracilaria sp. Rhodophyta 0.23 Hypnea muscoformis Rhodophyta 0.57 Hypnea pannosa Rhodophyta 2.50

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Macroalgal Species Group Mean % Cover Hypnea sp. 2 Rhodophyta 1.00 Jania constricta Rhodophyta 1.25 Kallymenia rugosa Rhodophyta 0.50 Laurencia nidifica Rhodophyta 2.70 Mastophora rosea Rhodophyta 0.90 Portiera (Chondrococcus) hornemanii Rhodophyta 0.60 Rhodopeltis sp Rhodophyta 0.24 Overall Mean Cover (%) 45.13

Figure 7-12 Mean percent cover and relative abundance of macrobenthic algal groups found on the high-energy reef crest in the vicinity of the temporary jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014)

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Plate 7-8 Brown algae (e.g. Turbinaria sp) are dominant vegetation on wave- swept rocky habitat on left side of jetty (A) while the exposed rocks on the right side of the jetty host a multispecies algal assemblage (B) where red seaweed such as Carpopeltis and Hynea (C) are most common. A healthy clump of green alga Boergesenia sp is commonly found in rock crevices (D)

A B

C D

7.3.4 Profile of capture fisheries

A questionnaire survey of fishers from Barangay Ablan, which is closest to the Jetty, was conducted on 11 November 2014. Due to limited time, less than 10 respondents were interviewed, however, some key informants were also interviewed who shed light on resource management initiatives of the local government, especially the establishment of a 34 ha marine sanctuary shared between the barangays of Ablan and Bayog in 2005.

Fisher-respondents in Ablan ranged in age from 30–70 years old, with the dominant age group between 30–50 years old (Figure 7-13). Majority of the fishers interviewed (57%) are moderately educated, reaching at least high school level, while one respondent declared to have graduated from a 3-year college course. Most of the respondents (63%) have been fishing from 31–40 years. 75 percent of the respondents are totally dependent on fishing as their main livelihood, although some engage in gleaning, seaweed gathering, and processing (Figure 7-14). At least six major gears are commonly used by Ablan fishers (Figure 7-15), catching a variety of fish at a mean catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of 2.5 kg/fisher/day (spear) to as much as 20.0 kg/fisher/day (drift gillnet). The most commonly caught fishes are flying fish (borador), jacks (talokitok), grouper (maray), rabbitfish (malaga), and unicornfish (songayan), ranging in prices from P80-160. Most fish are bought by middlemen or comprador, although when the catch is quite small it is sold by itinerant vendors in the community.

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Figure 7-13 Age distribution and educational attainment of fishers in Bgry. Ablan, Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014)

Figure 7-14 Number of years fisher-respondents in Bgry. Ablan spent on fishing (left) and a profile on livelihood (right) of respondents showing their dependence on fishing (November 2014)

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Figure 7-15 Comparison of CPUE values of common fishing activities among Ablan fishers (November 2014)

An important fishery in Burgos is the collection and processing of a highly valuable seaweed known locally as “gamet”, which is commonly used in Ilocano salad, omelette, and soup dishes. In Japan this seaweed is known as nori, a most popular seaweed product vital in preparing sushi delicacies in many parts of the world. Gamet is made from Porphyra, a red seaweed abundant in the coastal waters of Burgos and in Ilocos Norte from November to March (www.ilocostimes.com). The thalus appears dark green to almost black, and is gathered by men, women, and children from the reefs in Burgos, Pagudpud and the Cagayan province. Gamet is called the "Black Gold" of Burgos as the processed product can be very expensive. Some gamet processors buy sackfuls of the fresh seaweed from collectors in Cagayan province at P8,000 per sack. The seaweed is pasted/flattened on a 1 m x 10 m bamboo frame, then sun- dried for 4-5 hours. Once dry, each panel can be worth P12,000-13,000 at the local market, primarily sold to overseas Filipino workers (OFW) or balikabayan. Hundreds of Burgos fisherfolk derive their livelihood from gathering and processing gamet from wild stocks. This seaweed, however, is highly seasonal, occurring in abundance only during the cold, northeast monsoon (NEM) months.

In order to promote the seaweed delicacy, the local officials of Burgos launched the first-ever Gamet Festival on 16 December 2005 and since then, gamet has been a popular tourist attraction in Ilocos Norte and homecoming gift (or “pasalubong”) for many Ilocanos living abroad. Coastal residents of Burgos admit that gathering gamet is not easy, requiring skill and extreme care while scouring for this seaweed in slippery, jagged rocks in mostly turbulent sea conditions during the NEM months. In Japan, aquaculture of Porphyra is widely practiced to support the increasing needs of the sushi industry.

7.3.5 Soft-bottom fauna

A rich assemblage of soft-bottom fauna was recorded at the study site, comprised of at least 26 taxa representing four animal phyla (Table 7-8). Fifteen of these taxa belong to Phylum , nine to Phylum Annelida, and one each for Arthropoda and Foraminifera. Foraminifera largely dominated the macrobenthos community comprising 99.4 percent of the total count or an overall density of 7,206 animals/0.02 m2. This taxon consistently dominated at three surveyed stations, with the highest density observed at the offshore station (CRS1)

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(5,053 animals/0.02 m2). Mollusca was recorded at moderate density (overall abundance = 26 animals/0.02 m2). Relatively higher density of molluscs, particularly of gastropods, was observed at the north station (CRS2) (15 animals/0.02 m2) than at the offshore (CS1) and south (CRS3) stations (2 and 8 animals/0.02 m2, respectively). About 18 polychaete individuals/0.02 m2 were recorded at the study site with relatively higher density observed offshore (10 animals/0.02 m2) than at either north or south stations. Mean macrobenthos density was highest offshore (5,053 animals/0.02 m2), which was about three to seven times higher than recorded at the stations adjacent to the Jetty. A relatively higher number of macrobenthos taxa was recorded at north station (18 taxa) than that observed offshore (12 taxa) and south (15 taxa). A number of gastropods were consistently observed at three surveyed station. This could be attributed to the abundance of algae at the site which serve as their primary food. Most of the gastropods identified in the study site are algal-grazers.

Table 7-8 Mean densities (no. of animals/ 0.02 m 2) and relative abundances (%) of soft-bottom fauna observed in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) Taxon Sampling Stations Total Relative Jetty Jetty Jetty Abundance Abundance North Offshore South ANNELIDA 4 10 3 18 0.2 Polychaeta 4 10 3 18 0.2 Glyceridae 1 1 0 2 0.0 Hesionidae 0 1 1 1 0.0 Nereididae 0 2 0 3 0.0 Opheliidae 1 0 0 1 0.0 Pectinariidae 0 0 0 0 0.0 Syllidae 0 2 0 2 0.0 Terebellidae 0 0 1 1 0.0 tube-dwelling polychaetes 2 5 1 8 0.1 unidentified polychaete 1 0 0 1 0.0 ARTHROPODA 1 0 0 1 0.0 Amphipoda 1 0 0 1 0.0 FORAMINIFERA 1502 5040 664 7206 99.4 MOLLUSCA 15 2 8 26 0.4 Bivalvia 1 0 0 2 0.0 Arciidae 1 0 0 2 0.0 14 2 8 24 0.3 Conus 0 0 0 0 0.0 Cypraea 0 0 0 0 0.0 Diastomatidae 0 0 0 0 0.0 Fissurellidae 3 0 3 6 0.1 Fusinus 1 1 1 2 0.0 Hydrobiidae 1 0 0 2 0.0 Mitridae 0 0 0 0 0.0 Nassarius 6 0 1 7 0.1 Naticidae 0 0 0 0 0.0

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Taxon Sampling Stations Total Relative Jetty Jetty Jetty Abundance Abundance North Offshore South Triphoridae 0 0 1 1 0.0 Triviidae 0 0 0 0 0.0 Trochidae 0 0 1 1 0.0 Turbo 0 0 0 0 0.0 Turridae 1 0 0 1 0.0 Mean Density 1522 5053 676 7251 100.0 SD 394 289 192 Number of Taxa 18 12 15 26

7.3.6 Plankton and primary productivity

Results of the primary productivity set-up yielded a much higher net primary productivity value than gross primary productivity, which is erroneous (Table 7-9). This was brought about by the higher energy production in the dark bottle than in the initial readings. This may have been brought about by higher number of primary producers incubated in the dark bottles than in the light bottles during the initial readings. Despite the erroneous results, phytoplankton composition and abundance data (Table 7-10) would indicate that a number of primary producers are present, which would somehow contribute to the primary productivity in the area.

Table 7-9 Primary productivity at the coastal area fronting the jetty at Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) Parameters Units of expression Respiration Net Primary Gross Primary Productivity Productivity Dissolved oxygen mgDO/L -0.68 0.87 0.19 Biomass mgC/m3 -255.85 326.18 70.33 Biomass g drywt/m3 -0.51 0.65 0.14 Energy in calories E cal/m3 -2.81 3.59 0.77

A total of 10 phytoplankton taxa representing three divisions were recorded at four stations combined at the coast of Burgos, Ilocos Norte (Table 7-10). Bacillariophyta dominated the phytoplankton community representing 60.3 percent of the total count. Relatively lower relative abundances were recorded for Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta, comprising 26.5 percent and 13.2 percent, respectively, of the total phytoplankton. Of the 10 phytoplankton taxa observed, six belong to Bacillariophyta, while two taxa were recorded each for Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta. Melosira was the most abundant taxon with mean densities ranging from 967 cells/m3 to 2,570 cells/m3. Mean density of Melosira was highest at Station 1, and this value was almost twice that recorded at any of the three remaining stations. Similarly, overall phytoplankton abundance was highest at Station 1 (7,592 cells/m3). The mean phytoplankton density recorded at this station was two times higher than that observed at Stations 2, 3, and 4 (mean abundances ranged from 2,499 cells/m3 to 3,584 cells/m3). Stations 1 and 4 had relatively higher number of phytoplankton taxa (10 taxa each) than that recorded at Stations 2 and 3 (6 taxa each). Phytoplankton composition at the study site is reflective of the influence of freshwater influx from the Buraan River into the area. The dominance of Melosira and the presence of Chlorophyta (green algae) and Cyanophyta (blue-green algae), particularly of

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Spirulina, are reflective of phytoplankton assemblage inhabiting estuarine areas with significant inputs of freshwater. Melosira is often found in brackishwater usually attached to a substratum (Bellinger and Sigee 2010). Overall, phytoplankton taxa richness was low and abundances moderate at the study site, which may be attributed to strong water movement and freshwater inputs.

Table 7-10 Mean (no. of cells/m 3) and relative densities (%) of phytoplankton observed at four sampling stations in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) Taxon Sampling Stations Overall Relative Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Abundance Abundance Bacillariophyta 4126 1603 2146 2004 2470 60.3 Melosira 2570 1061 1485 967 1521 37.1 Navicula 259 24 283 141 177 4.3 Surirella 141 495 354 71 265 6.5 Synedra 354 24 24 118 130 3.2 Thalassionema 330 0 0 448 195 4.7 Thalassiosira 472 0 0 259 183 4.5 Chlorophyta 2523 566 189 1061 1085 26.5 Scenedesmus 141 0 0 920 265 6.5 Spirogyra 2381 566 189 141 819 20.0 Cyanophyta 943 542 165 519 542 13.2 Spirulina 283 542 165 118 277 6.8 filamentous blue- 660 0 0 401 265 6.5 green algae Mean Density 7592 2712 2499 3584 4097 100.0 SD 2907 1450 1791 2374 Number of Taxa 10 6 6 10 10

The zooplankton community at four stations combined at the coastal area of Burgos in Ilocos Norte comprised at least eight taxa representing three animal phyla (Table 7-11). The community was largely dominated by Arthropoda representing 90.1 percent of the total count. Low mean abundances were recorded for Annelida and Protozoa, with overall mean densities of 47 individuals/m3 and 88 inds/m3, respectively, of the total zooplankton. Copepod nauplii and Calanoida female were the most abundant forms of zooplankton, representing 31.8 percent and 27.5 percent, respectively, of the total count. Mean zooplankton densities did not vary much among surveyed stations, although relatively higher values were recorded at Stations 3 and 4 (1,509-1,580 inds/m3) than that observed at Stations 1 and 2 (1,108-1,297 inds/m3). Similarly, zooplankton taxa richness varied little among sampling stations with values ranging from 6–8 taxa. Generally, zooplankton taxa composition was low and abundance moderate at the study site. This observation could primarily be attributed to strong water movement as well as freshwater inputs from the nearby river.

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Table 7-11 Mean (no. of inds./m 3) and relative mean densities (%) of zooplankton recorded at four sampling stations in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) Taxon Sampling Stations Overall Relative Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Abundance Abundance Annelida 24 47 47 71 47 3.4 Polychaeta nektochaete 24 47 47 71 47 3.4 larvae Arthropoda 896 1250 1297 1509 1238 90.1 Calanoida female 165 495 259 589 377 27.5 Calanoida male 118 47 141 118 106 7.7 Copepoda nauplii 283 472 448 542 436 31.8 Cyclopoida female 212 71 236 118 159 11.6 Harpacticoida 118 165 212 141 159 11.6 Protozoa 189 0 165 0 88 6.4 Globigerinidae 94 0 94 0 47 3.4 Parafavella 94 0 71 0 41 3.0 Mean Density 1108 1297 1509 1580 1373 100.0 SD 356 669 531 294 Number of Taxa 8 6 8 6 8

7.3.7 Marine water quality

The levels of six water quality parameters measured at four stations at the coast of Burgos, Ilocos Norte fall within normal range of values observed in marine and estuarine systems (Nybakken, 1993) (Table 7-12). Temperature levels varied little among four surveyed stations, with values ranging from 26.79 to 26.90 °C. Conductivity, total dissolved solids, and salinity are within the usual range of values observed in marine ecosystems. Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels at all stations exceeded the minimum value of 5 mg/l, which is required for organisms to maintain their normal functions. DO values were high, which ranged from 6.88 mg/l to 7.52 mg/l. pH regime was slightly basic. This parameter did not vary much among stations (pH values of 8.32 to 8.42). Water quality levels recorded at the study site are generally suitable for survival of marine organisms.

Table 7-12 Levels of six water quality parameters measured at four stations at the vicinity of the jetty in Burgos, Ilocos Norte (November 2014) Sampling Temperature Conductivit Total dissolved Salinity Dissolved pH stations (°C) y (mS/cm) solids (g/l) (ppt) oxygen (mg/l) 1 26.79 44.77 29.10 28.89 6.97 8.33 2 26.81 45.07 29.29 29.10 6.88 8.32 3 26.90 44.90 29.19 28.99 7.52 8.35 4 26.90 44.89 29.18 28.98 7.51 8.42

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7.4 Operation Phase Assessment

7.4.1 Potential sources of operational impacts and management measures

Potential impacts of movement/shipping activities at the Jetty during operation and maintenance of the Burgos Wind Project, as well as the existence of the Jetty itself, are changes in water quality (such as increased water turbidity), hydrodynamics and sediment regime, which may result in accretion of sand in some areas. Plankton play a crucial role in trophic dynamics since they serve as foundation of aquatic food chain and as food for a diverse array of marine organisms such as fish, shrimps, molluscs and other invertebrates. Their population dynamics are strongly influenced by hydrodynamics. Soft-bottom fauna would also have a similar role in the food chain. They serve as prey for fishes as well as invertebrates and they have an important role in the recycling of nutrients. Changes in sediment regime would affect their survival and distribution. However, the current location of the Jetty, a narrow cove area with rocky and sandy substrate and strong water movement, would have minimal impact on plankton and soft-bottom communities. Water turbidity brought about by shipping and movement activities in this area will be low since the site has strong water movement. Agitation of bottom sediment resulting in sediment particles finding its way into the water column can easily be dispersed and distributed and can quickly settle. The location and the structure of the Jetty do not seem to impede on the natural water circulation in the area. Hence, effects of movement activities, such as shipping of materials at the Jetty area, on water quality, plankton and soft- bottom communities are generally expected to be localized and minimal.

7.4.2 Identification and evaluation of potential impacts

The results of the present assessment of baseline environmental conditions after construction of the Jetty suggest that aside from the area cleared of corals to give way to the Jetty construction, physical damage on the immediate surrounding reef may have been minimal as coral cover remains fair to good. Fish communities, on the other hand, were more considerably affected by the disturbance as indicated by very low abundance and biomass being almost depauperate. Anecdotal accounts from key informants interviewed during the survey point to the former abundance and diversity of fish on these reefs, particularly of the large target food species. It is equally possible; however, that the extremely low fish abundance on the reefs fronting the Jetty is a consequence of unregulated fishing activities in the area. Key informants revealed that except for the Ablan-Bayog marine sanctuary, the Burgos town has no comprehensive coastal resource management program on sustainable fisheries and marine conservation. Some initiatives on reef rehabilitation through establishment of more “no take” marine protected areas (MPAs) and coral restoration or transplantation have been successfully implemented in many parts of the Philippines that can be adopted in Burgos. These CRM initiatives can help restore the productivity of nearshore fisheries in these parts. Gamet fishery and processing is an important and lucrative economic activity that needs to be sustained or developed further. Government intervention seems appropriate to support the local gamet industry of Burgos and neighboring towns in Ilocos Norte. Developing a mariculture technology for Porphyra as practiced in Japan will enhance the economic value of this seaweed while conserving this highly exploited and seasonal resource.

In addition, there is the possibility of potential impacts from oil spills from ships and barges using the jetty during the operational phase. However, given the relative frequency for jetty use, these risks are assessed to have rare likelihood, described in more detail in Section 09.

The summary of potential impacts is presented in Table 7-13.

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Table 7-13 Key impacts and proposed mitigation/enhancement measues

Key impacts Phases Potential significance Options for prevention/ mitigation Construction Operation TL Jetty or enhancement

Changes in None Insignificant seawater quality

Effect of jetty None Insignificant Location of Jetty operation on would have minimal plankton, impact soft-bottom and fish communities

7.5 References

✁ Allen, G., R. Steene, P. Human and N. Deloach. 2003. Reef Fish Identification. Tropical Pacific. (1st Edition). New World Publications, Florida, USA. 457 p.

✂ CORAL ID. 2002. Australian Institute of Marine Science and CRR. Qld Pty Ltd.

✁ Crosby, M.P. and E.S. Reese. 1996. A Manual for Monitoring Coral Reefs with Indicator Species: Butterflyfishes as Indicators of Change on Indo-Pacific Reefs. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Mgnt., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 45 p.

✁ English, S., C. Wilkinson and V. Baker. 1997. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources, 2nd Edition. (Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science).

✁ First Balfour (ca.2012). Proposed Assessment and Biophysical Report. Proposed

Construction of Temporary Jetty, Burgos Wind Farm Project, Burgos, Ilocos Norte.

❜✆ ▼❛ ✝ ❛ ✞✟ ▼❛ ✠✟ ✡ ❙ ☛❛ ☛❡ ❯✞✝✐❡ ✡ ✝ ☛✆✱ ❈✝ ☛✆ ✟ ♦ ❇❛ ☛❛✠✱ ■☞ ✟✠ ✟✡ ◆✟ ☛❡✳ ✸✌ ✄ ✳ ❡✄ ❛ ❡☎

✁ Gomez, ED, AC Alcala and AC San Diego. 1981. Status of the Philippine Coral Reefs- 1981. p 247-282. In: Gomez, ED et al. (eds) Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium. Vol. I. May 1981. Marine Science Center, UP, Diliman, Quezon City.725 p.

✁ Hilomen, V.V, C.L. Nañola and A.L. Dantis, 2000. Status of Philippine reef fish communities. In Licuanan, W.Y. and E.D. Gomez. 2000. Philippine Coral Reefs, Reef Fishes and Associated Fisheries: Status and Recommendations to Improve Their Management. GCRMN Report. Appendix B.

✁ Nanola, C. J., Alino, P., Arceo, H., Licuanan, W., Uychiaoco, A., Quibilan, M., Gomez, E. 2006. Status report on coral reefs of the Philippines - 2004. Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, (pp. 1055-1061). Okinawa, Japan.

✁ Trono, G.C. 1997. Field Guide and Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Agricultural Research and UP Marine Science Institute. Bookmark, Inc. Manila, Philippines. 306pp.

✁ Trono, G.C.2004. Field Guide and Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines. Vol. 2. Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Agricultural Research, Marine Environment and Resources Foundation and UP Marine Science Institute. Manila, Philippines. 261pp.

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Vergara, W.B. and W. Y. Licuanan. 2007. Survey of Coral Communities using Digital Photo Transects. University of the Philippines, Marine Science Institute. De La Salle University Shields Marine Station and Biology Department-Manila.

Veron, JEN. 1993. Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Australian Institute of Marine Science. University of Hawaii Press. Hoholulu, USA.

http://www.ilocostimes.com/dec12-jan08-06/topnews_3.htm

Araña, A. Unpublished Thesis. Abundance of marine planktonic cyanobactera Trichodesmium species (Ehrenberg, 1830) (Family Oscillatoriaceae) in Cebu Harbor and Hilutungan Channel, Cebu, Phillipines. Master of science in Biology 2001. University of San Carlos.

Barrio Frojan, C.R.S., Hawkins, L.E., Aryuthaka, C., Nimsantijaoren, S, Kendall, M.A. and G.L.J. Paterson. 2005. Patterns of polychaete communities in tropical sedimentary habitat: a case study in southwestern Thailand. The Raffles Bulettin of Zoology, 53(1): 1- 11.

Bellinger, E.G. and D.C. Sigee. 2010. Freshwater Algae: Identification and Use as Bioindicators. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 271 pp.

Burford, M.A., Rothlisberg, P.C. and Y.G. Wang. 1995. Spatial and temporal distribution of tropical phytoplankton species and biomass in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Marine Ecological Progress Series, 118: 255-266.

Chiang K.P., F.K. Shiah,, G. C. Gong, 1997. Distribution of summer diatom assemblages in and around a local upwelling in the East China Sea northeast of Taiwan. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 38: 121-129.

Colinvaux, P. A. 1973. Introduction to Ecology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

De Bruyne, R.H. 2003. The Complete Encyclopedia of Shells. Rebo Publishers, Cambridge, London. 336 pp.

Desroy N. C., Warembourg, C., J. M. Dewarumez, J.M. and J. C. Dauvin. 2002. Macrobenthic resources of the shallow soft-bottom sediments in the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea . ICES Journal of Marine Science, 60: 120–131.

Goswami, S.C. 2004. Zooplankton Methodology, Collection and Identification- A Field Manual. National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India

Nishikawa, J. and T. Toda. 2004. and Identification Guides for Gelatinous Zooplankton, Calanidae and Eucalanidae Copepods: UPLB-JSPS Training Course on Methods of Zooplankton Ecology and Identification, Los Banos, Philippines, 25 pp

rd

Nybakken, J.W. 1993. Marine Biology: an Ecological Approach 3 ed. Harper and Collins College Publishers. New York, USA. 462 pp

Poppe, G. 2008. Philippine Marine Mollusks. Conchbooks, Czech Republic. 759pp.

Reynolds, C.S. 2006. The Ecology of Phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, New York: U.S.A. 535 pp.

Sekiguchi, H., Sawamoto, S., Terazaki, M., Ohtsuka, S., Iwasaki, N., Nishida, S. and T. Kikuchi. 2004. Identification Manual for Southeast Asian Coastal Zooplankton. UPLB- JSPS Training Course on Methods of Zooplankton Ecology and Identification, Los Banos, Philippines, 292 pp.

Suthers, I.M. and D. Rissik. 2009. Plankton: A Guide to Their Ecology and Monitoring for Water Quality. Collingwood VIC CSIRO Publishing, Australia. 273 pp.

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 7-30

Tchernov, D. and F. Lipschultz. 2008. Carbon isotopic composition of Trichodesmium spp. colonies off Bermuda: effects of colony mass and season. Journal of Plankton Research, 30(1): 21-31.

Tan, L.T. and L.M. Chou. 1993. Checklist of polychaete species from Singapore waters (Annelida). Raffle Bulettin of Zoology, 41(2): 279-295

Verlencar, X.N. 2004. Phytoplankton Identification Manual. National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India.

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 7-31

Table of contents

1. Introduction...... 1

2. Project Description ...... 1

3. Assessment Methodology ...... 1 4. Land Use Assessment ...... 1

5. Noise and Vibration Assessment ...... 1

6. Biodiversity and Conservation ...... 1 7. Marine Ecology and Seawater Quality ...... 1

8. Water and Drainage Assessment ...... 8-1 8.1 Introduction ...... 8-1 8.2 Assessment Methodology ...... 8-1 8.3 Baseline Conditions ...... 8-2 8.4 Operation Phase Assessment ...... 8-15 8.5 Conclusions ...... 8-15

Table index

Table 8-1 Transmission towers located near bodies of water ...... 8-8 Table 8-2 Key impacts and proposed mitigation/enhancement measures ...... 8-15

Figure index

Figure 8-1 Hydrological map of the Municipality of Burgos ...... 8-3 Figure 8-2 Hydrological map of the Municipality of ...... 8-5

Figure 8-3 Hydrological map of the Municipality of ...... 8-6

Figure 8-4 Hydrologic map of City ...... 8-7 Figure 8-5 Map showing Tower BL095 located along Bilatag River, Barangay Sulbec in the Municipality of Pasuquin ...... 8-10

Figure 8-6 Map showing Towers BL128 and BL129 located along Bacarra River in the Municipality of Bacarra...... 8-11

Figure 8-7 Flood prone areas in the Municipality of Bacarra ...... 8-13

Figure 8-8 Flood prone areas in Laoag City ...... 8-14

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | i

8. Water and Drainage Assessment

8.1 Introduction

This section describes baseline conditions of the water resources within the areas traversed by the transmission line from the substation in Burgos to the existing NGCP substation in Laoag City. The information includes baseline hydrological conditions including surface water resources, such as rivers and streams found in relative proximity to the project site. The baseline information provides basis for assessing whether construction activities had an impact on existing water resources and whether ongoing operation will result in potential alteration of drainage patterns or changes in hydrological conditions after project construction. This assessment, however, does not include assessment of alteration on freshwater quality conditions as there were no baseline data available or obtained prior to project construction which could be used to compare possible deterioration of water quality conditions as a result of project construction. Impacts on water quality were presumably avoided if not minimised by the project contractor during construction of the towers and stringing of the line. The impact of project operation, care and maintenance of the transmission tower and line components on water quality, on the other hand, is considered minimal hence not dealt with in detail in this section. A management plan during operation phase, to avoid possible contamination of water resources, is presented as part of the environmental and social management and monitoring system, presented in Section 16 of this report.

The assessment of marine resources and seawater quality from Jetty construction and operation is dealt with separately in Section 7.

8.2 Assessment Methodology

This section provides the assessment methodology adopted for the water resources assessment. It describes how baseline hydrological conditions were established, and how potential impacts on water resources during construction phase were derived. Mitigation measures, where necessary, to avoid or minimise these potential impacts identified were recommended. The impact assessment also determined whether the operation and maintenance of the Transmission Line Project will result in alteration of hydrological conditions, particularly on surface water resources, and identified mitigation and management plan to avoid such impact as may be applicable.

Baseline hydrological conditions were established using 1:50,000 topographic maps obtained from the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) and using Google Earth® maps. The drainage area was mapped out using these maps and the alignment of the transmission line and location of towers were plotted on the map. The catchment area was delineated with reference to the relative location of the project components and barangay and municipal boundaries. Towers situated relatively close to transmission line towers were identified and described following the site visit and ocular inspection conducted on 19 to 22 November 2014.

During operation, potential impacts on nearby water resources were identified and water demand including sources of water necessary for care and maintenance of the towers and line was described.

As earlier noted, the assessment on freshwater quality, such as identifying baseline water quality parameters and comparing water quality data before and after construction and during project operation is not included in the scope of this ESIA study, as impact on water quality were observed to be negligible during the site visit.

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 8-1

8.3 Baseline Conditions

This section describes the baseline hydrological conditions, including surface water resources and occurrence of flooding within and along the areas traversing or crossing the transmission line towers. River alignments with respect to the location of towers are presented on the catchment map for better appreciation in assessing potential impacts. Photographs taken during the site visit are presented where water body is found to be relatively close to the project components.

8.3.1 Hydrology and Surface Water Resources

The transmission line project traverses three municipalities, one city and 29 barangays which were earlier presented in Table 2-1, under Section 2 of this report. The existing hydrological conditions in each municipality are described below.

Municipality of Burgos The Municipality of Burgos is principally drained by two rivers, which are locally named Baruyen River and Buraan River (Municipality of Burgos Ecological Profile 2010). Baruyen River, which emanated from Barangay Agaga and exits at the eastern portion of the Burgos Municipality towards the Municipality of Bangui, has a length of 11 km more or less and a drainage area of 62 km2 (Figure 7-1). The Buraan River on the other hand emanates from Buduan and Ablan and ends at the West Philippine Sea. It has a length of 2.8 km and a drainage area of more or less than 25 km2.

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 8-2 242,500 245,000 247,500 250,000 252,500 255,000 257,500 2,055,000 2,055,000 2,052,500 2,052,500

Jetty ! (!(!(! ABuraan River (!(! (!(! (!(! (!(! (!(! !(!(! (! (

2,050,000 (! 2,050,000 (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! Bangui 2,047,500 (! 2,047,500 (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! Burgos (!

2,045,000 (! 2,045,000 (! (!

(! Baruyen River (! (!

(!(! 2,042,500 2,042,500 (! (! (! (! (!

(!

(! 2,040,000 (! 2,040,000

(! (! (! (! Pasuquin (! (!

2,037,500 (! 2,037,500 (! (! (! (! (! (! (!

2,035,000 (! 2,035,000 (! (! (! 242,500 245,000 (! 247,500 250,000 252,500 255,000 257,500 LEGEND Municipality A! Jetty

(! Transmission Tower

Transmission Line

Waterway

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 0 1.25 2.5 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Location map of water resources Figure 8-1 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig8-1_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic

Municipality of Pasuquin There are five main rivers traversing Municipality of Pasuquin, namely, the Parang River, Bilatag River, Caruan River, Tulnagan River and Dirique River (Municipal Ecological Profile of Pasuquin 2010). The Parang River and Bilatag River irrigate most of the agricultural areas in the eastern and northern barangays, respectively. Marginal fishing by subsistence fishermen is also supported by the Parang and Bilatag Rivers. The Parang River and riverbank occupy only a little portion of the urban area. It has an area of 5.89 ha or 1.49% of the total urban area. The Parang River bisects the land area of Barangay Poblacion 2 and it separates the built-up area from the agricultural area. It is a source of livelihood of the people because the river is seeded every year with tilapia and carp fingerlings aside from the many fish cages constructed in it and the portion near the riverbanks are planted with gabi and kangkong. The river system in Pasuquin Municipality is shown in Figure 7-2.

Municipality of Bacarra The Municipality of Bacarra is traversed by water bodies, including 16 creeks, and the Bacarra River, which covers a total area of 1,486.82 ha (Figure 7-3).

Laoag City Laoag River, which passes through the center of the sand dune coastal line, is the most prominent water body in Laoag City. The main Laoag River or Padsan River course flows along the western fringe of the alluvial fan in the middle reaches passing through the narrow flood plain in the lower reaches (Laoag City) and finally empties into the West Philippine Sea (Figure 7-4). The Laoag River course has been comparatively stable (Ecological Profile of Laoag City, undated).

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 8-4 242,500 245,000 247,500 250,000 252,500 255,000 257,500 (! (! (! (!

2,045,000 (! 2,045,000 (! (!

(! (! (!

(!(! 2,042,500 2,042,500 (! (! Burgos (! (! (!

(! (! 2,040,000 (! Bangui 2,040,000

(! (! (! (! (! (!

2,037,500 (! 2,037,500 (! (! (! (! (! (! (!

2,035,000 (! 2,035,000 (! (! (! (! (! (! (!

2,032,500 (! 2,032,500 (! (! Pasuquin (! (! (! (! (! Bilatag River (!

2,030,000 (! 2,030,000 (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! Parang River 2,027,500 (! 2,027,500 (! (! Vintar (! (! (! (! (! (!

2,025,000 (! 2,025,000 (! (! (! Bacarra (! 242,500 245,000 247,500 250,000 252,500 255,000 257,500 LEGEND (! Transmission Tower

Transmission Line

Waterway

Municipality

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 01,250 2,500 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Meters Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Hydrological map of the Municipality of Pasuquin Figure 8-2 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig8-2_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic 242,000 244,000 246,000 248,000 250,000 252,000

(! Parang River

(!

(!

(!

2,026,000 (! 2,026,000 (! Pasuquin

(!

(!

(!

(!

(! 2,024,000 2,024,000 (!

Cabulalaan River (!

(! (!

(!

(! Bacarra River

2,022,000 (! 2,022,000

(!

(!

(! Bacarra (!

(!

(! 2,020,000 2,020,000

(!

(!

(! Vintar (! (! (!

2,018,000 (! 2,018,000

(! (!

(! Laoag City (! (!

(!

2,016,000 (! 2,016,000 (!(!(!(!(!(! 2,014,000

242,000 244,000 246,000 248,000 250,000 252,000 LEGEND (! Transmission Tower

Transmission Line

Waterway

Municipality

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 0 1 2 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Hydrological map of the Municipality of Bacarra Figure 8-3 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig8-3_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic 238,000 241,000 244,000 247,000 250,000 253,000 (! (! Pasuquin (! (! (! (! (! (! Bacarra River (! (! 2,022,000 2,022,000 (! (! (! (! (! Bacarra (! (!

(! Vintar

2,019,000 (! 2,019,000 (! (! (! (! (! (! (!

(! (!

(! (! 2,016,000 (!(!(!(!(! 2,016,000

Padsan River

Laoag City

2,013,000 2,013,000 2,010,000 2,010,000

San Nicolas 2,007,000 2,007,000

Paoay

Paoay Lake

Batac City 2,004,000 2,004,000

238,000 241,000 244,000 247,000 250,000 253,000 LEGEND (! Transmission Tower

Transmission Line

Waterway

Municipality

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 0 1.5 3 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Hydrological map of Laoag City Figure 8-4 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig8-4_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic

8.3.2 Transmission Towers located near water bodies

During the site visit, it was observed that three transmission towers were built near bodies of water (Table 8-1). These are BL095 (Plate 8-1 and Figure 8-5) near Bilatag River and Towers BL128 (Plate 8-2) and BL129 (Plate 8-3) crossing Bacarra River (Figure 8-6).

Table 8-1 Transmission towers located near bodies of w ater Tower no. Body of water Location BL095 Bilatag River Barangay Sulbec, Pasuquin BL128 Bacarra River Barangay Cabaruan, Bacarra BL129 Bacarra River Barangay Sangil, Bacarra

Plate 8-1 Tower BL095 located along Bilatag River in Barangay Sulbec, Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 8-8

Plate 8-2 Tower BL128 located along Bacarra River in Barangay Cabaruan, Bacarra, Ilocos Norte

Plate 8-3 Tower BL129 located along Bacarra River in Barangay Sangil, Bacarra, Ilocos Norte

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 8-9 248,300 248,400 248,500 248,600 248,700 248,800 248,900 2,030,100 2,030,100

BL-094 2,030,000 2,030,000

Pasuquin

Bilatag River 2,029,900 2,029,900 2,029,800 2,029,800

BL-095 2,029,700 2,029,700 2,029,600 2,029,600

BL-096 2,029,500 2,029,500 2,029,400 2,029,400

248,300 248,400 248,500 248,600 248,700 248,800 248,900 LEGEND

(! Transmission Tower

Transmission Line

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 0 50 100 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Meters Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Map showing Tower BL095 located along Bilatag River, Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Barangay Sulbec River in the Municipality of Pasuquin Figure 8-5 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig8-5_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, Google Earth Pro, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: Google Earth Pro Imagery - Date Extracted (20150309). EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic 244,800 245,000 245,200 245,400 245,600 245,800 246,000 2,020,400 2,020,400

2,020,200 BL-127 2,020,200 2,020,000 2,020,000 Barangay Sangil, Bacarra; about 60 m from the riprap/sandy area

BL-128 Bacarra River 2,019,800 2,019,800

Bacarra

BL-129 2,019,600 2,019,600 Barangay Sangil, Bacarra; located within the floodplain 2,019,400 2,019,400 2,019,200 2,019,200 BL-130

Laoag City 2,019,000 2,019,000

244,800 245,000 245,200 245,400 245,600 245,800 246,000 LEGEND

(! Transmission Tower

Transmission Line

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 0 100 200 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Meters Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Map showing Towers BL128 and BL129 located Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o along Bacarra River in the Municipality of Bacarra Figure 8-6 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig8-6_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, Google Earth Pro, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: Google Earth Pro Imagery - Date Extracted (20150309). EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic

8.3.3 Flooding

Municipality of Burgos Identified flood prone areas in the Municipality of Burgos are in areas close to the sea, or usually the coastal barangays. Coastal villages like Barangays Bobon, Ablan (Buraan), and parts of Sitio Bantos, Poblacion are at risk during the occurrences of typhoons or in the event of ‘tsunami’ or storm surge. Hence, control dikes and sea walls were established. Flash floods occur during rainy season at the northeastern part of Poblacion and at the southwestern part of Bobon. Proper drainage system in both of these affected areas were properly established and improved.

Municipality of Pasuquin There is no information on flooded areas, but flood control and drainage facilities are found in the following barangays: Surong, Poblacion 2, Poblacion 1, Poblacion 3, Poblacion 4, Pragata, Sulbec, Caruan, and Estancia.

Municipality of Bacarra The flood prone areas in the Municipality of Bacarra are shown in Figure 8-7. These areas are located along the Bacarra River.

Laoag City Some portions of the central part of the city particularly the portion of Barangays Rioeng and Camanggaan along the Laoag River and Nangalisan are flood plains, their elevation being low and their location affected by the river’s water table during rainy seasons (Figure 8-8).

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 8-12 242,000 244,000 246,000 248,000 250,000 252,000 (!

(! (!

(! (! 2,028,000 2,028,000 (! (!

(!

(!

(!

(!

(!

2,026,000 (! 2,026,000 (!

(!

(!

(!

(!

(! 2,024,000 2,024,000 (!

(!

(! (!

(!

(!

2,022,000 (! 2,022,000

(!

(!

(!

(!

(!

(! 2,020,000 2,020,000

(!

(!

(! (! (! (!

2,018,000 (! 2,018,000

(! (!

(!

(! (!

(!

2,016,000 (! 2,016,000 (!(!(!(!(!(!

242,000 244,000 246,000 248,000 250,000 252,000 LEGEND (! Transmission Tower High susceptibility to landsilde High susceptibility to flooding

Transmission Line Moderate susceptibility to landsilde Low to moderate susceptibility to flooding

Waterway Low susceptibility to landslide

Highway

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 0 1 2 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Flood prone areas in the Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Municipality of Bacarra Figure 8-7 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig8-7_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, MGB, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: MGB: Lands Geological Survey Division - Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map. EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic 238,000 241,000 244,000 247,000 250,000 253,000 (! (! (!

2,025,000 (! 2,025,000 (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! 2,022,000 2,022,000 (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (!

2,019,000 (! 2,019,000 (! (! (! (! (! (! (!

(! (! (! (! 2,016,000 (!(!(!(!(! 2,016,000 2,013,000 2,013,000 2,010,000 2,010,000 2,007,000 2,007,000 2,004,000 2,004,000

238,000 241,000 244,000 247,000 250,000 253,000 LEGEND (! Transmission Tower High susceptibility to landsilde High susceptibility to flooding

Transmission Line Moderate susceptibility to landsilde Low to moderate susceptibility to flooding

Waterway Low susceptibility to landslide

Highway

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 0 1.5 3 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Flood prone areas in the Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Municipality of Laoag City Figure 8-8 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig8-8_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, MGB, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: MGB: Lands Geological Survey Division - Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map. EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic

8.4 Operation Phase Assessment

8.4.1 Potential Sources of Impact

During operation phase, no significant impact on water availability and drainage is perceived since use of water is minimal. Demand for water will be limited to drinking water for right-of-way patrol, which is likely to be sourced from nearby stores (e.g. bottled water) or from their respective homes. The water demand from office operations of Burgos Wind Project, including its ancillary facilities such as transmission line, substation, and the jetty is covered in the initial ESIA prepared for the project.

Another potential impact during operation and maintenance phase is damage on tower foundation or tower collapse due to flooding or strong typhoon.

8.4.2 Evaluation of Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Implementation of mitigating measure to address water resource availability/competition is not necessary during operation phase of the Transmission Line and the Jetty Projects, since no impact was identified during operation phase.

Regular monitoring and maintenance of tower foundation, slope stabilisation and erosion control structures will be undertaken in towers which were built near bodies of water (i.e. BL095, BL128 and BL129).

8.5 Conclusions

Summary of findings for the water and drainage assessment are presented in Table 8-2 summarised as follows:

Three transmission towers namely BL095, BL128 and BL129 were built near bodies of water.

No significant impact on water availability is foreseen since use of water during the operation and maintenance phase is minimal, hence no mitigation measure is proposed.

There is a need to check, maintain and repair slope stabilisation and erosion control measures/structures built along the banks (as shown in Plate 8-1 and Plate 8-2).

Table 8-2 Key impacts and proposed mitigation/enhancement measures

Key impacts Phases Potential significance Options for prevention/ mitigation or Construction Operation TL Jetty enhancement

Depletion of ✁ Insignificant None Mitigation measure not water necessary resources/ water competition

Foundation ✁ High None Regular monitoring or tower and maintenance of collapse tower foundation Slope stabilisation Erosion control

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 8-15

Table of contents

1. Introduction...... 1

2. Project Description ...... 1

3. Assessment Methodology ...... 1 4. Land Use Assessment ...... 1

5. Noise and Vibration Assessment ...... 1

6. Biodiversity and Conservation ...... 1 7. Marine Ecology and Seawater Quality ...... 1

8. Water and Drainage Assessment ...... 1

9. Soil and Groundwater Contamination Assessment ...... 9-1 9.1 Introduction ...... 9-1 9.2 Assessment Methodology ...... 9-1 9.3 Project Area ...... 9-1 9.4 Site Geology and Topography ...... 9-2 9.5 Risk assessment ...... 9-5 9.6 Conclusion ...... 9-8

Table index

Table 9-1 Key impacts and proposed mitigation/enhancement measures ...... 9-8

Figure index

Figure 9-1 Geology map of the study area ...... 9-3 Figure 9-2 Regional slope map ...... 9-4

Figure 9-3 Conceptual Site Model (Transmission Lines) ...... 9-7

Figure 9-4 Conceptual Model (Burgos Jetty) ...... 9-8

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | i

9. Soil and Groundwater Contamination Assessment

9.1 Introduction

The following sections discuss the baseline conditions of the soil and groundwater in the areas traversed by the Burgos Transmission Line Project which runs from the substation in Burgos to the existing NGCP substation in Laoag City. The information includes mainly secondary information provided by EBWPC and those publicly available from government agencies i.e. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) among others.

9.2 Assessment Methodology

The use of risk assessment to contamination is an objective methodology

Contamination source identification – identification of possible primary and secondary sources of contamination i.e. chemical storage and impacted medium are examples of primary and secondary sources, respectively.

Exposure analysis – attention is focused on fate and transport mechanism for possible leakages into both soil and groundwater from sources of contamination. This includes discussion on depth to groundwater, groundwater flow directions and possible soil/rock characteristics.

Risk characterization – evaluation and conclusions resulting from a Conceptual Site Model (CSM). The CSM is a graphical representation of the risk assessment clearly identifying sources, pathways and receptors. It should be noted that for the purpose of this study, the risk assessment that was done is qualitative based on available data from both the proponent and those publicly available.

Remedial recommendations are then provided depending on the result of the risk characterization.

9.3 Project Area

The Burgos Transmission Line Project runs approximately 42 km starting from the substation in Burgos in the north and southward where it connects to the NGCP substation in Laoag City. The transmission line runs through 29 barangays in the Municipalities of Burgos, Pasuquin and Bacarra, and the City of Laoag, all in the Province of Ilocos Norte or Region 1 Province (Figure 2-1). The transmission line traverses mainly areas with wooded grassland, shrubs, crop land and barren land cover where possible. In certain areas that cannot be avoided, it runs through built up areas and inland waterways. In general, a major part of the transmission line is located in uninhabited areas far from any industrialized zones. The transmission line has an easement of 30 m on both sides. Section 2 provides the project components and includes representative schematic drawing of the individual transmission towers and as built photos of the towers for reference.

Included in the project is the Burgos Jetty facility located in Barangay Ablan, Burgos, Ilocos Norte. This coastal facility includes a simple pier complimented by a single storey structure used as shelter by the security guard (Plate 9-1). There are no reports indicated that any chemicals are stored within the facility with the main purpose being a supply dock.

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 9-1

Plate 9-1 Burgos Jetty Project

9.4 Site Geology and Topography

The transmission line runs mainly on top of recent alluvial and fluvial deposits as typified by the areas west of Burgos and Pasuquin and the Bacarra area. In certain areas, the alignment is underlain by Plio-Pleistocent and Upper Miocene aged sedimentary sequences of sandstone, silt and shale. Northwest of Burgos, however, is underlain by volcanic rocks of Upper Miocene to Pliocene age (see Figure 9-1).

The transmission lines were generally built on areas with relatively flat terrain as shown in Figure 9-2 where the slope is composed mainly of 0–3 percent slope (0 to 1.71 degree). However, west of Pasuquin and in Burgos where it skirts the foothills of the Cordillera mountain range, the slopes range from eight percent (4.58 degrees) to as much as 30 percent (17.18 degrees). Given these rolling to moderately steep slopes, the transmission towers were situated in areas with as much level ground as possible.

The Burgos Jetty area is underlain by Quaternary alluvium down to 1.5 m depth. Underneath this alluvium layer, coralline limestone was encountered down to a maximum depth of 15 meters. Groundwater was encountered at a shallow depth of 0.65 m below the surface.

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 9-2 235,000 240,000 245,000 250,000 255,000 260,000 265,000

Project Site Pagudpud

Jetty A! 2,050,000 2,050,000

Burgos

2,045,000 Bangui 2,045,000 2,040,000 2,040,000 2,035,000 2,035,000

Pasuquin W e s t Philippine

2,030,000 S e a 2,030,000 2,025,000 2,025,000 Vintar

Bacarra 2,020,000 2,020,000

Laoag City

2,015,000 Piddig 2,015,000

Sarrat 235,000 240,000 245,000 250,000 255,000 260,000 265,000 LEGEND Geology CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE A! Jetty Project PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE OLIGOCENE-MIOCENE (SEDIMENTARY & METAMORPHIC ROCKS) (! Transmission Tower RECENT PALEOCENE-EOCENE (SEDIMENTARY & METAMORPHIC ROCKS) Transmission Line UPPER MIOCENE-PLIOCENE Municipality UPPER MIOCENE-PLIOCENE (SEDIMENTARY & ROCKS) UPPER MIOCENE-PLIOCENE (IGNEOUS ROCKS)

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower 0 0 2.5 5 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Revision Date 19 Jan 2016 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Geology Map Figure 9-1 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig9-1_Geology_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality. USGS - Geology, and Fault. Created by:jcmatic 235,000 240,000 245,000 250,000 255,000 260,000 265,000

Project Site

Pagudpud

Jetty Bangui A! Wind Fam 2,050,000 2,050,000

Burgos

2,045,000 Bangui 2,045,000 2,040,000 2,040,000 2,035,000 2,035,000

Pasuquin

W e s t Philippine

2,030,000 S e a 2,030,000 2,025,000 2,025,000 Vintar

Bacarra 2,020,000 2,020,000

Laoag City DRAFT Piddig 2,015,000 2,015,000

235,000 240,000 245,000 250,000 255,000 260,000 265,000 LEGEND Slope (Pecent / Degrees) 18% - 30%/ 10.31 - 17.18 (Rolling to Moderately Steep) (! Transmission Tower ! Jetty Project A 0% - 3% / 0- 1.71 (Level to Nearly Level) 30% - 50% / 17.18 - 28.64 (Steep) Transmission Line 3% - 8% / 1.71 - 4.58 (Gently Sloping to Undulating) >50% / >28.67 (Very Steep) Bangui Wind Farm Road Municipality 8% - 18% / 4.58 - 10.31 (Undulating to Rolling)

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower 0 0 2.5 5 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Revision Date 19 Jan 2016 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Regional Slope Map Figure 9-2 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig9-2_Slope_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Slope - Generated using Aster DEM (30m x 30 m) Created by:jcmatic

9.5 Risk assessment

In assessing contamination risk, a contamination linkage concept is created based on available information on possible primary and secondary sources, migration pathways and receptors. These are discussed in the following sections.

9.5.1 Potential Sources

Potential sources of contaminants are those from which chemicals of concern may have accidental/incidental release i.e. spillages or leaks into the surroundings. These may include the following:

Ships’/Barges’ on-board fuel tanks (non-permanent source)

Maintenance vehicle’s fuel tanks (non-permanent source)

Material transport areas

Drainage conveyances

Production areas

Waste disposal areas

Other areas of concern

Chemicals of concern would include petroleum products (i.e. fuel and grease), carcinogenic chemicals or any chemicals that may degrade the soil and groundwater or have health effects on humans.

For the purpose of this study, the soil considered herein are both surface and subsoil directly underlying the transmission lines and towers, and those along the coast within the vicinity of the jetty facility. Also, groundwater is identified herein as the groundwater flowing directly underneath the transmission facilities and jetty facility.

Primary sources At the time of the study, no known primary sources (listed above) were observed within the vicinity of the transmission towers or transmission lines. No chemicals of concern were observed stored or used at or within the vicinity of the said facilities.

It is however noted that maintenance vehicles are used to access the towers during regular inspections. Their fuel tanks would be considered as primary sources, though they have intermittent presence onsite. Any accidental leak of fuel from these vehicles may spill onto the soil. Considering that the only identified source would be the maintenance vehicles, subsequently for the purpose of this study, the chemicals/contaminants of concern include mainly petroleum products.

For the Burgos Jetty facility, no primary sources are found onsite i.e. no chemicals are stored nor used within the facility. However, the boats that would dock at the pier would have fuel onboard. These boats would be the intermittent primary sources of chemicals of concern.

Secondary sources Secondary sources of contaminants include impacted/contaminated soil and groundwater from which contaminants may leach out and migrate further in the subsurface.

At the time of the study, there was no known reported impacted soil or groundwater along the length of the transmission lines.

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 9-5

9.5.2 Pathw ays

A migration pathway is the path or medium through which contaminants in the environment move away from sources to potential receptors. These pathways, depending on the type of contaminant, include the following:

Subsoil

Groundwater

Air

Exposure pathways are exposure routes through which human receptors are affected by chemicals of concern. The different exposure pathways are as follows:

Ingestion – accidental ingestion of contaminants thus gaining entry through the digestive tract

Dermal contact – skin contact with contaminants or impacted medium. Contaminants can either affect the skin directly (i.e. skin lesions or burns) or permeate through the skin and into the body

Inhalation – contaminants directly affect the central nervous system.

9.5.3 Receptors

Receptors include those affected by the chemicals of concern and include the medium through which the chemicals of concern migrate through i.e. soil and groundwater. The ultimate receptor however that need safe guarding are human receptors.

9.5.4 Conceptual Site Model and Evaluation of Impact

Transmission Line A Conceptual Site Model (CSM) summarizes, in graphical form how contaminant sources and receptors are linked through pathways. It includes information such as underlying geology and groundwater regime. For the study area, the following CSM was developed (Figure 9-3).

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 9-6

Figure 9-3 Conceptual Site Model (Transmission Lines)

As presented in the CSM, chemicals of concern (hydrocarbons) stored in the fuel tanks, if unmitigated, may accidentally be released onto the surface soil. Depending on the depth of groundwater and volume of release, these hydrocarbons in the soil may leach into the groundwater which is subsequently taken up by crops and through extraction wells. Receptors such as crops, drinking water, animals and human are affected if they ingest impacted soil and groundwater. It should be noted however that for this scenario to occur, a significant amount of hydrocarbons should be considered. The likelihood of large hydrocarbon volumes that will be released considering vehicle maintenance is quite low. There were no signs of spillages or leaks at the time of the assessment.

As a preventive action, maintenance vehicles should always follow a company prescribed maintenance schedule to ensure that hydrocarbon (as fuel or as lubricant) containment is free from defects and the likelihood of accidental leaks and spills is reduced. If indeed accidental releases do occur, company personnel should be well trained to the company’s emergency response plan.

Jetty Fuel stored in boats that would dock at the jetty, if unmitigated, may be accidentally released into the sea (Figure 9-4). However, considering that hydrocarbons generally float on water, accidentally release fuel may either migrate/move towards the coast or out to open waters depending on surface currents. Any fuel that moves towards the coast may leach into the coastal soil and subsequently into the groundwater where they may be taken up by coastal plants. Any fuel that stays in seawater may be taken up accidentally by marine animals which in turn may be caught and consumed by humans.

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 9-7

Figure 9-4 Conceptual Model (Burgos Jetty)

A remedial action or mitigating plan would be to ensure that there would be spill equipment available for any accidental spills. These would include spill booms among others. Likewise, boat that would dock should ensure that their fuel storage and engines are included and should follow company-prescribed maintenance schedules. An inspection of the hull should likewise be included in the maintenance checklist.

EBWPC should require each vessel to have a Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)-approved Oil Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP) before contracting. The OSCP should have the minimum equipment and PCG-accredited oil spill dispersant chemicals on-board.

9.6 Conclusion

As discussed above, the operation and maintenance of transmission line and jetty projects pose insignificant impacts on soil and groundwater. Presented in Table 9-1 is the summary of impacts and proposed mitigation measures.

Table 9-1 Key impacts and proposed mitigation/enhancement measures

Key impacts Phases Potential Options for prevention/ significance mitigation or enhancement Construction Operation TL Jetty

Accidental Low None Maintenance of vehicles release of Implementation of contaminants emergency response plan in onto the surface case of accidental leaks and soil and spills potentially leach into the groundwater

Accidental None High Ensure availability of spill release of fuel equipment for any accidental stored in spills (e.g. spill booms) boats/ship that Availability of proper fuel would dock at the storage jetty into the sea Follow company-prescribed maintenance schedule

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 9-8

Table of contents

1. Introduction...... 1

2. Project Description ...... 1

3. Assessment Methodology ...... 1 4. Land Use Assessment ...... 1

5. Noise and Vibration Assessment ...... 1

6. Biodiversity and Conservation ...... 1 7. Marine Ecology and Seawater Quality ...... 1

8. Water and Drainage Assessment ...... 1

9. Soil and Groundwater Contamination Assessment ...... 1

10. Air Quality Assessment ...... 10-1 10.1 Introduction ...... 10-1 10.2 Meteorology ...... 10-1 10.3 Assessment Methodology ...... 10-3 10.4 Air Quality Guidelines ...... 10-3 10.5 Baseline conditions ...... 10-4 10.6 Baseline Air Quality ...... 10-10 10.7 Construction Phase Assessment ...... 10-15 10.8 Operation Phase Air Quality Assessment...... 10-15 10.9 Conclusions ...... 10-16 10.10 References ...... 10-16

Table index

Table 10-1 Location of field stations (PAGASA) ...... 10-1

Table 10-2 Ambient air monitoring equipment specifications ...... 10-3

Table 10-3 Assessment criteria for ambient air quality (24 hr averaging time) ...... 10-4

Table 10-4 Recorded climatological data from PAGASA Laoag Station (1981–2010)...... 10-7

Table 10-5 Identified sensitive receptors proximate to the station ...... 10-10 Table 10-6 Air quality baseline results ...... 10-13

Table 10-7 Key impacts and proposed mitigation/enhancement measures ...... 10-16

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | i

Figure index

Figure 10-1 Location of nearby meteorological stations ...... 10-2

Figure 10-2 Philippine climate classification ...... 10-5

Figure 10-3 Ilocos Norte projected seasonal temperature increases in 2020 and 2050 ...... 10-6 Figure 10-4 Ilocos Norte seasonal rainfall changes in 2020 and 2050 ...... 10-6

Figure 10-5 Ilocos Norte projected frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 ...... 10-7

Figure 10-6 2012 Wind Rose Diagram – EBWPC Mast 1...... 10-8 Figure 10-7 2012 Wind Rose Diagram – EBWPC Mast 3...... 10-9

Figure 10-8 2012 Wind Rose Diagram – EBWPC Mast D ...... 10-9

Figure 10-9 Location of air sampling stations ...... 10-11 Figure 10-10Location of sensitive receptors against air sampling stations...... 10-12

Figure 10-11Comparison of TSP and PM10 results ...... 10-14

Figure 10-12Concentration of NO2 across sampling stations ...... 10-14

Figure 10-13Concentration of SO2 across sampling stations ...... 10-15

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | ii

10. Air Quality Assessment

10.1 Introduction

This section presents an assessment of the existing local climate, meteorology, climate change projections and air quality along the jetty and transmission line of the Burgos Wind Farm Project. Parameters for air quality include total suspended particles (TSP), particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at 24 hour averaging periods. This section also presents the potential impacts as well as the corresponding options for mitigation on air quality during the operation phases.

10.2 Meteorology

Available secondary data on regional climate and meteorology was obtained from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), whilst available windfarm meteorological data from three deployed masts were provided by EBWPC. The PAGASA maintains two field stations in the region, as shown in Figure 10-1 and Table 10-1.

The Laoag City field station, which is located approximately 5 km southwest of the nearest transmission line of the project, is the closest PAGASA rainfall station and has a 29-year rainfall record available (1981–2010). The station is located near the coast thus it is exposed to West Philippine Sea weather characteristics similar to the project site.

Table 10-1 Location of field stations (PAGASA) Location Latitude Longitude Elevation (m) Laoag City, Ilocos Norte 18˚2' N 120˚592' E 5 MMMSU1 , Ilocos Norte 16˚055' N 120˚563' E 12.1

1 Mariano Marcos Statue University

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 10-1 230,000 240,000 250,000 260,000 270,000

Pagudpud Jetty Buraan A!River 2,050,000 2,050,000

Bangui Burgos

Adams 2,040,000 2,040,000

Pasuquin W e s t 2,030,000 Philippine 2,030,000 S e a

Vintar

Bislak River

Bacarra 2,020,000 2,020,000

Carasi

Padsan River Laoag City, Ilocos Norte Laoag ! City A Piddig 2,010,000 2,010,000

San Sarrat Nicolas

Paoay Lake

Solsona Dingras Paoay Batac Paoay City 2,000,000 2,000,000

MMMSU Batac, Nueva Ilocos Norte Era Currimao A! Marcos

Banna

230,000 240,000 250,000 260,000 270,000 LEGEND Transmission Line A! Jetty Highway A! Meteorological Stations Paoay Lake !( Transmission Tower Municipality

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 0 5 10 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Location of nearby Meteorological Stations Figure 10-1 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig10-1_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic

10.3 Assessment Methodology

The ambient air quality sampling conducted by CRL Calabarquez Corporation was performed at an elevation of at least two meters above the ground level and strategically stationed proximate to the project site.

Three major types of ambient air samplers were used and are shown in Table 10-2.

Table 10-2 Ambient air monitoring equipment specifications Equipment Name/Description Brand/Model Testing Parameters High Volume Sampler Tisch Environmental/Graseby TSP, PM10 Anderson Personal Sampler Kimoto/SKC NO2, SO2 Anemometer Lutron Wind speed

The high volume sampler was equipped with an all-weather shelter timer and flowchart meter and was powered by electricity through an external power source. The personal sampler was equipped with a flow meter with a low flow controller, which was also electrically powered. The personal sampler was attached to a parallel tubing with two pieces of midget impingers—one for

SO2, whilst the other for NO2. The anemometer used had a range of 0.1 meters per second (m/s) to 30 m/s detection capability with 0.1 m/s resolution. It was calibrated against acceptable levels which is comparable to that of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

TSP Sampling: Filtration Method by High-Volume Sampler Ambient air was drawn through a glass fiber filter over a period of time. Particles having a diameter size of 20–50 µm were collected. The filter paper containing the sample was weighed hence the final weight of the sample over that of the standard volume of air sampled gave the TSP concentration.

PM10 Sampling: Filtration Method by High-Volume Sampler Ambient air, with particle sizes less than 10 µm enters a high-volume sampler of 10 microns inlet by means of a vacuum system. The air passes to a venturi type casing resulting to a flow rate of approximately 40 cubic feet per minute. The particles were collected in a glass fiber filter and determined by measuring gravimetrically. The filter paper containing the sample was weighed and the final weight of the sample over that of the standard volume of air sampled gave the concentration of PM10.

NO2, SO2 Sampling: Absorption in Liquids for Gaseous Pollutants A known volume of air was sampled with a wet-chemical system where a constant air sample passes through a suitable reagent (absorbing reagent) that was reactive to the specific pollutant desired. As the air sample passes through the bubble rack, the air diffuses forming air bubbles and slowly reacts to the chemical reagent forming a complex ion. The SKC sampler was calibrated with KRISS traceable digital calibrator to assure its accuracy. The samples were then analysed using prescribed and approved analytical methods.

10.4 Air Quality Guidelines

Guidelines and regulations from RA 8749, also known as the “Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”, and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (DAO 2000-81) were used as the primary criteria for air quality assessment. The National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values (NAAQGV) of

GHD | Report for EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation - EDC Transmission Line and Jetty Projects, 71/12098 | 10-3

RA 8749 provides for the maximum allowable concentration levels of various air pollutants from no specific source. The criteria outlined in Table 3 are relevant for assessing concentration levels of NO2, SO2, PM10 and TSP samples collected at 24-hour averaging times.

Table 10-3 Assessment criteria for ambient air quality (24 hr averaging time) Pollutants Short-Term(a) Limits (µg/NCM)

NO2 150

SO2 180

PM10 150(b) TSP 230(c) Note: (a) – Maximum limits represented by ninety-eight percentile (98%) values not to exceed more than once a year. (b) – Provisional limits for Suspended Particulate Matter with mass median diameter less than 10

✂m and below until sufficient monitoring data are gathered to base a proper guideline. (c) – Limits for Total Suspended Particulate Matter with mass median diameter less than 25-50

✂m.

Note that the ambient air quality guidelines that apply to the project are the exhaust emission limits for motor vehicles. There is no stationary point source of emission for the Project. The above criteria serves only as a guideline value in an area over which the project has no specific or direct control of, or the project cannot be imposed a violation even if it has exceeded the limit/s. As far as the construction or operation of the project are concerned, vehicle emission limits and observing speed limits over dusty roads must be observed by EBWPC.

10.5 Baseline conditions

10.5.1 Climate and meteorology

Luzon climate patterns

The Philippine climate is influenced by three main weather systems as follows:

The northeast trade winds, which occur during the months of November to February

The southwest monsoon, which dominates the months of July to September

Typhoons, which generally occur from July to November

Climate patterns in Luzon are strongly influenced by the presence of high mountain ranges (approximately 800–1,000 masl) running in a north-south direction along the eastern coastline. The mountain range in the north is known as the Cordillera Central, which links to Sierra Madre mountain range that extends through the central and southern parts of Luzon.

The northeast trade winds, which pick up moisture over the Pacific, become drier as they cross the Cordillera Central and Sierra Madre mountain ranges from east to west. Consequently, areas located on the western side of the ranges have relatively lower rainfalls during the November–February period, when the northeast trade winds prevail. These same areas are exposed to the effects of the southwest monsoon and experience their heaviest rainfall during the July–September period, when the southwest monsoon prevails.

Based on the Modified Coronas system of classification, the Philippines is divided into four climate types based on the influence of the abovementioned weather systems and topography. The extent of each climate type is shown in Figure 10-2.

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Figure 10-2 Philippine climate classification

Project Site

Site climate classification

The Burgos Jetty and Transmission Line Projects are located in the northwest of Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, with the Cordillera Administrative Region and Cagayan Valley as its eastern border and the Central Luzon as its southern border. The project site is classified under Type 1 climate area, based on the Modified Coronas system of classification. This type of climate has two distinct seasons, dry season from November to April or May where the northeast trade wind prevails and wet season from June to October, during which the southwest monsoon and typhoon season prevails.

Climate change projections

The projected seasonal temperature increase, seasonal rainfall change and frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under the medium range emission scenario in Ilocos Norte were analysed to relate the effects of climate change to the project. Climate change projections data of PAGASA (2011) were used in the assessment.

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Seasonal temperature increases

Projected seasonal temperature increases in 2020 ranged between 0.8 °C to 1.0 °C increase. Temperature increases in 2050 are greater ranging from 1.7 °C to 2.2 °C (Figure 10-3).

Figure 10-3 Ilocos Norte projected seasonal temperature increases in 2020 and 2050

The 2020 and 2050 projections in temperature increase indicate increasing evapotranspiration rates in the project site as the project progresses.

Seasonal rainfall change

Based on PAGASA projections, rainfall during dry months are generally projected to decrease while rainfall during wet months are projected to increase (Figure 10-4).

Figure 10-4 Ilocos Norte seasonal rainfall changes in 2020 and 2050

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Projected rainfall changes indicate a potential increase in surface runoff during the rainy season and the potential water shortage during the dry season.

Frequency of extreme events

The number of days with extreme temperature is projected to increase. However, the number of dry days is generally decreasing in trend. The number of days with extreme rainfall is also projected to increase in 2020 and 2050.

Climatological normals

Climatological normals from 1981 to 2010 recorded at Laoag station is summarised in Table 10-4.

Figure 10-5 Ilocos Norte projected frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050

Table 10-4 Recorded climatological data from PAGASA Laoag Station (1981–2010) Location Rainfall Temperature Wind Month Amount Maximum Minimum Mean Relative Direction Speed (mm) (°C) (°C) (°C) Humidity (%) (16pt) (mps) January 5.3 30.8 19.5 25.1 75 N 3 February 2.8 31.5 20.1 25.8 75 N 3 March 6.0 32.7 21.6 27.2 74 NNW 2 April 24.8 34.0 23.5 28.8 75 W 2 May 246.9 34.0 24.5 29.2 77 W 2 June 312.9 33.2 24.6 28.9 82 SW 2 July 448.2 32.5 24.3 28.4 85 SW 2 August 583.9 31.8 24.2 28.0 87 S 3 September 415.8 32.0 23.8 27.9 87 E 2 October 103.3 32.4 23.3 27.9 80 E 3

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Location Rainfall Temperature Wind Month Amount Maximum Minimum Mean Relative Direction Speed (mm) (°C) (°C) (°C) Humidity (%) (16pt) (mps) November 30.2 32.0 22.5 27.3 77 N 3 December 2.8 31.1 20.6 25.8 75 N 3 ANNUAL 2,182.8 32.3 22.7 27.5 79 N 3

EBWPCmeteorological data

The EBWPC has deployed three meteorological masts within the EBWPC project area, and all of which continuously record wind direction and wind speed since 2008. Wind rose diagrams for 2012 are presented in Figure 10-6 to Figure 10-7.

Figure 10-6 2012 Wind Rose Diagram – EBWPC Mast 1

NORTH

30%

24%

18%

12%

6% WEST EA ST

WIND SPEED (Knots)

>= 49 31 - 48 SOUTH 19 - 31 7 - 19 0 - 6 Calms: 0.00%

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Figure 10-7 2012 Wind Rose Diagram – EBWPC Mast 3

NORTH

35%

28%

21%

14%

7% WEST EA ST

WIND SPEED (Knots)

>= 49 31 - 48 SOUTH 19 - 31 7 - 19 0 - 6 Calms: 0.00%

Figure 10-8 2012 Wind Rose Diagram – EBWPC Mast D

NORTH

30%

24%

18%

12%

6% WEST EA ST

WIND SPEED (m/s)

>= 25.0 16.0 - 25.0 SOUTH 10.0 - 16.0 3.5 - 10.0 0.0 - 3.5 Calms: 0.00%

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10.6 Baseline Air Quality

GHD commissioned CRL Calabarquez Corporation to undertake the ambient air quality sampling in seven locations from 19 to 26 November 2014. The sampling stations considered in this assessment were placed near sensitive receptors, such as households and schools, which were found near the jetty and transmission lines. Receptor, human or ecological, is defined as a location that may be affected by dust emissions during construction activities. Human receptors include locations where people spend time and where property may be impacted by dust while ecological receptors are habitats that might be sensitive to dust. A list of identified receptors proximate to the project/sampling station is tabulated below. Locations of the seven stations and sensitive receptors within a one-kilometre radius from the sampling point are presented in Figure 10-9 and Figure 10-10, respectively, which are similar to the established noise sampling stations (refer to Section 5 Noise and Vibration Assessment, Table 1 Description of sampling sites at the jetty and along the transmission route).

Table 10-6 presents the results of each sampling station against the DENR guideline value. The complete meteorological and operating data, analytical laboratory certificates and calibration records are shown in Appendix Q and Appendix R, respectively.

Table 10-5 Identified sensitive receptors proximate to the station

Station Project component/ location Sensitive receptors/ potential Distance from

ID source of mobile emission station (in meters)

A1 Jetty Area, Barangay Ablan, Gasoline station. 50

Municipality of Burgos National highway 100

Public elementary school 130

A2 Kapurpurawan Barangay Access road 50

Saoit, Municipality of Burgos Parking area 55

Souvenir/eatery area 40

A3 Tower 053, Barangay Davila, Household 50

Municipality of Pasuquin Access road 60

A4 Tower 085, Barangay Barangay road and 40 Susugaen, Municipality of household

Pasuquin

A5 Tower 107, Barangay Household 20

Ngabangab, Municipality of Access road 30

Pasuquin

A6 Tower 119, Barangay. 29 Access road 30

Pasngal, Municipality of Household 15

Bacarra

A7 Tower 140, Barangay. 55A– Household 5

Barit, Municipality of Laoag Access road 20

The nearest human receptors or settlements identified among the sampling stations was located at least 5 m from the project site (i.e. transmission line of Tower 140 in station A7). The transmission line is surrounded by various ecosystems, such as second growth forest, beach/coastal ecosystems, grassland, shrubland, agriculture; however, these are not considered as sensitive habitats. Human settlements are considered as highly sensitive receptors while the tourist attraction (i.e. Kapurpurawan Rock Formation) and access road can be considered as low sensitive receptor since people are expected to be present in the area only for limited periods of time.

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235,000 240,000 245,000 250,000 255,000 260,000 265,000

❙❛♠♣❧ ✐ ♥❣ ■❉ ❊❛✐ ♥❣ ◆ ♦❤✐ ♥❣ ❊❧❡ ✈❛✐♦♥ ✭ ♠❛❧✮

✷✹✽✶✾✵✳✵✷ ✷✵✺✵✼✽✻✳✶✸ ✶✹✳✵✵ ❆ ✶ N2

N1

✷✺✶✽✼✺✳✽✵ ✷✵✺✶✷✻✾✳✽✹ ✷✼✳✵✵ ❆ ✷ Jetty >!

Buraan l

✷✹✹✻✸✽✳✽✶ ✷✵✹✷✽✹✹✳✼✺ ✶✸✳✵✵ ❆ ✸ !>! i A ra

River T

✷✹✼✹✵✵✳✶✼ ✷✵✸✷✺✸✹✳✵✷ ✺✳✵✵ ❆ ✹ 4 4x

an

❆ ✺ ✷✹✼✺✺✻✳✷✾ ✷✵✷✻✸✵✸✳✵✷ ✶✽✳✵✵ 2,050,000 w 2,050,000 ra

pu

✷✹✻✶✸✶✳✺✺ ✷✵✷✷✺✷✷✳✽✹ ✶✹✳✵✵ ❆ ✻ ur ap

K

❆ ✼ ✷✹✻✷✵✹✳✼✼ ✷✵✶✻✷✸✹✳✹✾ ✸✷✳✵✵

Bangui

Burgos 2,045,000 2,045,000

N3 >! 2,040,000 2,040,000 2,035,000 2,035,000

W e s t N4 Philippine >!

S e a Pasuquin 2,030,000 2,030,000

N5 >! 2,025,000 2,025,000

Vintar N6 >! Bislak River

Bacarra 2,020,000 2,020,000

N7 Laoag >! City a L Pa d z Ro a Piddig Padsan River P. Gomez St 2,015,000 2,015,000

235,000 240,000 245,000 250,000 255,000 260,000 265,000 LEGEND >! Air Sampling Station Transmission Line

Highway A! Jetty Road

Municipality

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 0 2.5 5 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Location of Air Sampling Station Figure 10-9 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig10-9_AirSampling_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic

235,000 240,000 245,000 250,000 255,000 260,000 265,000

❙❛♠♣❧ ✐ ♥❣ ■❉ ❊❛✐ ♥❣ ◆ ♦❤✐ ♥❣ ❊❧❡ ✈❛✐♦♥ ✭ ♠❛❧✮

✷✹✽✶✾✵✳✵✷ ✷✵✺✵✼✽✻✳✶✸ ✶✹✳✵✵ ❆ ✶ N2

N1

✷✺✶✽✼✺✳✽✵ ✷✵✺✶✷✻✾✳✽✹ ✷✼✳✵✵ ❆ ✷ Jetty >!

Buraan

✷✹✹✻✸✽✳✽✶ ✷✵✹✷✽✹✹✳✼✺ ✶✸✳✵✵ ❆ ✸ A!>! nm

River nm

❆ ✹ ✷✹✼✹✵✵✳✶✼ ✷✵✸✷✺✸✹✳✵✷ ✺✳✵✵

❆ ✺ ✷✹✼✺✺✻✳✷✾ ✷✵✷✻✸✵✸✳✵✷ ✶✽✳✵✵

2,050,000 2,050,000

✷✹✻✶✸✶✳✺✺ ✷✵✷✷✺✷✷✳✽✹ ✶✹✳✵✵

❆ ✻ nm nm

❆ ✼ ✷✹✻✷✵✹✳✼✼ ✷✵✶✻✷✸✹✳✹✾ ✸✷✳✵✵ nm nm

Bangui

nm Burgos 2,045,000 2,045,000

nm N3 >! 2,040,000 2,040,000 2,035,000 2,035,000

W e s t N4 Philippine >!

S e a Pasuquin 2,030,000 2,030,000 nmnm nm N5 >! 2,025,000 2,025,000

Vintar nm N6 >! Bislak River

Bacarra 2,020,000 2,020,000

N7 Laoag >! City

Piddig Padsan River 2,015,000 nm nmnm 2,015,000 nm 235,000 240,000 245,000nmnm 250,000 255,000 260,000 265,000 LEGEND >! Air Sampling Station Transmission Line BuildUpAreas_Google

Highway Municipality A! Jetty Road nm Schools 1 km Buffer from Air sampling station

Job Number 71-12098 Paper Size A3 EDC Burgos Wind Prower Revision 0 0 2.5 5 ESIA for the Transmission Line and Jetty Project Date 19 Jan 2016 Kilometers Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Location of Sensitve Receptor Horizontal Datum: WGS 1984 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 51N o Against Air Sampling Station Figure 10-10 G:\71\12098\GIS\Maps\MXD\BurgosTL&Jetty\Rev 0\7112098_Fig10-10_AirReceptor_rev0.mxd 11/F Alphaland Southgate Tower, 2258 Chino Roces Avenue corner EDSA, Makati City 1232 Philippines T 63 2 479 5600 F 63 2 479 5601 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, EDC and NAMRIA make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: EDC - Transmission Towers and Line (2014). NAMRIA - Municipality, Road, River. Created by:jcmatic

Table 10-6 Air quality baseline results Station Location Sampling Date TSP PM10 NO2 SO2 I.D. and Time (µg/Ncm) (µg/Ncm) (µg/Ncm) (µg/Ncm) A1 Jetty Area, Brgy. 19–20 November 46.4 34.2 3.2 2.4 Ablan, Burgos 2014 0830H - 0830H A2 Kapurpurawan, 20–21 November 117.1 36.0 0.7 0.9 Brgy. Saoit, 2014 Burgos 0905H - 0905H A3 Tower 53, Brgy. 21–22 November 19.4 15.2 1.6 1.4 Davila, Pasuquin 2014 0955H - 0955H A4 Tower 85, Brgy. 22–23 November 8.0 6.9 1.2 1.1 Susugaen, 2014 Pasuquin 1105H - 1105H A5 Tower 107, Brgy. 23–24 November 15.4 13.0 0.7 1.0 Ngabangab, 2014 Pasuquin 1210H-1210H A6 Tower 119, Brgy. 24–25 November 53.0 38.1 1.1 0.9 Pasngal, Bacarra 2014 1210H-1210H A7 Tower 140, Brgy. 25–26 November 65.9 50.7 1.5 1.0 55A–Barit, Laoag 2014 1630H-1630H DENR National Ambient Air Quality Guideline 230 150 150 180 Values

Based on the 24-hour air quality sampling results, levels of TSP, PM10, NO2, and SO2 were below the DENR NAAQGV across all seven sampling stations. Concentrations of TSP ranged from 8.0 to 117.1 µg/Ncm with the lowest TSP recorded in station A4, whilst the highest measured in station A2. The highest PM10 recorded in A2 may be attributed to the station’s proximity (~40 m) to the parking area and dirt road, which are sources of fugitive dust. Levels of

PM10 ranged from a low of 6.9 µg/Ncm in A4 to a high of 50.7 µg/Ncm in A7. The graphical trending of PM10 is generally below and reflective of the TSP trending as presented in Figure 10-11.

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Figure 10-11 Comparison of TSP and PM 10 results

Trace levels of NO2 and SO2 were detected in all stations with the former parameter ranging from 0.7 to 3.2 µg/NCM (Figure 10-12), whilst the latter ranging from 0.9 to 2.4 µg/NCM (Figure

10-13). The lowest concentrations of NO2 were detected in stations A2 and A5, whereas the highest was recorded at A1. The lowest levels of SO2 registered in stations A2 and A6, whereas the highest was detected in A1, similar to NO2. Despite detection of these pollutants, levels were below the baseline level of 180 µg/NCM.

Figure 10-12 Concentration of NO2 across sampling stations

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Figure 10-13 Concentration of SO2 across sampling stations

10.7 Construction Phase Assessment

During the construction of the Jetty and transmission line, impacts to the air quality in the area were minimal and temporary. Dust generation during land clearing, road compaction and/or unloading of fill material were the sources of PM10 and TSP, whilst combustion of fuel from the use of light and heavy vehicles was identified as contributors to NO2 and SO2 emissions, in addition to PM10 and TSP.

10.8 Operation Phase Air Quality Assessment

10.8.1 Potential Sources of Impact

Based on site observations and results gathered, there are no known direct impacts to the air quality resulting from the operations of the project. However the use of personnel vehicles to and from the substations and Jetty has the potential to indirectly impact the air quality in the vicinity. Vehicles used during operation may contribute to air pollution if these are not properly inspected or maintained as required. Likewise, if speed limits are not observed especially when driving along dirt roads, dust dispersion may likely increase and impact nearby receptors.

10.8.2 Evaluation of Impact and Mitigation Measures

In order to mitigate the potential impacts of the project on air quality, it is recommended that vehicles that are to be deployed during the care and maintenance of the project be periodically inspected and maintained in regulatory compliance with the emission limits for motor vehicles outlined in Article 4, Section 21 and 22 of RA 8749. More so, older vehicles should also be subjected to more frequent tune-up and conditioning of the engine and cleaning of the muffler so that exhaust will be cleaner. In doing so, vehicular emissions will be less or significantly reduced. To minimise dust dispersion from moving vehicles also, speed limits will also be imposed. A Logistics Plan and Travel Plan may be adopted to manage maintenance works and materials and encourage sustainable travel (use of public transport, car-sharing and/or bicycles), respectively, among site personnel.

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10.9 Conclusions

Overall, the ambient air quality at representative sampling stations at the Jetty and along the transmission lines of the project conform with the ambient guideline values of specific air pollutants over a short-term period (24-hr averaging time). The prevailing air quality in all the stations is therefore clean and safe for public health. It is expected that there will be no direct health or environmental impacts to the air quality during the operations of the project. However, there will be indirect impacts during the maintenance of these structures that are deemed to be very minimal, if not close to negligible. Vehicles that will be used to and from these sites may produce unwanted emissions if not properly maintained, more so, if road rules/driving habits are not observed properly (i.e. speed limits). Nonetheless, the effects on air quality from these activities are perceived to be insignificant to cause an adverse impact to the overall environment and health of the affected stakeholders (Table 10-7).

Table 10-7 Key impacts and proposed mitigation/enhancement measures

Key impacts Phases Potential Options for prevention/ significance mitigation or enhancement

Construction Operation TL Jetty Vehicle emission, Low Low Periodic inspection and dust generation maintenance of site vehicle and re- Observe speed limits suspension

10.10 References

✁ PAGASA, 2011. Climate Change in the Philippines. Department of Science and Technology–Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration.

✁ RA 8749, 1999. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values and Standards. Republic of the Philippines Congress of the Philippines, Metro Manila. pp 8-9

✁ EBWPC, 2014. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report. Air Quality Assessment. EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation.

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