University of Nigeria

Research Publications

AMA, Ibiam Oji

Author Author

PG/M.Sc/81/1056

Internal Migration and Fertility Behaviour in Edda Clan of Afikpo Local Geovernment Area, Imo State

Title Title (A Comparative Fertility Survey of Migrants and Non-Migrants)

Social Sciences Faculty Faculty

Sociology and Anthropology Department Department

June, 1985 Date

Signature Signature

INTERNAL MIGZATION AND FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR IN EDDA CLAN OF AFIKPO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, IMO STATE

c comparative Fertility Survey of Migrants and Non-Migrants

AMA, IBIAM OJI (REG. NO, ~G/M,SC/81/1056) (B.SC. (~ons.) SOCIOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGY, u.N.N.)

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA

JUNE? 1985 INTERNAL MIGRATION AND FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR IN EDDA CLAN OF AFIKPO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, IMO STATE

(A Comparative Fertility Survey of Migrants And Non-Mi grants)

AMA, IBIAM OJI (REG. NO. PG/MoSC/81/1056) B,Sc, (Hons.) SOCIOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGY U.N.N.

A THESIS 'PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc,) DEGREE IN S(J,~~liQL&GY~AND ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

JUNE, 1985 APPROVAL PAGE

APPROVED BY SUPERVISOR :

NAME OF SUPERVISOR: DR. DOSO OBIKEZE

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR:

DATE : .- -? :-C - + - - --

APPROVED BY EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

NAME OF EXTERN&.~B9CAMFbJER: -.,. -

SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINSR : A La-

DATE : PREFACE

By now, it is commonly recognized by demographers that the present level of economic development in Nigeria cannot sustain the accelerated population growth made possible by high fertility rate and low rate of mortality resulting from the introduction of modern medicine. Similarly, it has become known, at least, to some reasonable majority of academicians in Nigeria that the prospects for any successful economic development in the country are crucially related to the popu- lation trends, Also, it is becoming clear to some reasonable social thinkers that high population growth results in high proportion of dependency ratio which imposes serious strains upon investments on production by diverting available resources to the maintenance of social services, The general unemploy- ment of able-bodied young adul ts, including university gra- guates and the shortages of some basic food stuffs culmina- ting to the imp~rf;gf&~n,,,.~af.essential commodities such as rice, milk, vegetable oil and other food stuffs from foreign countries constitute enough indicator for the falsehood of the present economic systern,. The implication, theref ore is I' rn .< that the estimated population of eighty million people in Nigeria (1985) is exerting a serious pressure on the avail- able resources, Although there exists no definite national policy designed to limit the number of births, so far, in Nigeria, yet there are some discernable conscious efforts geared towards the education of the citizenry of the need for limiting their number of births, These educational programmes are being spear-headed by the mass media such as the dailies, radio and television programmes. In the same vein, the popu- lation consciousness has gradually attracted the concern md attention of research institutes and the Universities with the objective as knowing the true dimension of the problem to enable finding the appropriate s'olution. This work, therefore, constitutes one of such conscious efforts by a University graduate student geared towards knowing the true dimension of the poxlation growth in Edda clan of Imo State, Nigeria, The subjects are classified into non-migrant and migrant communities for easy comparability, The major obje~tiy~e,~. j.~,,,,to. know the level of fertility differential between the two groups if any exists, with a view to knowing the area requiring more education on family planning and birth control #methods, It --.I As a research work, a definite procedure is essential. Thus, the first chapter introduces the reader to the posing problem, the objective and the significance of the study; the second ct apter states the relevant facts from literature iii

' leview; and the third chapter presents the research methodology. This is followed by the facts concerning the patterns of internal migration in the area, in the fourth chapter; the fifth chapter examines the facts about the pattern of fertility behaviow of the subjects, While the sixth chapter compares and contrasts the fertility performance between the non-migrant and migrant women, the seventh or the last chapter summarizes, concludes and recommends some proposed solutions to the problem from the finding, This work does not claim to exhaust all knowledges con- cerning the internal migration and fertilfty behaviour of the people of Edda clan. Rather, every honest method has been employed by the researcher to retrieve available information at the time of the research, based upon his learning in

Demography and other Sociological fields. It is the ardent wish of the researcher that more future researches should be

..,,-..,,t~,+~O+ . conducted in Edda clan by other colleagues to validate or destroy some of the present findings, iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work may not have been possiile without my admission for the Degree of Master's (M,SC,) in the Department of

Sociology where I was exposed to the relevant course-work programme upon which the solid foundation of this work was built, Consequently, my first sincere thanks and gratitude go to all the dedicated Lecturers of the Department of Sociology/Ahthropology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, for the positive encouragement and co-operation given to me during the period of laying the golden egg which hatched the present work, In addition, my special thanks and gratitude go to

Dr, Azuka Dike, the Acting Head of the Department, for the new life he has injected into the Postgraduate Programme in the Department, to raise the standard and at the same time making it possible for determined students to graduate within the stipulated period of twelve calendar months, I wish him more grease at his elbows.

Secondly, my mask, @&pare gratitude and indebtedness go to Dr, D,S, Obikeze, my academic adviser and supervisor, for the able manner in which he has directed and supervised this work and my entire programme in the field of Demographyv ,I " .P His candid direction, unrelenting effort in supervision and warm encouragement without which I may have abandoned this work, are all highly appreciated, In fact, to the entire family of

Dr. Obikeze (wife and children), I express a lot of my thanks and appreciation for the cordial manner in which they all received me into their home during the crucial period of this work and the concomittant frequent visits to the supervisor

(Dr. Obikeze), sometimes at odd hours in his home to seek for his advice or for him to read through the script, All their hospitalities are highly appreciated, while any inconvenience caused by my visits is deeply regretted, Thirdly, my sincere thanks and appreciation go to all the Edda students at the Federal Polytechnic, Unwana-Afikpo, during the 1983/84 academic session for their ready assistance during the field work, which has helped in reducing the cost of this work in time and money, Furthermore, I am indeed grateful to

Dr. Jude Iwuchukwu, Dr, 0,O. Nnachi and Mr. D,O,U, Ekuma, all of the Federal Polytechnic, Uwana-Afikpo for their friendliness and encouragement during the onerous task of producing this work, Lastly, but never the least, my sincere grakitude goes to the three female typists - Mrs, BoOoE. Okoh, Mrsr L, Ogbohna, and Miss Caroline Ndubi~J,,~..&& of the Federal Polytechnic, I Unwana-Af ikpo, for their contributions in typing the scripts for this work, right from the questionnaire to the written report, i which facilitated the readinq, through- .. of the work by the super- visor, Similarly, Mr. Kalu I. Okporie who cut the stencil for the final production of this work into thesis material, deserves my gratitude and commendation for a job well-done,

AMA, IBIAM OJI CONTENTS -PAGE Preface i

Acknowledgement .a . .. iv

~istof Tables .O .* 0 0 ix

List of Plates 0 o . .. xii

Abstract 0 . o 0 .rn xiii

-CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 0 0 0 0 . 1

1.1 General Preamble o O .O 1 4 1.2 Statement of .. .a 7 1-3 Objective of Study eo . 0 . 1.4 Significance of Study . .. 7

1.5 Scope of Study . .rn .. 1.6 A Brief Description of the Area of Study .. References .- .o .

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .. 0.

2.1 Theoretical Review .. .. .o

2.2 Empirical Review O I ..

2-3 Theoretical Perspective ,, ,, .,c. ,t. ,L. .,* ' . References .. CHAPTER 31 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Source of Data .a

I' .. ... 3-2 Method of Sampling ..

3.3 Study Instruments o0 .. I . 3.4 Research Variables and their Measurements 3.5 Research Questions .. . .

3.6 Research Hypotheses .. ma Om CONTENTS (cONT'D) -CHAPTER 4: PATTERN OF INTERNAL MIGRATION IN EDDA .. 4.1 Reasons for Migration .. .. 4.2 Level of Education and Type of Migration .. 4-3 Period of Departure from Original Homes of Migrants . .. - 4.4 Place of Birth and Migration .. .. 4.5 Duration of Residence and Migration ..

4.6 Previous Movements of Migrants b b 4,7 General Comments on Ou t-Migration .. 4.8 General Comments on ~n-~i~rakion . 4.9 Impact of ~igratiohon the Soeio-Eeonamic Life of Edda People .. ..

4.10 Summary me . References .. . .. -CHAPTER 5: PATTERN OF FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR IN EDDA ,. 5.1 Age at First Marriage . . 5-2 Type of Marriage and Children Ever Born .. ",#... 'C. ,t. .,I',,?r ' . 5.3 Occupation and Children Ever Born .. 5.4 Education and Children Ever Born . 5.5 Family Size Among Edda Women ,. ..

5.6 Current ~ertilit;~b; 1984 .. I. 5.7 Summary . .. .. References ...... -PAGE CHAPTER 6: INTERNAL MIGRATION AND FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR IN EDDA 108 6.1 Comparison of Age at First Marriage Between Non-Migrant and Migrant Women .. 6.2 comparison of Children Ever Born Between don-Migrant and Migrant Women ..

6.3 con ttoi of Extraneous Vatiables .rn i) oldi in^ Constant the Influence of Occupation ,, .I ..

ii ) hoiding Constant the Influence of ducati ion ,, , . .. 6-4 Comparison of Current Fertility Between Non-Migrant and Migrant Women .

6.5 Hypothesis Testing .. 6

References .. ., .

CHAPTER 7: GENERAL SUMMARY AND RECONMENDATIONS rn

7.1 Summary of Migration Pattern in Edda rn .

7.3 Summary of .Eer;ttl%kyDifferentials Between Non-Migrant and Migrant Women of Edda .. 7.4 Conclusion ......

7.5 Recommendations .. O I .. I' _ ... References o I .o ..

BIBLIOGRAPHY o o 0 0 o e

APPENDIX (Research Questionnaire) a I LIST OF TABLES -TABLE -PAGE 1 - Percentage Distribution of Edda Women Migrants by Reason for Migration (1984) . 36 2 - Distribution of Edda Women Migrants by Reasons for Migration (1984) .. o a . 36 3 - Percentage Distribution of Level of Education and Migration Among Edda Women Migrants (1984) .. 40 4 - Level of Education and Type of Migration Among Edda Women Migrants ( 1984) .d .O 40 5 - Percentage Distribution of Level of Education and Type of Migration Among Edda Women (1984) 41 6 - vigration and Period of Departure from the Home of Origin Among Edda Migrant Women (1984) .. 43 7 - Percentage D~Sttibutidn of Period of Departure from Home of Origin Among Edda Migrant Women (1984) 44 8 - Place of Birth and Migration Among Edda Women Migrants ( 1984) -a .. e 0 46 9 - Percentage Distribution of Place of Birth and Migration Among Edda Women Migrants (1984) -. 46 10 - Migration and Duration of Residence of Edda Women Migrants ( 1984>-.kc ,E. ,,&*.I.- ' . o 49

11 - Percentage Distribution of Duration of Residence of Edda Migrant Women (1984) Om . 49 12 - Previous Movements Before Arrival to the Present Place of Residence by Eq.da Migrant Women (1984) 53 13 - Percentage Distribution of Previous Movements of Edda Migrant Women (1984) me .. 53

1421 Age at Wirst Marriage for Selected Edda Women (1984) .. a 70 * LIST OF TABLES (CONT'D) TABLES PAGE WI- - 14:2 Mean Age at First Marriage for Edda Women (1984) 71 15 - Type of Marriage and Children Ever Born to Selected Edda Women (1984) me a 76 16 - Occupation and Children Ever Born to Selected Edda Women o .. i 79 17 - Education and Mean Number of Children Ever Botn to Selected Edda Women .O .. 82 18 - Mean Children Ever Born to Selected Edda Women 85 19 - Mean Children Ever Barn to Selected Edda Women Who have Completed Child-Bearing Experience 85 20 - Female Children Ever Born to Selected Edda Women 86 21:l Distribution of Selected Edda Women (Aged 40 Years to 50 Years and Above) by Number of Children Ever Born ,. -. I . 87 21:2 Mean Number of Children Ever Born to Women Aged 40 Years and Above .. 88 22 - Desired Number of Children to Edda Women (1984) 89 23 - Current Birth For Selected Edda Women (1984) 96 24 - Age Specific Birth Rates for Selected Edda Women (1984) a- a I . 97

,..A**.+. ,+*-I+ ' . 25:l Total ~ertiiityRate for Selected Edda Women

(1984) 0 0 rn 0 0 98 25:2 Total Fertility Rate for Edda Women .. 99 26:l Age of Entry into Fir.st Marriage Among Non-Migrant and Migrant Edda 'Women ( 1984) o . Om 110 26:2 Mean Age at First Marriage among on-~igrant

and Migrant Edda Women Do 0 111 27 - Mean dumber of Children Ever Born to Non-Migrant and Migrant Edda Women (1984) ,. Om 116 LIST OF TABLES (CONT'D) -PAGE 28 - Occdpation and Children Ever Born to Non-Migrant and Migrant Edda Women (1984) 121 29 - Occupation and Children Ever Born to Non- Migrant and Migrant Edda Women (1984) e 122 30 - Children Ever Born to Educated Nan-Migraht and Educated Migrant Edda Women ,, rn 123 31 - Children Ever Born to Illiterate Non-Migrant and Illiterate Migrant Edda Women (1984) o e 124 32 - Educational Attainment and Mean Number of Children Ever Born to Edda Women (1984) e rn 124 33 - Current Births for Non-Migrant and Migrant Edda Women (1984) ,, 0 129 34 - Age Specific Birth Rates for Non-Migrant and Migrant Edda Women (1984) * a 129 35 - Total Fertility Rate for Non-Migrant and Migrant Edda Women (1984) . a , o 130 LIST OF PLATES

PLATE PAGE Y_I1 - Edda Migrant Women Dancing Group (24-29 Years of Age Cohort) .. Edda Girls' Fertility Dance (Final Stage) Edda Girls' Fertility Dance . A Typical Example of Edda Family .

A Typical Marriage Occasion in Edda 0. The Event of Child-Birth in Edda ..

I!. : ... .,i. xiii

ABSTRACT

This research work studied the relationship between internal migration and fertility behaviour in Edda clan of Imo State. Some questionnaire8 were administered on 600 ever married women within the ages of 15-45 years, on the basis of

300 non-mogrant and 300 migrant subjects, The purposive sampling method was employed to select the appropriate subjects for the study,

The objective of the study was to know if any difference exisldbetween the fertility behaviour of non-migrant and migrant women of Edda origin. That is, to study the fertility differential between the two groups, It was also aimed at finding the influences of internal migration and other cultural norms on the fertility behaviour of Edda women, From the empirical research, the following findings were noticeable:-

1. Under pattern of internal migration in Edda:-

*f*C<..'.UE a . a) Most of the ~aaawomen migrants (70%) were motivated to migrate on social marital reasons, b) The pattern of internal migration in Edda constitute

rural-urban and rurdl-raral,* involving both literate and illiterate adult Edda women,

C) Edda society tends to experience a net deficit of migra- tionGl effect, resulting from the excess of out-migra- tion over in-migration, xiv

Most of the migrants (80%) were born inside Edda (first generation migrants) and also had remained migrants for ten years and above, There is also the incidence of two-steps migration showing previous move- ments before the present place of residence, Under pattern of fertility behaviour:- The mean age at first marriage is 19-05 years, Women under monogamous marriages tend to have more number of children than th%ir polygynous counterparts, Women engaged in farming and house-wives as occupation tend to have more number of children than their counter- parts in trading and salaried employment as occupations, Illiterate women tend to have more child-births than their literate counterparts, The average number of live births recorded by Edda women who have completed their child-bearing experience (40 years and above) is 5.5, children, .,,#-+kc 9- ,.6,@* ' - For the current birth of 1984, a mean figure of 5.3 is

recorded by all women, Also GFR and TFR of 106 and 3-7 per woman are recorded, respectively,

11 nih Under internal migration and fertility behaviour (compa- risoh of non-migrant and migrant Edda women ;..

The non-migrant women tend to be more prone to early marriages than their migrant counterparts. b) Non-migrant women tend to have more number of live births than their migrant counterparts (even when the influences of occupation and education are held constant to know the influence of migration alone the same result is noticeable).

C) Using the "tWtest statistics, our hypothesis testing

rejects Ho (M1 = M~)thus indicating the acceptance of

d) For current fertility (1984) ASBR and TFR tend to be more favourable to non-migrant women than their migrant counter^ parts,

Based on the above research findings, one would be justified to conclude that internal migration tends tc have some effect on fertility behaviour of Edda women, Consequently, some proposed recommendations are made to forstall the adverse effect of net migration imbalance in Edda clan and also to check the incidence pf high fertility performance, especially among the rural'. non- migrant women who tend to be prone to frequent child births and the concomi tan t inW&l~e""'er"n'the population, CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION GENERAL, PREAMBLE Although migration existed pre-colonial Nigeria, yet the dramatic socio-cultural change which has been sweeping through the country since the colonial contact period has tremendously increased the rural exodus of young men and women to urban centres in search for employ- ment opportunities in both the public and private sectors of the economy, Similarly, the development of cash crops has accelerated the demand for plantation labour into the rural areas where they are gited. Consequently, rural- urban and rural-rural migrations have become common features of contemporary Nigerian life, Among demographers, the effect of this internal migra- tion on the fertility behaviour of migrant woemen remains a controversial subject. Ekanem and Adepoji (1975) maln- Cain that non-mig~s.~.t,s,,,,ten.dto have lower fertility than the aigrqnts, Similarly, Olusanya ( 19691, Ekanem (19731, Morgan (1975) tend to support the assertion of lower ferti.lity among the non-mi.grants against the migrants, I' r .I Also Makinwa (1981)'s finding among non-migrants of Benin-City in Bendel State tends to uphold lower fertility for non-migran ts vis-a-vis migrants, The summary of the above findings is that rural in- migrant women tend to show higher fertility, due to the fact that they carry over the rural characteristics of high ferti- lity to the urban milieu, Similarly, the above findings agree that the rural women tend to have higher fertility than their urban counterparts, Akinbode (1971) in his finding, supports a higher fertility of rural women against urban women. The above researches all tend to show that Nigerian urban women are different from their rural counterparts with respect to fertility behaviour,

On the other hand, one school of thought tends to show khe urban and rural Africans as being similar. The argument of this SC~IOO~is that the urban Africans never forget their rural values and normative cultures and still uphold them in the urban environments. For instance, Azuka Dike (1979) in his contribution titled tlMisconceptions of African Urbanism: Some Euro-American Notionn observed that the 71African urbanism is rural based1!, and went further to state that there is a .,,,., ~.*c.,t~.,C..>* "* . continuous symbiotic relationship between the urban life and / rural-life in Africa. Victor Uchendu (1970) in his own contri- bution states that within a national group, the customary k.

11 . dL tenets prevalent in the rural area tend to predominate in the urban areas, as he puts it thus ltalthough the tribal and the national grouy4-ng in West Africa are acquiring a wider frame of reference politically the old still co-exist with the new and often inter-penetrate". The researcher in his unpublished B.Sc, Thesis (19801, studied the Ekoli-Edda migrants in Aba Town and discovered that strong ties exist between the rural home and the urban migrants in almost all aspects of life.

This research paper, therefore, is an effort geared towards poviding further information about migrant and non-migrant differentials with respect to fertility behaviour- Subsumed in this study is the image of man, responding and reacting to social demands of the rural or the urban environment, sometimes controlling births and sometimes increasing fertility to satisfy the societal normative values of which he is a member and part of. Its major focus is on Edda women and their fertility charac- teristics, As a comparative study, the migrant and non- migrant women of Edda constitute the major subject of study, STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The fertility of women has been a matter of serious concern to all known human societies, past and present,

The barrenness of any woman is regarded as a curse which is never tolerable in Edda, Most family disharmonies arise from the issue of childlessness, In fact, it is generally accepted that the sexual urge in couples, is, in most cases, combined with the desire to get children, The importance of fertility of women stems from the fact that children grow up to add to the labour pool of the society, They provide food, shelter and security to their parents when they become too old and weak to work, In some societies, funeral rituals from children is believed to ensure comfortable sojourn of dead parents to another world, The presence of children makes for the continuity of the human specie on the globe, However, despite all the virtues of fertility, a time comes when birth control becomes necessary for the ..,l..4tC.d .,",* - . available food and land to be enough, Such periods like famine and war times require low fertility rate. In addition, excessive growth of population may eventually I* _ .". lead to population explosion and pressure on the available food and land space, This is true when we realise that land spate is limited on the globe, There are several alarms warning about the danger of the space-ship (earth) being over-loaded with people at the point of imminent collapse. The validity of the views of the alarmists cannot be completely ruled out, especially, as it relates to certain sections of the world where census data are inaccurate like Nigeria.

Therefore, for us to adequately tackle the problem of population growth an adequate knowledge of fertility is very essential,

Also, the problem of rural emmigration and its attendant impacts on the places of origin and destination is very out-

standing in Africa generally, and in Nigeria particularly, Regarding the original home, it has been noticed by

demographers that every departure of any able-bodied adult

counts as a loss of an already accumulated labour. Moreover,

as these young adults depart from the village of origin they

leave behind their aged parents, younger brothers and sisters, cherished relatives and friends in the rural villages, In

addition, they ar&"f&ccd ' to lose contact, permanent or tempo- rary with their village social values and cultural norms.

Thus, the social life and the labour force of the village suffer some sort of deplriva-tion, Concerning the place of destination, the influx of these young migrants weighs very heavily on the social and infra-

structural fac .lities of the host community, Consequently,

there exist serious over-crowding, slum areas, unemployment, and other characteristics of urbanism for the urbanites, As for the rural migrants, there is the constant striving to ingratiate themselves with the host through the learning of the host language and other aspects of the host culture. Therefore,

the host community makes some kind of labour gains and increase in social life, although in some cases, since the gain is not regulated, it becomes too much for the existing infrastructures and as such leads to detrimental conseuquences, However, most migration research works have focused atten- tion on the impacts of migration on the micro-level of indivi- dual's economic needs, Such theory like the sfpush and Pull1' has become popular in social science, The implication of this theory is that in a situation where there exist equal amenities

between rural and urban areas they would be no migration, Unfortunately, this theory tells us more about the behaviour of the individual migrant than the influences of cultural norms

of the society of which the individual is a member,

If we accept the,, ,,fact .. .b ce ,& .,<*tha,t,migration41+ derives heavily from human reproduction, we would be forced to consider very care- / fully the vital event of child-bearing in the study of migra- tion, In doing this effectively, we should adequately examine i ,I . .. the macro-level of the socio-cultural norms of the society, especially as it relates to fertility behaviour, and the impor- tance attached to children. When we compare and contrast the fertility behaviour of migrants with that of their non-migrant

counterparts we may be able to know whether migration has any impact on fertility performance of migrants,

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

Briefly stated, the objectives of this study are as follows:

1, To provide the necessary data for comparing migrant and non-migrant fertility differential of Edda women, 2. To seek for the reasons for the differential, if any exists.

3, It also hopes to highlight some societal norms and institutional organizations which influence the fertility behaviour of women in the Edda social setting.

4. To draw attention to Edda as a research ground for future researchers by demographers or social scientists, " , .. 4, , , -3 ' 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The discoveries made from this study will be useful in the following ways:- I+ . .r 1. Empirical Siqnificance

a) It will enable policy-makers to properly identify the area of higher need for Xnfant Welfare Programmes between migrant and non- migrant communities in Nigeria. This 8

identification will influence the proper location of child-welfare centres, maternity homes, schools and other related social ameni ties,

b) The knowledge of the fertility differentials between the non-migrant and migrant communities will act as a sseful indicator to the pattern of the population

growth in Nigeria, This will enable the policy-makers to know the area of priority in the campaign and education towards family planning and birth control, especially between migrant and non-migrant communities.

2. Theoretic Siqnificane

a) This study will contribute toward the increase of our existing theoretical knowledge about the impact of migration on fertility,

b) It will help to increase our demographic knowledge of Edda women and their fertility behaviour,

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research is based on women of Edda clan in Afikpo

.. ,,.,.kc. .b' ,&\d* ' . Division of Imo State, The reason for choosing this area is partly that the researcher is a native and as such knows the area and the people very well, Moreover, the migrant nature of the Edda popie aGtracted the attention of the researcher, The population of Edda, according to the 1963 national census was about 95,776 people which was distributed among the six communities as follows: Nguou Community Ekoli Community Ebunwana Community Owutu Communi ty

Oso Community Amangwu Community Total

The urban migrant women are selected from Aba and Umuahia, while the nural migrant women are selected from Erei Pam Settlement and Western Nigerian rural plantations. The reason for choosing Aba and Umuahia is the high concentration of Edda people in both towns since the end of the civil war, Moreover, Aba is a big urban centre while Wmuahia is medium-size urban centre. The nearness of the Erei Farm Settlement and the fEtr distance of the Western Nigerian rural plantation satisfy the need for long and short distant migrants. Edda as a clan is a typical rural community with no urban

.,. u-8.C d .s\*+ .' . centres around, Therefore, the non-migrant women selected from this areR constitute typical rural women, possessing the / required characteristic for this study.

Ik *it 1.6 A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA OF STUDY

The area of study constitutes the former Edda Local Government Area, in Imo State during Governor Mbakwe9s

administration, which now constitutes the largest clan

in Afikpo Local Government Area, following the decree

abolishing all newly created Local Government Areas by the

Supreme Military Council of Nigeria, under the leadership of Major General Buhati, Geographically, Edda situates between 7O 45 * and 7O 55' longitudes, east of the Greenwich Meridian and between 5' 45' and 58' latitudes north of the Equatm.

(Nigeria: 1:50,000, Afikpo N.E. Sheet 313 No€*). As noted

by Ottenberg (19591, it lies about 90 miles (144.837 km)

north of the Atlantic coast. The surface land area is

about 86.14 square miles (223.1 square kilornetres). It

is bounded on the north by Ohaozara, on the sourth by

Arochukwu.Ohafia, on the east by Afikpo and on the west

by Akaeze/Nkporo.. gepgraphical. . ,,kt +I areas. Demographically, the total population of Edda, accor-

ding to the 1963 National Census was about 95,776 people,

With a land area of 223,l square kilometres, the popula- I . .L tion density is about 430 persons per square kilometres,

However, the population pressure on land may not be as

much as ~2lfeceedby the population density because of the incidence of jnternal migration, This notwithstanding, the break-down of the 1963 census figures according to the six autonomous communities are as follows:

FIGURES FOR 1963 CENSUS OF EDDA ACCORDING TO THE SIX AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES

r-r- 1963 CENSUS FIGURE ...S/NO, NAME OF COMMUNITY 1, Nguzu-Edda 32,467 r I

2. [ Ekoli-Edda 1f 32,149 v i ! 1 Ebunwana-Edda b 9,391 30 1 1 i 4. Owutu-Edda I 8,194 50 OSO-Edda 7,163 Amangwu-Edda -6. 6,412 Source: Government Document, Imo State (1973) _4-

Socially, the "Ndi Eddaw live in compact villages which make for effective social and political organizations along age-grades, The smallest unit of social control is the family which has extended conmotatimns. ' The notion of nuclear family is new in Edda social set up. The highest level of social organization is the clan level which unites all the Edda communities as the descendants of: the great grand aplical ancestor known as ttIgbo-Ezew hence the concept of "Edda-Ndi-

Igbo-Ezeu, In betwee.1 the above levels of social control are

the compound and the village levels, Now, let us examine the Edda family in greater details because of its vital function and influence on fertility and migration propensities,

-.The Edda Family The Edda family is comprised of the husband or the father

(Nna), the wife or wives (Nne) and the children (Urnu) or (Nwa), The family pattern in Edda is dominalty polygynous due to the agrarian nature of the economy, The family is the only legiti- mate union for raising of children and its legitimacy derives from social recognition accorded to it by marriage rites, In addition, the family is expected to control and socialise children according to the normative values of Edda society, mostly through the initiations into social rituals and ceremonies,

Also, the husband is expected, as the father of the family, to exert a greater influence on the behaviour of the wife or wives because the people by their customs tend to imply that women do not reason like men, age notwithstanding. Hence, there are some village titles which are exclusive for men,

Furthermore, the f egdg-qg,.~f . the family members and their residential needs revolve round the family government, Conse-

quen tly, through the instrumentality of education or socializa- tion, and needs procurement the heads of families control the I I .* members of the family. Generally, the family is extended to include the grand parents, their other siblings and other relatives, Th-s extended family pattern still hold sway in Edda, culminating to the vIkwuql system of relationship which is matrilineally biased, In fact, land ownership revolves round the matrilineal uIkwuw system of social relationship, The implication is that the social system in Edda is rooted in the economic system with the base as land ownership or land tenure, Economically, Edda people sustain their lives from the agricultural sector, Like other Igbo societies, the yam is

the King of all crops and the object of title taking, The palm oil has also been a symbol of wealth because of the exchange power it gives to owner which enables access to things like marriages and other farm crops, An Igbo wise-saying has it that "in Igbo Language, proverbs are the palm oil with which yams are eatents, thus indicating the importance of proverbial speeches as comparable to that of pal9 oil* Edda is palm grove forested which is traditionally

communally owned. The work of climbing the tall palm trees to cut down the fruits revolves around the men-folk, In fact, prior to the coming of formal ,education, traditional methods .,,,... *T. ,, ..%.,a of climbing was the dominant skill, which was acquired through the Egbela ritual, The acquisition of this skill, more than any other thing else, contributed immensely to the earliest 0 - .L rural-rural migration that existed in Edda before and after the colonial era, Young men from Edda higrated to neighbour- ing rural vili3ges to sell t,heir skills to other neighbouring

villages such as Ohafia, Abam, Abiriba, Igbere and others, From what has been noted above, it becomes sensible to argue that the genesis of migration in Edda derived from the macro-level of the socializa- tion factor of the society which exposed the society members to the acquisition of a climbing skill through the compulsory "Egbela rituals". REFERENCES

Ekanem, 1.1. and Adepoju, A, 1975 "A Study of Migration into Selected Capital Cities of Nigeria: Calabar and Illorin", (Mimeograph),

Olusanya, P -0. 1969 q9Rural-Urban Fertility Diff e- ren tials in Western Nigerias1, Population Studies, Vol. 23.

Ekanem, 1,I. 1973 "Fertility in Eastern Nigeriats, Paper presented at the CoOmDoEo SoR~IoAoWorkshop on Population Research in Africa, Lome, July 30 - August 3, 4, Morgan, RoVo "Fertility Level and Fertility Chanqeu (Niqeria) in Caldwell ( ed. j ~o~ulatignand Socio- Economic Change in West Africa, New York, Columbia University- Pres .:, for the Population Counci 1,

5. Makinwa, P.K, Internal Miqration and Rural Development in Niqeria: Lesson from Bendel State, Heinemann,

6, Akinbode, A,A, lVChange in Nigerian Rural , Communities and their Impact \ on Population", Seminar on ~opulationProblems and Policy in Nigeria, March,

7, Uchendu, V. 1970 "The Passing of the Tribal Man: A West African Experience1' in The Passins of the Tribal Man in Leiden, EoJ, Brill, po 5. 8. Dike, AoAo 1979 uMisconceptions of African Urbanism: Some Euro-American Notionstv, in Development of Urban Systems -i.n Africa, (ed.) R.A. Obudho and Salah, El-Shakhs, New York, Praeger, p. 23.

3, Ama, 1.0. 1980 ltRural-Urban Ties in Nigeria: A Case Study of Ekoli Migrants in Aba Towntv, Unpublished B.Sc, Thesis, submitted to the Dept, of Sociology/Anthropology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,

10. Ottenberg, P,V. 1959 "The Changing Economic Position of Women Amonq the Afik~oIbotv in continuity-and ~hanqkin African Culture (ed.) William, R, Bascon and Melversity of Chicago Press, p, 206,

11. Government Document 1973 Goveri-merit of East Central State Ministry of Economic Development and Reconstruction, Statistics Division, Enugu, Population Figures for Afikpo Division,

,. ,, . ..q .>. , .,a ' . CHAPTER 2 BITERATURE REVIEW

For effective research, a proper knowledge of all previous researches done by others in the same field is very essential, Consequently, the researcher has employed most of his time in reviewing all existing relevant literature to enable him have adequate and up-to-date information relating to the theories and empirical works in the field of study,

241 THEORETICAL REVIEW Although the issue of high fertility and its concomi- tant problems of over-population dates back to ancient times, yet Malthus (1798) (1872) was the first to propose a formal

socitil theory of population, As a prophet of doom, he

attributed the problem of poverty of England of his time

to over-population, He further stated that because of the desire in man to reproduce more than the available means. of subsistence, the only way to evade the danger of poverty was to employ some~c?h~kson fertility behaviour. Although the r-vents of Industrial Revolution in England destroyed the predictions of Malthus theory, yet some modern social scientists still consider.Nis ideas as containing some elements of truth or relevance. Sequel to the theory of Malthus, the socialist theory,

as spear-headed by Marx and Engels (1867) stated the contrary that over-population was the result of capitalism desiring to create a surplus labour force to maximize produc- tion and the consequent profit. This idea still enjoys the support and acceptance of modern marxists. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century socio- logits like Spencer (1867) came up with the thought that development of commerce and industry could help to decrease population, as he further observed that educated women workers tended to have fewer number of children. In his own contribution, Warren Thompson (19441, in his theory of demographic transition noted that as societies change from pre-industrial to industrial societies, the ferti- lity gradually declines, The implication of this theory is 'chat the high fertility in Africa is due to lack of industria- lization, This is ethnocentric and not true. From facts available in theoretical literature, there- fore, the debate over fertility will continue to engage the thoughts of demographers till a proper solution is found out,

..,,..-(.!',,\>> ' 2.2 EMPIRICAL REVIEW On the empirical plane, Iutqka (1976) in his study of natives and migrants in Latin America found higher fertility among rural migrants cornpaked-to non-migrants as he noted that ;Ithe most consistent finding here is that rural migrants tend to have higher fertility than the other groups, even at equal level of the zontrolled variables with some notable exceptionsn. Duncan (1965) found a higher fertility performance among urban dwellers which he attributed to be as a result of urban migrants who bring high fertility pattern from their rural homes. Zarate and Zarate (1975) found lower fertility among indigenous urban residents compared to in-migrants, Green and Milone (1972) and Gaisie (1972) found high fertility rate of 6-6 among the Southern Urban Centres of

Ghana as against the northern rural areas with fertility rate of 5,0, Ominde (1972) found a low child-woman ratio in the urban areas of Kenya. Makinwa (1981) in a survey of migrant and non-migrant women of Bendel State, discovered a higher fertility among migrants in relation to non-migrants,

Akinbode (1973) maintains the contrary vieu that rural ferti- lity is higher, thus supporting a higher fertility rate among the non-migrants against migrant counterparts, Ekanem and Adepoju (1975) reported a mean children ever born (fertility rate) of Warri women as 2.6. Ekamem (1973) reported the fertiliky..~.ate.,,ofwomen in Ananbra and Imo States as 2,183, Olusanya (1969) reported 2.98 and 2,74 respectively as the mean children ever born by Ife and Oyo women, Makinwa

(1981) reported a mean of 3.406- children for women of Benin- ,# * .< City, Similarly, Olusanya (1968) reported an average family size of 3-1 for suburban area of Ibadan, An NTA broadcast of 30th November* 1984, at 7.00 p,m, quoting information from the Population Bureau of Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER) reported Nigeria's growth rate as 6.9 or 7 children per annum, Considering further fertility differentials, the United Nations (1970) unequivocally stated that lower urban fertility was not a universal phenomenon as it stated thus While there is enough evidence of a relatively low fertility in the urban areas of many societies, this is not a universal findingH.

As a follow-up, Zarate and Zarate (1975) made a statement which

I tend to agree with, as he noted that #'the question of the relationship of migration and place of origin to fertility has been an important one in demographic literature, although the relationship is not at all clear at the present timet9. Cohen (1967) in his survey of some African countries found higher fertility among non-migrant of Mali, Togo and Guinea as against their migrant counterparts. Iutaka (1976) made a statement which tended"'e'6" YnWiQate the researcher's ambition overthis research work, as he noted and I quote, 'Iff we really want to be consistent in look for a migration effect on ferti- \ lity; then we should compare) rur.al migrants with rural natives of the same countryu, Concerning m? gration, two approaches appear very glaring in migration ~iteratureover the reasons for migration. They are the economic approach and the non-economic approach. The economic approach tends to view the individual migrant as bedng rationally influenced by the cost and benefits of the decision to migrate from areas of low income and few job opportunities to areas where employment opportunities are tremendous for the improvement of personal standard of living in the salaried formal sectors. This approach appears to be the pre-occupation of economists, The chief exponents of the economic approach includsamong others, the following:

Ravenstein' 1418851, Sajaastad (19621, Todaro (1969, 1970, 1976) and Harris (19701.

R.K, Udo (1975) tends to follow the same approach, Follow- ing the discovery of some inadequacies over the economic approach, such theoriets like Everette-lee (19691, Charles Tilly (19641, Stouffer (1940) tended to include other factors such as factors in area of origin, factors in area of destina- tions, intervening obstacles and personal factors. However, the factors of "Push and PullMwere still given too much emphasis, The basic 4ienebuf 'the economic approach is that migration is positively related to inequalities of economic opportunities between the rural and urban,

Viewed frcm the Nigeri,an reality, one can rightly argue that the economic approach has not fully explained migrants' behaviour with regards to extended family norm which militates against indiv-dual rational economic decision, The economic approach, therefore, distorts the Nigerian picture. Consequently, the non-economic approach which includes the role of the extended family, environmental factors, becomes more realistic to the Nigerian migration experience, The chief exponents of the non-economic approach include among others, Mabogunje (1970)'s glSystems Approach to Theories of Ruraldrban Migrationw, Findlcyvs (1979) four-phases of migration, Boguefs (1959) Propositions, Everett-Lee (1969) theoretical frame-work and other related theories,

203 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE Since this study is based on Edda where the extended family norms still hold sway, the non-economic approach is more relevant in explaining the social reality, Moreover, as a social demographer, the fa-ts of society as contri- butor towards the behaviour of the social man cannot be glossed over , Moreover, to take.the ,economic approach in Nigeria ,I ."..."I. .I .. ( I* would mean painting the picture of the Nigerian as "living by bread aloneq1, This is not true, Nigerians are still their brother's keepers and the facts of the I' " .a home of origin are never forgotten by migrants. Ga '%i,# REFERENCES 4, '"%.

1. Ma1 thus "An Essay on the Principles of Population as it Affects the Future Improvement of So~iety,,.~

Ibid, 7th Edition, Book 1, Chap. I.

Marx, K, 1867 "Capitals' (1959 Edition), pp.640-644.

Spencer, H. 1867 The Principles of Biology, Vol, 2, pp, 406-410; 480-5066

Sidgwick 1883 "The Principles of Political Economyw, pp, 150-155.

Thompson, W.S, 1944 Plenty of People, Jacques Cattel Press, Lancaster, Pa,

Iutaka, S. et al, "Fertility: Natives and Migrants in Metropolitan Latin Americanu in ~nternationalMiqration, the New World and The Third World, (ed,) Richmon, AoHm, York University, Toronto,

Duncan, 0.D- "Farm Backqround and Differential

1975 In, Iutaka (19761, Op, Cit,

Green, La and /' - .a Milone, V. 1972 Wrbanization in Nigeria: A Planning Commentarygs, In terna- tional Urban Survey, New York, Ford Foundation, 11, Gasie, S.K. 1972 "Miaratiom and Child-Bearing in Kencaw, in Population ~rowthand Economic Development in Africa, Heinemann, London,

12, Ominde, SOH- 1972 ItMiaration and Child-Bearing in Kenyaw in Population ~rowth-and Economic Development.,in Africa,. Hernemann, London,

13, Makinwa, P,K. 1981 Internal Migration and Rural Development in Nigeria: Lesson from Bendel State, Heinemann, Ibadan,

14, Akinbode, 1.A. 1971 !'Changes in Nigerian Rural Commu- nities and their Impact on Popula- tion", Seminar on population Problem and Policy in Nigeria, March,

15, Ekanem, 1.1, and Adepoju, A, 1975 llMigratfon into Warri, Bendel StateC' (~imeograph),

6 Ekanem, I,Ie 1973 "Fertility in Eastern Nigeriao' Paper presented at the C,O,D.E,S, R.I.A. Workshop on Population in Africa, Lome, July 30 - August 3.

17. Makinwa, P.K. 1981 ,Op. Cit, , . ,, .. 4 "t. .t' .. .>a 18. Olusanya, P.0, 1969 Rural-Urban Fertility Differentials ' in Western Nigeria, ~opulation Studies, Vol, 23-

19. United Nations I' * .a 1970 Variables and Questionnaire for Comparative Fertility Survey, Department of Economic and $ocial Affair, Population Studies, No, 45, New York . 20, Zarate and Zarate 1975 Op, Cit, Cohen, JoM. 1967 Fecondite: Facteurs in NISEE, Afrique Noite, Madagascar, Comores, Demographic Comparee, Paris, P.V, 25, Iutaka, So et ale 1976 Op, Cit,

Ravenstein, EoGm 1885 "The Laws of Migration, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol, 2, NO, 2, June.

Sajaastad, LaAo "The Cost and Returns of Human Migration", Journal of Political Economy, Vol, 7, NO, 4, Part 11, October,

Todaro, Mop- lVModalLabour Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Coun triesw,

Harris, Jo and Todaro, MePo Migration, Unemployment and Develop- ment: A Twe-Sector Analysis, the American Economic Review, Vol, 60,

Migrant Tenant Farmers of Nigeria: A Geographical Study of Rural Migrants in Nigeria, London, African University Press.

Evere t t-Lee, S, 1969 "Theory of Migrationn, in Jo Jackson (ed,), Cambridge, Cambridge Univer- sity Press, Tilly* Charles 1964 ' n~lgrationin American Cities, in ~harlesTilly (ed. 1 An Urban world, Boston, Little Brown & Coy.

Stouffer, S.Ao 1940 "Intervening Opportunities: A Theory Relating Mobility and Distancett, American Sociological Review, Vol, 5, 31, Mabogunje, A-I. 1970 "System Approach to a Theory of Rural-Urban Migrationn, Geographic Analysis, Vol. 2, No, 8, January,

32, Findley, SoEo 1979 Untitled: State of the Act Paper on Migratibn, Rural Development and Fertility, Submitted, A.I,D,

33, Bogue, D.J. 1959 OJInternational Migrationv7in Phillip Hauser and Otis Dudley Duncan (ed,) The Study of Population: Am Inven- tory Appraisal: Chicago, University of Chicago Press,

34. Everett-Lee, So 1969 Opo Cite CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 - 1 _S_O$,r,CCEE PF DATA The data for this study were obtained from field

interview of 600 ever-married women aged 15-49 years.

The study sample was divided into groups of migrant and

non-migrant women and 300 persons were taken from each

group. This restriction of the interview to women is

because it is normal in demography to look at fertility

behaviour as the primary involvement of women. In fact,

the act of -child-rearing revolves on the women-folk while

the husbands undertake the burden of working for money

and/or food for their proper maintenance.

3.2 !,1ETI-IOD OF SAMPLING Ilf..c- a- --*-lur, rvll

The purposive sampling method was employed to enable

the researcher select subjects who are relevant for

purposes of comparison, ,, . ,ws" bgtye.enT~ migrant and non-migrant

women, The total required sample of 600 was selected

from the six Edda communities as follows:-

a) Rural to Urban Migrants . - 200 I' . .a b) Rural to Rural Migrants - 100

Since the Edda people li-lre in clusters of six communities, the sample was drawn in such a manner as to ensure proper representations of the migrant and non- migrant women as shown below:-

10 ------Thc fJon-Miqrant Women: The non-migrant women are selected from among Edda womcn who have been resident in Edda from the time of their first marriages to the time of the research, They are selected from the six Edda autonomous communities as follows:-

Nguzu = 70; Ekoli = 70; Ebunwana = 40; Owutu = 40; Oso = 40; and Amangwu = 40; according to the 1963 census of Edda as

shown in page 9 of this work (see Table *?Aw below), These home "stayer sit constitute typical mon-migrant women whose fertility behaviour is to be compared with that of migrant

Edda womcn.

TABLE "A": SAMPLE OF MIGRANT AND NON-MIGRANT EDDA WOMEN BY Pa --- - .aCONMUNITIES OF BIRTH

-4 MIGRANT WOMEN NON-MIG RANT WOMEN Commu n i ty

Ekoli Ebunwana Owu tu The =rant Women: 2, 1- On the other hand, the migrant women are selected from among worncn who were born in Edda but since their first marriages have migrated outside the borders of Edda clan,

The migrant women are st b--divided into two categories, namely, rural- to-urban migrants and rural- to-rural migrants. a) --The -Rural-to-Urban migrants are those who were born in Edda but migrated to urban areas outside Edda clan since

their first marriages. For this study, rural-to-urban

migrants are limited to Edda migrants resident at Aba and

Umuahia. In order to ensure proper representation of the

six Edda comrn:;an:i.tles the selection of the rural- to-urban

sample arc as ofollows: Nguzu=50, made up of 30 Aba and 20

Umuahin residents; Ekoli = 50, made up of 30 Aba and 20

Umuahia residents; Ebunwana = 25, made up of 15 Aba and ten

Umuahia residents; Owutu = 25, made up of 15 Aba and ten

Umuahia rcsidents; Oso = 25, made up of 15 Aha and ten

Umuahia residents; kmangwu = 25, made up of 15 !iba and ten

,' ,, . ..s. \t' ., .,J Umuahia resider~ks~This gives a total of 120 residents from

Aba and 80 residents from Umuahia (see Table "BN below). b) Fhc-- rural-to-rural migrant women are those women born in Edda but have migrates to.' other rural communities or planta-

tions outside the borders of Edda clm since after their first

marriages. For this study, also, rural- to-rural migrant

worncn arc limited to Edda women who are resident in Erei Farm Settlement and Western Nigerian Cocoa plantations in Ondo and Ogun States, In order to ensure proper representation of the six Edda communities, the sample was selected from Erei and Cdestern Nigeria, respectively as follows: Nguzu = 25, made up of 12 Erei and 13 CJestern Nigeria residents; Ekoli =

25, made up of 12 Erei and 13 Western Nigeria residents;

Ebunwnna = 13, made up of 6 Erei and 7 Western Nigeria rcsi-- dents; Owutu = 13, made up of 6 Erei and 7 Western Nigeria residents; Oso = 12, made up of 6 Erei and 6 Western Nigeria residents; Amangwu = 12, made up of 6 Erei and 6 Western

Nigeria residents. This gives a total of 48 and 52 Edda residents from Erei and Western Nigeria respectively (see Tablc 11J311below),

TABLE "Btt: SAMPLE OF MIGRANT EDDA WOMEN BY COMMUNITIES OF -1 -. BIRTH AND PLACES OF RESIDENCE

-ew,-- RURAL RURAL MIGRANTS RURAL RURAL MIGRANTS Community - -7 -". -. -*-I Aba Total Erei Total Grand .. -1.. Total -- .- - __.- -5rC -I-.. -. Ngu zu 30 50 12 25 75 Elto 1i 30 50 12 2 5 75 Ebunwana 15 25 6 13 33 Owu tu 15 25 8 13 32 oso 15 25 6 12 37 Arnangwu 15 25 6 12 37 - - U L-). -4 -1 Total 120 48 100 300

."u*-- - - C' A A t-.. 3.3 STUDY INSTRUMENTS The instruments employed in this study are question- naire and interview schedule. The interview schedules were administered on the illitrates and the answers recorded immediately by the interviewer. The question- naires were administered on the literate subjects to fill at their convenient time while the interviewer collects

them back on a stipulated date.

It was not the intention of the researcher to employ a very sophisticated instruments because of the nature of the subjects who are mostly married women with little

or no idea of academic tesearches, As such, they would

be very prone to fearing any documented questionnaire as having some taxation implication or census implication,

3.4 RESEARCH VARIABLES AND THEIR MEASUREMENTS For the purpose of this study, the two major variables

are "Internal Migrationvv andtlFertili ty Behaviourtl, This is so because the, ,,stp$,,ym ts to find out whether internal migration has any effect on fertility behaviour or not, This page, therefore, examines these two major variables in greater details. 1' * .L Fertilitv Behaviour For this study, fertility is interpreted to mean the

actual nt 3ber of live-births recorded by any woman under the study, It includes children who are living during the time of study and those who may have died some months after birth or even died some weeks or days after birth, It also includes children who are presently living within and outside the family of orientation, In short, fertility under this study refers to both survivors and non-survivors after the normal birth. On the other hand, it excludes

-Measurement -- of Fertilitx In eliciting the fertility data, the following questions were asked to the subjects, through the approved questionnaire:- a) State the total number of children ever born by you,

b) State the number of children within the ages of 0-4 years, c) Have you had any birth within the past 12 months?

Yes No d) Do you have any desire for more children? Yes - No - e) If Yes, to the above question '(dl state the sexes of your desires and their numbers.

f SQppose you were free to choose, how many children would .A,,.... l. .I... ..I+ ' . you like to have on the whole? From the answers given by the subjects, some absolute 1

or raw figures were got, Consequently, the statistical "mean \

I . .L was employed on the figures to compute the average ferti-

lity, Also, "Rates or RatiostPwere statistically computed to reduce the ahsolu te figures to relative numbers for comparative purposes, For instance, Age Specific Birth Rates (AsBR), General Fertility Rate (GFR) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) are computed for the current birth figures for one year (1984). The above statistical computations are useful in comparing the fertility performances of non-migrants and the migrants with a view to seeking for the effect of migration on fertility. They also make for easy comparison of our findings with other findings in Nigeria and other places. Since the age at first marriage also affects fertility performance, it is necessary to treat it under .fertility. In eliciting the data for the age at first marriage, the following question was asked to the subjects. a) How old were you when you married your first husband? Similarly, some absolute or raw data were obtained from the responses. Consequently, statistical measures like the "modeu, "meantt (R) and percentages are computed to get the relative numbers for comparative purposes. -Internal Miqration In this study, internal migration is defined to mean any , ,,. 4"s >>. * movement outside the borders of Edda clan for semi-permanent or permanent residence. Migrank women in this context are those women who were born in Edda but have moved outside the

I' - .L borders of Edda clan for residence, since after their first marriage, with or without occasional visits at the original home (Edda). Yigration has both points of origin and destina-

tion. For this study, Edda is the point of origin while Aba and Umuahia constitute the places of destinations for urban migrants. The destination for the rural migrants are chosen as Erei Farm Settlement and the Western Nigerian Cocoa Planta- tions. Non-migrants in this context refer to those women who are born in Edda and have stayed at home since their first marriage. These category of women are currently married at home but may or may not occasionally visit places outside Edda for marketing purposes, This group is also referred to as permanent home-stayers, Measurement of Miqration In eliciting the required facts concerning the migrants' characteristics, the following questions as contained in the approved questionnaire were asked to the subjects: a1 State the places you have lived outside Edda and the

number of years you lived there. b) What were the main reasons for your choosing to leave your native place .. tO.f.anoCher place?

C) Where were you born, outside or inside Edda? d) How long have you lived in Edda? e) Where were you living before; the civil war?

The raw or absolute data from the responses of the subjects are statistically !computed into "Percentagen distributions for comparative purposes. Consequently, the percentage distri- butions of reasons for migration, level of education and migration, place of birth of migrants, duration of residence of migrants, and previous movements of migrants are statisti- cally computed- These facts are useful in the interpretation and explanations of the pattern of internal migration in Edda.

OTHER MINOR VARIABLES EMPLOYED IN THE RESEARCH .A- .A- a) Education: The ability to read exposes the reader to mass media and other information relating to family planning, and enlarges the universe of the individual, In this study, education is considered in terms of literates and illiterates, b) Occupation: For this study, occupation is broadly classified into four major categories such as farmers, traders/sales-women, salaried workers, and house-wives, This classification is convenient enough for our purpose concerning the fertility of Edda women, The effect of occupation on fertility is vital in the research,

.',,.,..f.,t..,*.>> * . c) Type of Family: The type of family or type of marriage may directly or indirectly affect fertility, For this study, two broad families arz identified buch-'as polygynous and monogamous families, There are also referred to as polygynous or monogamous marriages. The effect of type of marriage or type of finily on fertility is also vital in this research, 3.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

At the back of the mind of the researcher lie these two crucial research questions: - 1, Is there any significant difference between the fertility of Edda non-migran t and migran t women?

2, Could the reason for such differential, (if any

exists) be attributive to the effect of internal migration? 3.6 -RESEARCH HYPOTHESES Based on the above research questions, the researcher had to formulate the following hypotheses to facilitate his statistical test:-

1, That there is a significant difference between the

fertility of Edda non-migrant and migrant women,

2, That the reason for such differential may be attributive to the effect of internal migration, CHAPTER 4

PATTERN OF INTERNAL MIGRATION IN EDDA This chapter presents, analyzes, and explains the empirical data collected from the study subjects through their reponses to the approved questionnaire, especially the sections relating to the internal migrational behaviour of the subjects. For the purpose of correct research procedure, and for the purpose of proper understanding, some other social variables such as, motivational reasons for migration decision making, level of education of subjects, period of deparuture from home of origin of the subjects, place of birth of subjects, duration of resi- dence of subjects and their previous movements are examined to enable us have a true picture of the migration behaviour, For the purpose of easy understdnding, the facts are, firstly shown under their respective tables, These are followed by explanations and interpretations of the tables, In some cases, certain relevant measures of migration are employed to

.,,, -4.q. \t..? .,a ' . prove the facts, In addition, some general comments relating to some sub-headings are made, At the end of the chapter, the I impacts of internal migration on the socio-economic life of the \

I I .a people are stated as derived by observation and oral questions, This is immediately followed by a summary of the chapter with a view to facilitating the proper grasp of the core of the research findmgs. TABLE 1

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EDDA WOMEN MIGRANTS BY REASON FOR MIGRATION (1984)

Government Service

Marital Reasons

To get moncy

To enjoy life

I I -Other reasons 10 3 Total

TABLE 2

DISTRIBVTION OF EDDA WOMEN MIGRANTS BY REASONS FOR MIGRATION ( 1984)

Reasons for Migration Age Total Pop. Group of Women Govt. Marital To Get To Enjoy Other Service Reason Money Town Lifer- Reasons 4.1 REASONS FOR MIGRATION FOR EDDA WOMEN

The data on the reasons for migration for Edda

women as presented under Tables 1 and 2 show that most

of the women (70% of all the women) migrated on marital

reason, The desire to improve one's iconomic status by

getting more money motivated 14% of the women, Govern- ment service and the enjoyment of town life motivated 8%

and 5% of the women, respectively. Other reasons such as social ostracism, death of husbands and meeting rela-

tives for social protections motivated 3% of the women, The implication of the above findings is that the reason for Edda women's migration tends to be mainly social. The reason may derive from the fact that in Edda society, women are never looked upon as bread-winners of

the family, Women also, do not take any title involving

financial expenditure, As such, the average Edda woman is not ambi tious for money, Instead, the social recognition of the Edda women ,, ,, .> 4 .!. ,*'.- .>a derives from the number of children (fertility performance)

and the extent of loyalty or obedience to a husband. /

Also, marriage is not affair left alone for the bride \,

1' I .I and bridegroom to decide, The onus of selecting a spouse

is the business of the extended family. Therefore, the

decision 7s to whether to marry a migrant or non-migrant is taken on family basis, without individual women's motivation, The matrilineal system of relationship may influence a girls to marry somebody living near matrilineal relatives who may readily come to rescue the girl in cases of bad treatment by the husband or other crises of life, Consequently, migra- tion is mainly influenced by the presence of relatives in the place of destination for the migrant Edda women, This social reason for migration in the African situation, though not adequately researched into, tends to have caught the attention of some other researchers, for instance, Makinwa (1981) reports the joining of a husband as a reason for migration, She went further to note that 53.1% of total migrant and 12% of the same group received sponsorship for migration by rural parents and rural uncles, respectively, Adepoju (1977) also noted Itthat the decision of migration making in Africa is largely a household, instead of individual concernIt, Banton (1957) found that most migrants in Northern Siera Leone made their decision to migrate mainJy. . ,, ...... kp free themselves from the social reason of oppression and extortion from their village chiefs. This is similar to United Nation (1957)'s report that rural youths of Africa migrated out on the social reason of escaping I' . .i from the gerontocratic authorities of elders, In the same vein, Guerny (1978) reported of the vital role of the extended family in out migration decision-making. Makinwa (1981) reported a findicg which fends to be consistent with the adds situation as she noted Isevidence from the survey strongly suggests that for the majority of the migrant9,the decision to migrate like the choice of the point of destination is a family affair, and is very much dependent on social and economic supports avail- able from family members in rural origin or urban destina- tioni8. Ominde (1972) reported that the out-flow of females

(15-44 years old) could be described as marriage migrations in Kenya. Similarly, Gutkind (1969) in his contribution noted that the Africanst decisions to migrate derives from their "will to be modernu and not from the economic factor only. The Edda finding seriously deviates from the economic motivation which tend to characterise the findings of some economists and geographers like Prothero (19691, (1955),

Udo (l975), Rempel and..Tgdqyo (l972), Ominde (19721, Ohadike (19721, Ravenstein (19851, Sajaastad (19621, Haris (1970) and several others. TABLE 3

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND MIGRATION - AMONG EDDA WOMEN MIGRANTS (1984)

-- - Level of Education I Population of Women .A .. - - Illitrates 172

FeSmLmC. 79

\;,A,S,C. 37 Ii 12.3 1 b I College 8 1- j -University i -Total 300--

LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND TYPE OF MIGRATION AMONG EDDA WOMEN MIGRANTS (1984) -

Type of Migration I Illiterata -- ,. ,, ,. 4-<. ,t. .. Rural-Urban 95

...-. I - Total I 172 TABLE 5 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND TYPE OF -. MIGRATION AMONG EDDA WOMEN (1984) --- Level of Education/ Population of Women Type of Migration

Illiterates: a) Rural-Urban b) Rural-Rural

FmSmLmCm : a) Rural-Urban b) Rural-Rural WoAmSmCa: a) Rural-Urban b) Rural-Rural College: a) Rural-Urban b) Rural-Rural

. . ,, .. 4 . University: a) Rural-Urban b) Rural-Rural 4.2 LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND MIGRATION AMONG EDDA WOMEN The data on level of education and migration among

Edda women as shown under Tables 3, 4 and 5 indicate that

more than half of the migrant women (57,3%) are illiterates,

leaving out 42.7% of the migrants as literate women. The

illiterates are domi nan t in both rural-urban and rural-rural migrations with 31.7% and 25,7% of the total women, respec-

tively, (Table 51, This is followed by the literate women

with FSLC who constitute 20% and 6.3% for ruhal-urban and

rural-rural migrations,respectively. The literate WASC

holders constitute 11%and 1.3% of the total number of women for rural-urban and rural-rural migrations, respec-

tively, The data also reveal that women with college O$ University qualifications migrate to urban arcas only, and not rural areas.

The reason for the illiterate women's domination in

rural-urban migrations may be due to the fact that most Edda men are traders in most of the urban areas. The near- .' ,, *. .( ,$' ., >$ ness of Edda to Abiriba made possible the spread of the

Abiriba way of life toward trade, through the system of taking Edda people as house-boys or trading auxilliaries

IL ".I by the early Abiriba traders. The young Edda men taken as house-boys later developed on their own and took their

younger brozhers to urban areas to trade in the Abiriba

style. These traders later married wives from Edda and took them to urban areas where their trades were establi.shed. On the contrary, the reason for non-participation of women with College or University qualification in rural-rural migration may be due to the fact of concentration of major industries, and administrative centres in the urban areas of

Nigeria. In addition, the educational backwardness of Edda people may be another reason making possible for the few

educated women to be married by urban well-to-do men of Edda origin. TABLE 6

MIGRATION AND PERIOD OF DEPARTURE FROM THE HOME OF ORIGIN AMONG EDDA MIGRANT WOMEN (1984) -

L- L- Age Total PERIOD OF DEPARTURE Group Population After of Women Since After After First Birth Primary Secondaty Marriage School u- . School 15-19 22

20-24 13

25-29 14

30-34 ,....f. ,tT *

35-39 2 40-44 -

45-49 -, -so+ - Total 58

-6- TABLE 7

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PERIOD OF DEPARTURE FROM HOME OF -1 ORIGIN AMONG EDDA MIGRANT WOMEN (1984)

k ..-Period of Departure I Population of Women-- % Since Birth 58 19,3 After Primary School I i b After Secondary School t t After First Marriage t - I Total 300

4.3 PERIOD OF DEPARTURE FROM THE ORIGINAL HOME BY EDDA MIGRANT WOMEN

The data concerning the period of departure from

the original homes by the Edda migrant women as presented

under Tables 6 an3 7 indicate that most women migrated

after the period of their first marriage (70,3% of all

the women). The data also show that 19.3% of all the

women were born in migrant destinations outside Edda. ,,,f...t.,t'.q*.>J ' . Consequently , their period of departure started since their bir>h, This type of migrants could be described as second

generation migrants. Those who departed from original

homes after Primary and .'secondary Schools constitute 7%

and 3.3%, respectively of the total number of the women

(Table 71, Table 6 shows that the older migrants (40 years and above) who may not have attended any formal school never migrated outside Edda until after the period of their first marriage, while the younger cbhorts (15-39 years) had made some migration before their first marriage, The youngest cohort (15-19 years) records the highest participation of migration since after birth,

The implication of the highest incidence of migration after the first marriage is that the migrants were adults before leaving their original homes, As such they may have been fully socialised in the culture of the original home before departure, with the concomitant problem of adaptation in the migrant points of destinations, There is also the possibility of carrying over most of the cultures from the original homes to either the urban or rural destination, as the case may be. Similarly, the adults at the age of puberty had made some friends in the orig&naf'*home .before migration. This may lead to the desire Qf frequent visitations to the original home to renew fai th with the cherished friends and relations. Pt may also lead to exchange of *gifts and letter writings between the migrants and the people at the original home, 46

TABLE 8 -PLACE OF BIRTH AND MIGRATION AMONG EDDA WOMEN MIGRANTS (1984) - Place of Birth To tal Popul a- Age Group - - tion of bdomen Outside Edda ..-

U- Total: 15-50+ 300

TABLE 9 -.PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PLACE OF BIRTH AND MIGRATION AMONG EDDA WOMEN MIGRANTS (1984)

-9-.. Place of Birth Total Population of Women --- % - I Outside Edda 4.4 PLACE OF BIRTH AND MIGRANTION OF ECDA WOMEN The empirical data concerning the place of birth of

Edda migrant women as shown in Tables 8 and 9, clearly

show that most of the migrant women (80,7% of the total population) were born inside Edda, with 19,3% being born

outside Edda. The data also show a sort of division between the old and new migrants in the sense that most of the old cohorts (30 years and above) were born within Edda, while the younger cohorts (15-29 years) show some difference (Table 81, On the whole, all the cohorts had

a greater number of their members born inside Edda, except the youngest cohort (15-19 years) which had most of its members born outside Edda (Table 81,

The importance of the place cf birth in migration study derives from the high value and attachment most African migrants have for their places of birth. Conse- quently, the implication of the above data which have most

< ,, . ."S. +' i- ' . of the migrant women born in Edda is that there will be high regard for Edda by the migrants irrespective of where-

ever their migrant-point of destination may be, In the i same vein, the following "characteristics are likely to manifest:.

1. The migrantwomen will contribute towards rural develogment projects of Edda, under self-help-projects, 2. The migrants would be expected to make some remittances to their relatives living at Edda,

3. The migrants would be required to form village unions in their various places of destination to foster co-operation among themselves and between them and the people at their place of birth (~dda).

4. On the other hand, the people at home (~dda)would be expected to continue regarding the migrants as daughters

abroad who would be free to make occasional home visits and final retirements during old age, 5, The migrants are expected to participate in ritual cere- monies at the place of birth,

6. All the rights and privileges which are traditionally

recognised for such daughters are still kept intact or reserved for them until they return, as return migrants, Regarding migrant's origin, Makinwa (1981) reported that

62% of his subjects originated from the rural areas while

38% of them originated(a# ._.+, grom urban areas as second genera- tion migrants. When compared with our finding of 80.7%

and 19.3% for rural and urban origins respectively

(Table 91, our finding tends to be consistent with the I, + .a Benin finding. 49 TABLE 10

T4IGRATION AND DURATION OF RESIDENCE OF EDDA WOMEN MIGRANTS - *--- -*- (1984)

-a I Duration of Residence- 10+ Above Years

-4

TABLE 11

-.-PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF DURATION OF RESIDENCE OF EDDA MIGRANT WOMEN (1984)

,. ,,. ."a. ,t ,% ' . -. Duration 7f Residence Population of Women Y-WUWuU I -UUI Less than 1 Year I 1 I - 4 Years 5 - 9 Years 10+ Above Years 4.5 MIGRATIONAND DURATION OF RESIDENG The data on duration of residence for the Edda migrant women indicate that most of the women have migrated for more than ten years, More than half of the women under study (58,7%) indicated that they had remained migrant for

more than ten years (Table 11). This is followed by women with more than five years duration involving 27% while the

least of -3% is recorded by women under one year duration,

Table 10, also shows that duration of residence among the migrants, is determined by age, That is, the older the migrant, the higher the duration of residence. The

only case of deviation from the above is seen within the youngest cohort (15-19 years) with more than half of their members indicating more than ten years duration of residence

as migrants, The reason for this deviation may be due to the fact that most of them had remained migrants since their birth (second generation migrants), In other words, they were born by migrant parents with whom they had

," ."C. \?.,,<.,# ' . remained with in their various destinations since birth, On the contrary, the women who were born inside Edda and who migrated after their first marriage tended to maintain a type of sequence3'of seniority in duration of residence according to their age cohorts. However, some

deviation f~omthe sequence may be attributed to women whose marriages were broken either by death or other soci-economic factors and consequently they returned home for re-marriage, This period of stay at home may affect the duration of residence, The implication of long duration of residence as the one under study is that such women are fully adapted to migrant life, By this I mean that migration may have exerted

a lot of influence on their patterns of life such as dressing style, eating style, fertility behaviour, language, other aspects like occupation and others. This influences may have made them somehow different from their non-migrant counterparts in the original home. Duration of residence, therefore, goes a long way to determine whether a migrant is qualified for a comparative study vis-a-vis the non-migrant counterpart of

the same place of birth or original hme, Makfnwa (1981)

reported the following duration of stays at destination in his Benin survey:

Less than 1 year 6,5% 1 - 4 years = 27,9% ,. ,*. ."'. .?, ., ' . 5 - 10 years = 35.2% 11 - 20 years = 24.3% Over 20 years = 5,1%

The above finding tend to be consistent with the Edda

finding in the sense that both have the highest percentage around ten year; duration, The implication is that most of the migrants migrated immediately after the civil war in 1970, or about two or three yeara after. In fact, there was a tremendous population movement after the war to other parts of former East Central

State due to lack of houses and enough food to sustain

life in war devastated villages like Edda.

4-6 PREVIOUS MOVEMENTS OF EDDA MIGRANTS Table 12 shows that most of the migrants have made

some previous movements before settling at their present

places of residence, The table, also shows that the

older migrants (30 years and above) tend to have made more previous movements than the younger migrants (15-29

years), The reason may be due to the Nigdrian civil war and the resultant creation of more States which have

tended to discourage migration to outside one's State of

origin because of the abandoned property issues and other socio-political antagonisms which characterised the post-

war Nigeria, The implication is that labour movement

was easier before the war than after the war in Nigeria,

Table 13 shows that 42,3% of all the migrants had

no previous movement. This indicates that more than

half of the total migrant women (57,7%) had previous

movement experience, The table also shows that the

highest incidence of previous movements falls on 2-3

movements whichm'WtQ'ol+es24% of all the migrants, This

is followed by 1-2 movements, involving 22.3% of all migrants, Seven and above movements appear to be the

least, involving 2.3% of.al1 the migrants,

The reason for the high incidence of previous movements among the Edda migrants may be due to some historical development which made possible the early contact of Edda people with kbiriba traders who took

Edda youths as house-boys or trade auxilliaries to

rural interior parts of Ibibio land. 4.7 ---GEFJERAL COMMENT ON OUT MIGRATION IN EDDA : cUImColonial Period The colonial administration in Nigeria brought

relative peace and security. People were able to move

freely from one place to another without serious molcs-

tations and hostilities. In addition, the development

of colonial administrative centres and imported goods

gavc vent to the emergence of migrant traders who acted

as middlemen between the colonial traders and the final

consumers in the rural villages, In fact, most of these migrants traders wcre the first migrants or predecessors

of the modern rural-urban migration in some parts of

Nigeria.

The colonial pa$..&s.n ,.of migration in Edda appears

somehow different from the rural-urban type. According

to ny imformant (one of the earliest migrants), the

pattern of migration tended tq. . be rural-rural. ~ricfly, the explanation from my oral informants is as follotrs:

The first migrants werd young males who were given to iibiriba and Arochukwu traders. These young men wcre taken to Ibibio-land as house-bays or trading auxiliaries, They were exposed to many tricks of making money for their masters in the rural hinterland of Ibibio-land,

After several years of service, these men became indepen- dent of their masters and established on their own, With the little share of earnings from their former masters and the contribution from their home of origin combined with the wealth of experience they gained during the period of appren-

ticeship, they quickly became successful traders,

Of course, to be an independent trader required direct contact with source of goods in the urban centres and some other junior persons as trading auxiliaries, In addition, the service of a wife or wives was essential. Moreover, the

trader must live apart from the forme.-, master to avoid con-

f licts arising from jealousy of the estwhile master over

the growing wealth of the new migrant,

Consequently, the early Edda traders gradually concen- trated on areas like Ikot-Ekpene, Uyo, Abak, Ikot-Obioma,

,, . ."C. \? ., u tum-~th-~kpo, , Ekpene-Ukum, Ikot-Ofiong and other rural areas of the Ibibio-land, which were some distance away from

their masters1 domains, Also, on their occasional home visits, especially during the ~hr$stinasseason, they took along with

them some of their junior brothers back to the migration

destination aL house-boys, Some of the more affluent ones married wives from their home of origin back to the points of destination. These wives constituted the first emmigrant women in the Edda clan, The early Edda traders traded mainly on textile materials.

They travelled occasionally on bicycles to urban centres like

Aba-Ngwa, and Port Harcourt to purchase their goods from colonial traders, The textile goods were retailed to the natives of the places of destinations with some additional costs or profits, Their wives also retailed such commodities

as melons, pepper, onions, crayfish and other food items which were bought by their husbands during their monthly journeys

to urban centres, Some intelligent wives participared effec-

tively in the textile materials retailing along-side their

husbands, The house-boys were made to carry sewing machines

on their heads around the rural villages mending clothes at

reasonable charges on the host community, All these activities were geared towards rendering some useful services to the host

community and at the same time getting as much profit as

possible,

" ,,. ..f. \7' $ .,a Following the antagonism of the host community, especially

the "Ekpo Societyt' of Ibibio-land and the occasional visita-

tions to urban centres for purchases, the migrants started to become ambitious of buying" plots of lands in the urban

centres, Some of them bought the urban lands and built houses

in the urban a ,eas while living in the rural areas as rural migrants, Such urban houses were given out on rents to some other urban dwellers, Some of them changed from rudal to urban migrants immediately their houses were completed in the urban centres, The colonial migration pattern in Edda was, therefore, started with rural-rural migration, --Pos t-Colon-LaJ-< Period The post-colonial Nigeria begins from 1st October, 1960 when Nigeria became an independent sovereign state. By this time, the sense of security and freedom of movement void of molestation has become increasingly higher among the Nigerian citizens, Moreover, the rural people had become aware of the social amenities and the apparent employment opportunities prevalent in the urgan centres, Furthermore, the impact of colonial education and mass media had enhanced awareness,

Similarly, the contact with return migrants had stated to act as a pull for more exodus of young men from rural areas, to urban centres.

<, a%+', z In view of the above, the migration pattern in Edda had tended to slightly change from the colonial pattern of rural- i rural to rural-llrban, However, other political developments such as the Farm ~ettlement"~c"h&neof Dr. M.I. Okpara's administration, the development of cocoa plantation in Western Nigeria and tt, 1966 Civil War in Nigeria created different impacts on the migration pattern, Thus the following pattern of migration are iden tifiablr,- PLATE I: EDDA MIGRANT WOMEN AT A3A

The Edda women are happy migrant group at Aba. As such, they organise themselves in Dancing Groups, The above picture shows the Egbebere Women Dancing Group of

Edda, staging thelrr'f3br llEgbebere Dancet1, during the

Christmas Day Celebrations at Ekoli Edda, 1, Rural-Urban Miqration

This involves the direct population movement from rural

Edda villages to urban centres. This movement concerns young adults who have acquired some formal education hp to First

School Leaving Certificate (FSLC), West African School Certi-

ficate (WASC) and University Degrees. The impetus for such migrants include seeking for job opportunities in the formal

sector of ths economy commensurate to their standard of educa- tion; desiring to improve their economic earning power and

improving their education. The places of destinations for this

type of migrants include Aba, Umuahia, Lagos, Abuja, and Afikpo

Local Government Area Headquarters, State capitals, and National capital, Zonal administkative centres and heavy

industrial urban centres,

The second category of migrants involved in this movement

also include some illiterates whose objectives include seeking

for menial labour opportunity, prostitution, hawking, house-

maids. services, truck pushing, motor-park touting (passenger-

seeking), hired car dcivaps., loaders in the industkies,

cleaners of gutters, night-soil service, motor conductors and several other such jobs, i The decision to migrate is-facilitated by the presence \

of an old migrant relative or friend in the place of destina-

tion. As such the highest concentration of Edda rural-urban

migration is found at Aba and Umuahia where there are many established old migrants fight from the colonial migration

pattern- Port Harcourt could have been another area of high

concentration but for the civil war and creation of States leading to abandon-property issue.

2, Rural-Rural Migration This pattern of migration had been traditional to the

Edda people as atated in the pages dealing with pre-colonial

migration, However, the development of the Erei Farm Settlement

during Dr. M.I. Okparats administration in Eastern Nigeria added

more impetus to it, Similarly, the cocoa plantations also

provided another attrative lure because of the importance attached to cocoa as an export in the world market and Western Nigerian Marketing Board.

The category of people involved in this migration exercise were illiterates and semi-illiterates (First School Leaving

Certificate holders) whose main compelling force were to engage

themselves with manual labour with a remunerative reward,

Some few educated persons were also involved as agricultural officers in the Erei ~arm'$'6tkle&nt,

Most of the migrants were interviewed and employed as

"Settlerst9, Others were employed on the basis of land owner-

ship consideration because atgreater part of Edda farm land was included in the plan of the Scheme, These settlers were

given some acres of land to cultivate palms as cash crop and

inter-crop some staple food like cassava and yams for some years, 62

The Erei Farm Settlement appeared to attract more of

Edda migrants, because of its nearness (when compared to

the Cocoa Plantation in Western Nigeria).

4.8 GENERAL COMMENT ON IN-MIGRATION IN EDDA

In-Migration

There is no urban area in Edda, This is as a result

of colonial administrative neglects of the people, There

are no good roads, large markets and industries to diver-

sify the economic activities of the people, Therefore, traditional agricultural activities have remained the only

economic activity of the people,

As a result of the above facts, the pattern of in- migration had also consistently remained the same, People

from other rural areas move into rural Edda - (rural-rural I migration) - to sell mannual labour to the farmers, The migrants include people from Ezza, Ohaozara and Amaseri, They come with hoes during planting season - (March-April) to make the farm - heaps or mounds for farmers to plant their yams, They eha~gethe farmers exorbitantly, the sun of Ten Naira (t410,OO) for a day's work, at the time

of this research,

Although all the yillages in Edda welcome this so& of labour, yet the lower Edda villages such as Owutu,

Ebunwana, A~angwuand Oso tend to have more of this migrants,

The reason is attributed to the swampy nature of the land requiring very big yam-heaps or mounds for crop cultiva- tion, The demand for this migrant labour is therefore,

higher at ltOso" areas, and as such, there is the highest

concentration of the migrants, These target or seasonal

migrants retreat to their places of origin after the planting period, 4.9 IMPACT OF MIGRATION- ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF EDDA Since the incidence of out-migration is by far greater

than that of in-migration in Edda, the net-migration effect

of rural emmigration tend to exert' some substantial effect

on the socio-economic life of the people, some of which include the following:-

1, There is the loss of labour from Edda to other parts

of Nigeria, through the emigration of able-bodied young men and women who engage in either rural-urban or rural-rural migration,

2, The traditional rulership of Edda is heavily influenced

by migrants outside the home of origin, By this I

,' ,,. ...(. ,7' .? .)4- mean that the villagi chiefs in Edda take directives

from the Edda migrant sernior civil servants at Owerri

and the big traders at Aba before they could implement any traditional $olfdy at home, This case was very

glaring during the struggle for the site of the Edda

Local 'overnment Headquarters between Nguzu and Owu tu when the Edda chiefs were subjugated to taking directives from Edda migrants outside, without taking traditional implications into cognisance. 3, The cultural life of Edda people - dialect, dances, rituals, traditional occupation, medical treatment, climbing of palm trees and a host of others tend to suffer from decay due to lack of young persons constantly at home to perpetuate

them, In addition, the effect of the corrosive Western culture and modernity through formal education and Christian churches tend to have a devastating destruction on the tradi- tional heritage of Edda people with the migrants constitu-

ting the key agents of the social change, 4, There is also the increase of crime-wave resulting from cultural confusion, following the operations of both tradi- tional and modern methods of social control in Edda, The incompatible nature of the two methods creates some loop-

holes for criminals to cover up themselves,

5. There is the impending danger of pauperization of the rural villagers to encich the urban centres by building

. ' ,, . ."t" ,7' ,, .>a magnificient houses in urban areas to attract rents, / 6, The Edda society could be described as a society in a

hurry because most of the decisions during Christmas times \ are hurriedly taken tb enable the migrants go back to their destinat.!.ons in good time in fear of loss of trade

or job opp~rtunities. 7, As a result of rural population lases, the residual population in Edda becomes too small to cope with the self-help-projects like maintenances of the existing

roads, Since, only the old people are mainly left at

home, the population becomes too weak to enggge in activities requiring physical energy, e.g. environmental

sanitation.

Based on the empirical data presented in this chapter, we summarize as follows:-

1, Most emigrant women of Edda (70%) were motivated to

migrate on social marital reasons which decision derived from the entire household and the extended families instead of personal economic reason, 2, Although a great number of illiterate women (31,7%)

participated in rural-rural migration, yet a substan-

tial number of the illiterates (25.7%) also partici- pated in the rural-urban migration to engage them-

.' ,, . ..T ,?. .%.)+ ' selves in the private sector of the urban economy,

(Table 5)- The formally educated women mostly / participate in the rural-urban migration to the (. \ extent that no doman' with college or University qualification participated in the rural-rural 66

Most women (70,3%) migrated right from their original

home after the period of first marriage, implying that they were already adults before migration (Table 71, Nearly, all the women (80,7%) were born inside Edda,

indicating a high percentage of first generation migrants,

In the same vein, almost all the migrants had remained migrant for five years and above, implying long duration migrants, with 58,7% having remained migrant for more than

ten years (Table 11) thus indicating persistent or perma- nent migration, About half of the women under study (57,3%) had made

previous movements before arrival to the present place

of residence, indicating two-steps migration, with 42,3% having no previous movements,

On the whole, Edda society tends to experience net deficit of migrational effect, resulting from the excess of out-

migration over in-migration with the concomitant adverse

effect on the socio-economic life of the rural people, such as loss of potential' labour, cul tural decay, poverty,

increase in crime wave, hurried planning by government in exile, and others,

Engmann (1972) noted that where population is too small to allow for an optimum development of local resources, net emigra- tion or any otl-sr factor that tends to diminish the population further would be negative. This situation is applicable in the Edda migration trend, REFERENCES

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Harris, J, et al, , ,, . .19.70), Op. Cit. Makinwa, P-K, 1981 Ope Cit-

Engmann, E,VoTo 1972 "Some Consequences of Population I' . ~ovement"in Population Growth and Economic Development in Africa (eds,) SOH, Ominde and C.N, Ejiogu, Heinemann, London, CHAPTER 5

PATTERN OF FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR IN EDDA This chapter presents the analysis and the explanations of the empirical data derived from the responses by the subjects to the sections of the questionnaire relating to retrospective and current fertility, In effect, the fertility behaviour of the subjects constitute the major focus,

According to Davis and Blake (l956), "social or cultural norms could operate to increase or eeuce the fdrtility rate of any societyu, Therefore, for us to examine the fertility behaviour of any given social group adequately some cultural variables should be adequately employed, 1 In this study, certain social variables such as, age at first marriage, type 02 marriage contracted, occupation of the subjects, and their level of educational attainments are employed to enable accurate information cmcerning the ferti- lity behaviour of the women under study, In addition, the family size of the sub,je&s ,.>are.examined, For procedural reason, the data relating to each sub- heading are presented first, with the aid of tables. These are followed by some explan+tiorjs or the critical over-view of the tables for proper understanding, In certain cases, some relevant measures of fertility are used to prove the fact. Lastly, the main points of the chapter are briefly summarised for thorough understanding of the true picture of the fertility pattern of the subjects, 70

TABLE 14: 1

AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE FOR SELECTED EDDA WOMEN (1984)

Age of Marriage

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and Above No Answer

= 2 Total TABLE 14: 2

MEAN AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE FOR EDDA WOMEN (1984)

29 30 Total 72 5.1 AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE

Tables 14:l and 14:2 show the empirical data concerning the percentage distribution and the lvmeanfiage at first marriage, respectively for Edda women, The facts as analysed under Table 14:l reveal that the highest frequency of 91 women

(15,2%)went to their first conjugal homes by the age of 18 years. This is followed by 86 other women (14.3%) who went to their first matrimonial homes at the age of 20 years,

On the whole, more than half of all the women (66,2%) went to their first husbands between the ages of 15 and 21 years, The percentage distribution rises gradually from 14

years of age to the peak of 18 years, from where it gradually

descends to 30 years of age, It is interesting to note that

two women (,3%) and six women (-7%) went to their first hus-

bands at the ages of 12 and 13 years, respectively, This I sort of child marriage is recently permissible by the customs of Edda people.

According to the computation under Table 14:2 the mean

age at first marriage,,fo& .the,Edda women is 19-05 years, When compared to other findings in Nigeria, the figure is compatible with 19,8 years found in Lagos and Ibadan (sub-

urban) by Daramola (1965) and, __[Ohadike (19641, It is also

similar to Olusanya (1969)'s findings of 20 years, 19.4 years

and 20-3 years for Ife, Oyo and the rural areas of the same survey, respectively, On the other hand, the figure is slightly higher than Makinwa (1981)'s finding of 18.6 years for Benin women of Bendel State, *- MASS Tim above two girls, kua Edda Girls' Fertility Dance (Semi-final Stage) --aPLATE 3:

Miss Thc above two girls, Miss k andJ~, were performing ",+;#M..w,.?d * their semi-final stage of the fertility dance ritual, They

would go to their first husband only after one more partici-

pation in thei rirual, The significance of the ritual is' &,A that the participants are blessed by the God of fertil.ity before marriage, thus indicating the degree of importance attachcd to fertility by the traditional Edda society. In the same vein, when ccjmpared to the Derek (1974) inter- national standard of 18 years as the legal age for adult responsibilities, the Edda women's age at first marriage should be considered as normal,

Age at first marriage is determined by annual girls' ritual ceremonies, In Ekoli, for instance, the ltOlow annual ritual ceremonies is used to mark out girls who are ready for husbands. The picture in the opposite page shows girls participating in the ssOlolf ritual at their final year and would proceed to husbands for the first marriage after the ceremonies, The 'vOlolt annual ritual is also regarded as a ceremony for fertility, It is believed that partici- pation in the ceremonies rewards the participant with high fertility, This indicates the importmce the society attached to high fertility, as parents make resources available for their daughters to participate in the annual six events for a period of four koLtimes before giving them out

for marriages, .... I TABLE 15

TYPE OF MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN EVER BORN TO SELECTED EDDA WOMEN (1984)

- - [ MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGE 1 POLYGYNOUS MARRIAGE

Total Group ~opula- Popula- Mean tion of C,E,B C,E.B,

Note: 1, Total Mean C,E-B, for Monogamy = (1399 + 300) i ,e sum of Column 3, 4 sum of Column 2 = 4.7 ,.,,'...I. 0 ., .I* - 2. Total Mean C-E-B. for Polygny = (1177 c 300) i,e. sum of column 6 + sum of column 5 = 3,9 77 Retrospective Fertility This subheading aims at examining the retrospective

fertility performances of the subjects by analysing and explaining the information gathered from the subjects on "children ever born", For adequate understanding, the

previous fertility performances of the subjects are examied

along-side other variables such as, type of marriage, occu- pation, and education, The overall aim is to know the

family size of the women under study,

I 5.2 TYPE OF MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN EVER BORN

The data under Table 15 show the type of marriage and

the mean number of children ever born to emigrant women of

Edda, As shown by the data, the men under monogamous

marriages with a mean number of 4.7 children tend to have more children than their counterparts under polygynous marriages whose mean number of children is 3.9. The implication, therefore, is that women under monogamous marriages have larger family size than their polygynous . ,,. ..<,t , counterparts, Ipso facto, the argument that polygyny makes

for more children is not ture for the women of Edda, but

may be true when viewed from the stand-point of the husband

" . or the man,

The reason for the higher mean number of children

for monoge qy against polygyny may be attributed to several social factors,among which include the following:- 1. The constant rivalry of the co-wives which may lead to unrest of mind and the consequent minimal interaction

between the aggrieved wife and the husband, at least, for some time, until the issue is resolved,

2, The nursing mother under a polygynous marriage is given

a longer period for lactation to enable the husband to pay adequate attention to other co-wives,

3, The relationship between the husband and the wife in a

monogamous marriage tends to be more intimate and conse- quen tly makes for frequent personal interaction than is the case in polygynous marriages,

4, The periods of voluntary coital abstinences such as menstral, gestational and others are unduely prolonged

to give the husband the free oppcrtunity to satisfy other co-wives. Much fertility is lost by these coital abstinences, TABLE 16 OCCUPATION AND CHILDREN EVER BORN TO SELECTED EDDA WOMEN

I FARMERS TRADERS/SALES WOMEN

-- -- I HOUSEWIVES [ SALARIED WORKERS Group POpula- / Total / Mean Of C.E.B. C.E.B. Women Women

Total --15-49 140 4.5- Note: 1, Tot31 M,C.E. for farmers = (639 + 140) = 4.6 U_LI - 2. Total MoC-Em for Traders = (583 + 140) = -4.2 3. Total M.C.E. for Housewives = (631 & 140) = 4,5 5.3 OCCUPATION AND CHILDREN EVER BORN The data under Table 16 analyse the facts concerning occupation and mean number of children ever born by Edda

emigrant women, The data classified the women into four

occupation categories such as, f armers, traders, house- wives and salaried workers, The data show that the

farmers and the house-wives have the highest mean number

of chilclrer? ever born, being 4-6 and 4,5 respectively.

This is followed by traders with a mean number of 4,2

children ever born per woinano The least among the occupa-

tion groups is recorded by the salaried workers with a

mean of 3.7 children ever born,

The implication of the findings is that farmers and

house-wives have more number of rbildren than the traders and salaried workers of Edda women, I

A proper examination of the distribution of the mean

number of children ever born, shows that the figures gradually rise from the youngest cohorts (15-19 years) to . .,. ..I ,I ..b.i* the oldest cohorts (45-49 years 1, except the case of the / house-wives where the last cohorts (45-49 years) has a

\ lower figure than the next, three younger cbhorts (30-44 \ I' * .a years 1, This abnormal situation may be attributed to the

lapse of memory of the old women in the oldest cohorts who

may have . 'orgotten their many years past fertility experiences The reason for the highest number of children for farmers

and house-wives may be attributed to the traditional method of

agricultural pursuit which is skill in practice, The farmer

needs many children to enable him/her cope with the bush-cutting and hoeing of the farm area before planting the crops, Also,

the traditional Edda society recognises the social status of

a man/woman by the number of children feeding under him/her,

In addition, most titles in Edda are made possible with the

presence of male children, and as such, the desire for the

male-child tends to be insatiable among the Edda people, In

the same vein, the desire for a grand burial by surviving

children makes the need for many children desirable in tradi- tional Edea,

Moreover, the farmers and house-wives tend to be more

eedentary in mode of livelihood while the traders and the

salaried workers tend to be migrantory in nature. Large

family size may not be easy to move about in view of accommo-

dation and feeding* It is also sensible to reason that most

, ,*.,."I. \t. i ' . salaried workers and traders tend to be more educated vis-a-vis

the farmers and house-wives, The level of formal education may expose the individual to the mass media and other facili-

ties necessary for birth coAtroi, \ TABLE 17 -EDUCATION AND MEAN NUMBER OF CHILDREN EVER BORN TO SELECTED EODA WOMEN

I ILLITERATE WOMEN EDUCATED WOMEN

Popula- Group Mean tion of Women CeEeBe Women

-Note: 1, Total Mean C,E,B, for Illiterates = (731 i 160) - ,A ,,.,A. f. \t. = -4-57

2, Total Mean CeEoBe for Educated = (594 i 160) = -3.71 This indicates that illiterate women tend to have more I' . .a chilren than the formally educated women, 4 -EDUCATION AND CHILDREN EVER BORN Table 17 analyses the facks concerning education and

number of children ever born to Edda women migrants, From the data, it is very clear that illiterate women tend to have more children than their formally educated counterparts,

The mean number of children ever born to the illiterates

records 4,6 against 3.7 for the formally educated women,

The mean difference of one child between the illiterates

and educated women makes us agree that education exerts a repressive effect on the fertility of Edda women,

The reasons for the difference may be explained by many

factors among which may include the following:-

1. The illiterates tend to marry earlier than the educated girls who spend many years in the school to acquire the necessary skills for a meaningful employment in the

public sector of the economy,

2, The educated women tend to be migrant in nature, living

in rented or government quarters with limited accommo-

. , . 4., . . ' dation and space. This situation may force the indivi-

dual to limit his family size to a reasonable number

for easy movement during transfers, \ 3, Education exposes the individual to mass media which enable the individual to learn more about other cultures, includiry birth control methods, 4, A well educated man tends to think more of the quality

of the children than the quantity of them, He is, therefore, more ambitious of giving sound education to the few than having many without adequate education,

He is also very conscious of other luxuries of life and would like to spread his income to reach other luxuries

instead of child-rearing alone,

Olusanya (19671, in his Ibadan study found the mean ideal number of children of 4.5 for University education,

5.4 for primary six education, in contrast to 6.5 for their uneducated comterparts; and a mean of 5.4 for all the groups, This lower mean number of children for the educated women against non-educated women tend to be consistent with our finding in the case of Edda women. TABLE 18

MEAN CHILDREN EVER BORN TO SELECTED EDDA WOMEN

P~pulation Total Age Group Mean a£ Women C,E.B, C.E,B,

Total: 15-50+

Note: Total Mean C,E,B, = (2570 4 600) = 4,3 -.-y

TABLE 19 -MEAN CHILDREN EVER BORN TO SELECTED EDDA WOMEN WHO HAVE COMPLETED CHILD BEARING EXPERIENCE

Total: 45-50+ I 152 I 838 I 5.51

Note: Total Mean C.E.B. =I' (838 i 152) = 5 51 - A

This indicates the average size of family of six children. TABLE 20

FEMALE CHILDREN EVER BORN TO SELECTED EDDA WOMEN

Age Group

20-24

25-29

30-34

40-44

45-49

Total: 15-50+

-Note: Total Mean F,C.E,B, = (1270 + 600) = -2,l 87

TABLE 21: 1

DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED EDDA WOMEN (AGED 40 YEARS TO 50 YEARS AND ABOVE) BY NUMBER OF CHILDREN EVER BORN

No, of Children

Total

Note: T!,e highest percentage of 13-6 is 6 children. _U_ TABLE 21:2 -MEAN NUMBER OF CHILDREN EVER BORN TO WOMEN AGED 40 YEARS AND ABOVE

-- Total TABLE 22 -1_1 DESIRED NUMBER OF CHILDREN TO EDDA WOI'IEN (1984)-

Mean No, of Children

-Note: Mean number of children desired = (1637 * 300) = -5-5 90 5.5 FAMILY SIZE

Under the above sub-heading, the mean number of children ever born to all the women; children ever born

to women who have completed their child-brearing experience; female children ever born to all; and the desired number of children by all Edda women are examined, The overall aim is to have some empirical knowledge about the size

of family for the average Edda woman,

The fact concerning the mean number of children ever

born to Edda women are analysed and presented in Table 18,

The table reveals thet the mean number of children ever

born is 4.3. When examined, .cohort by cohort, it becomes clear that there is a gradual rise from the youngest cohort

1 to the oldest except the middle-aged cohort (35-39 years) which tend to have a lower figure than their preceeding

younger cohort ( 30-34 years 1. The reason for this devia-

tion may be attributed to the last civil war, This cohort must have been adversely affected by the civil war when ..,,..A. f. ,3..,*.,* ' . most women or even couples decided not to bear any child

/ I because of the problem of economic blockade of Biafra by \ Nigeria, This cohort must ,have reached at their period \

1, " .i

' of highest reproductive cycle during the war but unfor-

tunately the social situation of the war could not allow

them to pt.rform, Even after the war, the horrors of it

may have prevented this particular cohort from enjoying the period of baby boom due to problems imposed by the currency exchange of all Riafran money deposited with

X20,OO Nigerian money. The other case of deviation is seen from the oldest cohort (50 years and above) which could be attributed to lapse of memory of very old women. It is reasonable to think that women ever fifty years of age may easily forget most of their earliest births, especially where there are no survivors or cases of deaths after few months of delivery,

On the whole, the mean number of 4.3 may be small when compared to other areas of the continent not adversely affected by any civil war, The civil war in Nigeria must have contributed immensely towards reducing the fertili ty performance of some areas of the then Eastern Nigeria where the war affected badly for a long period, Throughout the whole war, Edda consWttJfed'*a dangerous war front due to its geographical nature, and as such received the brunt of the most devastating plunders of the war, ips0 facto, the fertility performance of the women under study have been drastically reduced from their desire. PLATE 4: A Typical Example of Edda Family Children

The mean number of..*I,..... c;,blJ,,dren, ever born to Edda women who have completed their child-bearing experiences (45 years and above) is 5.1. This shows a family size of 6 children for me Edda family. Th-e above picture presents a I' - 2 typical family size in Edda, at the time of research, Table 19 shows clearly the data regarding women who have completed their child-bearing period (45 years and above), mean The facts as presented, show a totalLnumber of 5.1 children,

This is higher than the overall mean of 4,3 children for all women (Table 18). The mean for the women who have completed child-bearing years indicate the completed family size, The above figure of 5.1 is interpreted to mean that the average family size of ::dda women is about six children, That is, the average frtility performance of all Edda women who completed their child-bearing years is around six children,

A proper examination of the two cohorts making up the a group show that the first (45-49 years) tends to keepLrecord above six children, The last cohort (50 years and above) tend to bring down the record which we have attributed to lapse of memory due to old age nature of the women. completed their child-bearing years according to the number of children ever born, The data indicate that the highest

' ,, .,.. t. \.' , frequency of 31 women (13.6% of the total women) as falling under six children. This supports the finding in Table 19 where 5.5 is the mean figure for the same group of women. Table 20 presents the data *$or female children ever born by Edda women. The facts show that the mean number of 2.1 is recorded by all domen. When compared to the total mean (male

and female) of the same group (Table 18) which show a figure of 4-3 children, we are forced to accept that the mean number for male children would be 4-3-2.1 = 2.2, The implication is that by birth, male and female are equal, Therefore, the apparent higher rnumber of girls over boys must be socially determined not naturally or divinely oriented, The reason for more females may derive from mortality rate between the two sexes. This area requires more researches to find out why mortality rate is malebiased and female favoured to warrant the imbalance.

Table 22 shows the desired number of children by the women, From the empirical data as analysed and presented in the above table, 5.5 children is desirable mean number for all women. When examined properly we see that what is the desirable for the women tend to agree with what they have actually produced, It would appear as if no woman desired more than what God has given to her, This may derive from the level of the development of the society, The Edda people generally believe thaf'''getrt21ity is the gift from Gad which no human being can protest against, otherwise the individual i would be challenging his God in a wrestling match, Conse- a \ quently, they accept what is g5&n as being normal and desirable, Daramola (1968) reported Ideal family size of five children (3 boys and 2 gir1s) for Lagos women, He also reported a mean children ever born of 3.6 and 3.4 in large and small samples drawn from Lagos, respectively. The

above figures are slightly lower than the mean figure of 4.3 for Edda women. Olusanya (1967)'s finding of 5.4 mean number of children ever born to Ibadan is slightly higher

than our finding concerning Edda women, Makinwa (1981) found a mean number of children ever born to Benin women as 3,406 per woman, Also mean figures of 2.6; 2.183; 2.98;

and 2.74 were reported by Ekanem and Adepoju (19751,

Ekanem (1973) and Olusanya (1960) for Warri women, urban women in Imo and Anambra States, Ife and Oyo, respectively,

The Edda finding is higher than the above figures. At the

global level mean number of births of 6.2; 5-1; 4.7; 4.8; and 2-8 for Brazil (1940); Mexico (1950); Ceylon (1946); Japan (1950) and United States (1950) respectively,

",,...I. \. Barclay (1958)- TABLE 23

CURRENT BIRTH FOR SELECTED EDDA WOMEN (1984)

Age Group Population Average I of Women ( P, ) Birth (1984)

Total: 15-49 1 524 I 279 I 5.3

-Note: To get average birth (Column 4) = (Column 3) 9 5 TABLE 24

AGE SPECIFIC BIRTH RATES FOR SELECTED DDA WOMEN (1984)

Age Population Births ASBR Per ASBR Per Group of Women (PI) 1984 (bl) Woman 1000

15-19 74 7-6 ,102703 102,703

20-24 74 9.4 ,127037 127,027 b 25-29 74 143,423 Ii 30-34 74 12.4 0167568 167,567 L i 35-39 76 13.0 ,171053 171,053

40-44 76 2-4 ,031579 31,579

45-49 76 0.4 ,005263 - - 5,263 Total : 524 55-8 ,748436 748,436 15-49

-Note: lo To get ASBR per woman (Column 4) = Col, 3 + Col, 2 2, To get ASBR per 1000 (Column 5) = Col. 3 i 2 x 1000

..,,%.*,. ,a, ~.e, bl I_K p1

/ 3. To get General Fertility Rate (GFR) = sum of Column 3 +. sum of Column 2 x 1000 = 55,8 + 524 1, I .. \ B x 1000 = 106, i.e. ?;. K 98

TABLE 25:l

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE FOR SELECTED EDDA WOMEN (1984)

Age ASBR Per ASBR Per Group of Women (PI) 1984 (bl) Woman 1000

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44 --45-49 Total: 15-49 -- -Note: To get T,F,R. per 1000 = Sum of Coloumn 5 x 5 = 748,436 x 5

.: 30742018 OR TABLE 25:2

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE FOR EDDA WOMEN

Age Group Population Current ASBR Per of Women Births 1000

Total Fertility 5.6 CURRENT BIRTH FOR EDDA WOMEN (1984) Having analysed and explained the data conceening the

past fertility performances of the Edda women in the previous pages of the chapter, dealing with "children ever bornH, this sub-heading aims at the analysis and explanation of the data concerning the current birth of the women for the year

of the research (1984)-

Table 2' -)- etScntsthe data for current birth of 1984,

The data reveals 6n overall zverage birth of 5.3 for the women, The data also show a gradual increase from the youngest

cohort (15-19 years) to the fifth cohort (35-39 years), There-

after, there exists a big fall in the average birth figures for 40-49 years cohorts,

The reason for this astronomical fall may be attributed

to the fact that most women no longer bear children after the age of 40 years (menopause age), However, it is interest- ing to observe that some Edda women bear children after the

age of 40 years, hence the record of 2,4 for 40-44 years and

",,5..I.>1..1%.1+ ' . ,4 for 45-49 years, That is to say that two women recorded child-birth at the age of 45-49, / The peak of the risk of child-bearing is found from \ 25-39 years cohorts with the"highest being 35-39 years among

the Edda women, The reason for this late births may be due to late maturity or the delay of the menerchical period. B Although the Edda women go to husbands early, yet their child-birth is delayed till when the woman is fully matured.

The issue of late maturlty may be attributed to the method of feeding or geographical environment of the people, Also, the Edda custom does not permit any sexual relationship before marriage. This may tend to inhibit the development of sexual organs until when fully married.

Table 23 presents the age specific birth rates of the woman and also shows the general fertility rate (GFR), By computation, the general fertility rate of the women is 106, This figure is consistent with the figure of 113 computed for

Japan (1949-51) as stated by Barclay (1958) and much lower than the figures of 141 and 153 computed for Venezuela (1950-51) and Chile (1951-531, respectively as nnted by the same author, , However, the Edda figure is clearly higher than the figure of 1

61,s for England and Wales (1950-52) as stated by the same author. Judging from the world standard of high fertility rates as ranging from 180 (TFR) or 43 (CBR) the Edda figure of 106 could be deserib'e8- 'ffs moderate.

Tables 25: 1-2 show the empirical data concerning the total fertility rate (TFR) of the women, The data reveal a \ total fertility ratedTFR) of -3,742.1 per 1000 women or 3.7 per woman. This figure, when compared with international standard, tends to be compatible with the figures of 3.75 and

3.00 for Japan (1949-51) and (1952) respectively. It is slightly lower than the figurc. of 5.6 and 4.2 for Venezuela (1950-51) and Chile (1951-53) but highs than 2-16 for England and Wales (1950-52) as noted by Barclay (1958). When compared to other findings in Nigeria, the Edda figure is lower than 7.86 and 7.2 reported by Makinwa (1981) and Ekanem (1973) for Benin and the former East Central State of Nigeria, respectively, The reason for the difference may be attributed to small sample size. As a student research programme, f insncial and time constraints do not permit large sample size as the above surveys. It is hoped that fukure surveys on Edda will employ large sample size to warrant knowing the real difference between the findings of the above authors and the Edda figure. However, it is gratifying to observe that the findings on number of children ever born

(Table 18) tend to agree with the firdings of the above authors, I I Cho (1964) in his estimate based on Nigerian 1952/53 census recorded a general fertility rate of 209.4 and a total ferti-

lity rate of 6,510 (per 1000 women) aged 15-49 years. Ekanema (1972) in his rural community survey of Eastern .< ,, ., 4.f. \k. *.,a ' . Nigeria recorded General Fertility Rate of 197 / On the whole, when compared with the Barclay (1958)'s inter-

national standard TFR of 2-0 ,the Bdda figure of 3.7 may be \ \ 1) 4 ,a considered as moderate, in view of the available land, Cho (1964) in his estimate from Nigeria 1952/53 census recorded the tollowing age specific birth rates:- Aqe Aqe Specific Birth Rates 15-19 156-9 20-24 308-0

25-29 305.2 30-34 247.8

35-39 181.7 40-4.; 80-3

45--12) 22,l When compared with the case of Edda women (Table 25~21,there exist some kind of consistency in the fact that both agree that the period of child bearing among Nigerian women begins from the age of 15-49 years, Both show lesser figures for the young cohorts (15-19 years) end the oldest cohorts (40-49 years).

The other differences in the figures may arise due to the size of sample employed in each research or survey, 104

5.7 SUMMARY

The empirical data as shown in this chapter reveal

the following facts concerning the Edda women:

1. The mean age at first marriage for all the women is

19,045 years, with the highest frequency of first

marriage occurring at the age of 18 years. It is also

noticeable that the ages at first marriage for Edda

women stzirts from 12 years to 30 years (Tables 1421

and 14~2). 2. The women under monogamous marriages with a mean number

of 4.7 children ever born have a larger family size

than their polygynous counterparts whose mean number

of children ever born is 3.9 (Table 15). 3, Edda women engaged in farming and house-wives as

occupations, with mean figures of 4-6 and 4.5 children ever born to them, tend to have larger family sizes than their traders and salaried workers counterparts whose mean figures are 4.2 and 3.7 children ever born ,. . . ' to them respectively (Table 16).

4, The uneducated Edda women (illiterates) with mean

figure of 4.6 children ever born to them tend to have \ larger family size& th'hn their formally educated

counterparts with the mean figure of 3.7 children ever t )rn to them (Table 17). 5, The mean number of 4-3 children ever born is recorded

by all women (Table 18) while the mean figure for

those who have completed their child-bearing experience (45 years and above) record 5-5 children ever born to

them (Table 19). It is also noticeable that the mean

for female children ever born to all women stands at

2.1, thus implying that the mean for male births is

2-2 which shows equality of the sexes at the time of

birth, (Table 20)- Also, the desired number of children for all women stands at a mean figure of 5,5 children

able 211,

6, From the current births of the women for 1984, a mean

figure of 5,3 is recorded by all women, Also GFR and

TFR of 106 and 3,742-1 or 3.7 per woman are recorded, respectively, REFERENCES

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Ekanern, 1-1. 1973 Opo Cite

Ekamem, 1.1, 1972 The 1963 Niqerian Census; A Critical Appraisal, Ethiope Publishing Coy,, PO 105-

Cho, L.1, 1'4Gd' "' "'&timated Refined Measures of Ferti- lity for all Major Countries of the

World, Demography I,I,, pp, 359-374, I

Cabello, 0, \ 1956 '!The. Demography of Chilew, Population \ ~Stucties,Vol, 9, March, p- 244, CHAPTER 6

INTERNAL MIGRATION AND FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR IN EDDA

This chapter takes a proper look on the facts from the empirical data relating to fertility differential between the non-migrant and migrant women of Edda origin. The facts are strictly analysed according to the subjectsf responses to the questions relating to fertility differentials in the approved questionnaire,

The facts are clearly analysed in the tables, as usual, for proper observation of the reader, The tables are followed by brief explanations and interpretations of the tables for the clarification of the issues involved. At the centre of the whole issue in this chapter is the non-migrant and migrant women fertility differential, Strictly speaking, the chapter wishes to know whether there exist enough empirical data to prove that internal migration has some influence on fertility behaviour of migrants ,,a~.,,naf. .

To facilitate understanding, the chapter has been divided into three sub-headings for comparison, namely, age at first marriage, children ever born to subjects, and the current -. fertility of the subjects, In addition, three other sub- headings are included such as, control of extraneous variables, hypothesis test ng and the conclusion, For the purpose of thorough grasp of the content, some fertility measures are employed, Consequently, few sophisticated measures of fertility are employed in the study, partly because of the constraint imposed by finance and time for a research of this nature, and partly because of the smallness of the sample size of the research, It is hoped that future demographic survey in Edda will involve a larger sample size and a wider scope than the present work, TABLE 26:l

AGE OF ENTRY INTO FIRST MARRIAGE AMONG NON-MIGRANT AND MIGRAMT EDDA WOMEN (1984)

NON-MIGRANTS I MIGRANTS TABLE 26:2

MEAN AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE AMONG NON-MIGRANT AND MIGRANT EDDA WOMEN

NON-MIGRANTS MIGRANTS

12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 28 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 . .28 29 29 30 30 No Answer No Answer 6.1 COMPARISON OF AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE

As shown in (Table 26~11,all the women in the

sample got married between the ages of 12 and 31 years,

No woman is unmarried after the age of 31 years, This is slightly lower than the 34 years age limit reported by Makinwals (1981) Benin Survey,

About 6,3% of the non-migrants and 4.7% of the

migrants went into conjugal unions before attaining their fifteenth birth-day, This is by far lower than the 23,6%

reported by Ekanem (1973) concerning the girls of rural

Eastern Nigeria, (former East Central State). The facts

in the same tables also support the finding of Ekanem

(1973) that no woman in his whole sample went into

marriage earlier than 12 years ~f age, Similarly, about (

34% of the non-migrants and 32,4% of the migrants went

I into marriages before the age of 18 years. Compared to I the Western European Standard, where, according to Derek

(l974), 18 years-,&s*.lega'lly recognised as the age when adult responsibilities are accepted, the sample portrays / evidence of child marriage, \ The implication pf "eprly age of marriage is high ferti- \

.lity, especially where there is lack of knowledge of

family planning devices and contraeptives, Derek (1974)

noted th~c"it is generally believed that the earlier the age of marriage, the greater is the natalityn, Based' on the above statement it woulc' appear likely that the non-migrants who tend to maintain earlier age of marriage

than the migrants would have more child-births or greater fertility,

Table 26:2 shows the mean ages at first marriage of 18.5 years and 19.1 years for the non-migrants and migrants, respec-

tively, When compared with other findings in Nigeria, the above mean figures tend .to agree with Ohadike (1968)'s survey of Lagos women which reported 19.8 years, and Olusanya (1969)'s survey

of Oyo which reported 19.4 years as the mean ages at first

marriages, respectively. However, it tends to slightly differ from the findinqs of Olusanya (1960) from Ife and its rural

hinter-lands which reported 20 years and 20.3 years, respectively

as mean ages for first marriage, It is also similar to Makinwa

(1981) report of 18.6 years for Benin, I

The modal age at first marriage is 18.33 years for non-

migrants and 18-35 years,,.,-.. tke~migrants,while the modal age

interval is 15-19 years. This is the same as the 15-19 years reported by Daramola and Wright (1968) for Lagos survey and \

Makinwa (1981) for Benin but qiffersI _I from 18-15 years reported \ for Northern Nigeria by the same authors (Daramola and right), 114

,PLATE 5: Typical Marriage Occasion in Edda.

I

The mean ages at.lB$mk3~.marriageare 18.5 years and 19.1 years for the non-migrant and rAqrant Edda girls respectively; 1 / while the modal age at first marriage is 18.33 years, The above picture speaks for iqelf,: as it presents a typical marriage occasion in Edda during the time of the research. The pattern of the distribution between the non-migrants and the migrant women remains basically the same, except certain observable characteris tics which are worthy of explanation,

For instance, in Table 26:1, while the non-migrants record 2% marriage for the ages of 12-13 years, the migrants record no marriage for these ages, This imples that for the migrants, marriages are delayed for a year or two than their non-migrant counterparts, Thz reason for this delay may be attributed to the fear of thz unknown place of destination by parents who consequently delay the marriage tactically for one or two years to enable their daughters to acquire more physiological and emo- tional maturity, On the other hand, while the migrant women record

1%for the late ages of 30-31 years, the non-migrant women record only -7%. This show that migrant women tend to be more prone to late marriages than their non-migrant counterparts, Also, since the migrants are formally more educated than their rural counter- parts, this late marriage may hc attributed to the delays imposed on marital iife by the educationai years in school,

It is also irnportarit'~'~o~n't;+tehat under Table 26~1,90-3s of the non-migrants are married before their 25th birth-day while

90% of the migrants are married before the same period. It, \ \ therefore, means that the incidence of early marriage is pronounced and nearly equal in both groups, This derives from the fact that both migrant and non-migrant women lived in the same original home with the same cultural influence before the period of departure, on marital reasons. TABLE 27

MEAN NUMBER OF CHILDREL EVER BORN TO NON-MIGRANT AND MIGRANT EDDA WOMEN (1984)

NON-MIGRANTS I MIGRANTS I Age Popula- Group Total Mean Total Mean Of C-E-B. C.E.B. , tion Of C.E.B. CmEmBo , Women , 6 117

6.2 COMPARISON OF CHILDREN EVER BORN

In (Table 271, the total number end the mean figure

for children ever born to non-migrant women of Edda origin are shown. The data show a gradual rise from the mean

number of children ever born by the youngest to the oldest cohorts. For instance, the mean figures for youngest

cohorts are 1.1 and 0.4 for non-migrants and migrants respectixreJ.y; whereas, the oldest cohorts show mean figures of 5.2 and 4.2 for non-migrants and migrants, respedtlvely.

The whole cohorts of women show the mean figures of 4,5 and 4-1 children ever born to non-migrants and migrants,

respectively, These figures are higher than the 2m6 reported for Warri women by Ekanem and kdepoju (19751, It: is also higher than the 2.183 r ,;.orted for urban women in Imo and Anamhra States by Ekanem (1973). Similarly,

mean children ever born of 2.38 and 2-74 were reported for

Ife and Oyo in Western Nigeria by Olusanya (l969), Also, Olusanya (1968) reported an average family size of 3.1 .' ,,.,..I. + .% %.,.I

for sub-urban areas of Ibadan, while Makinwa ( 1981) reported a mean figure of 3,406 for Benin women of Bendel {

State. . The rpean figures of 4,5 end 4.1 for Edda non- '-,

1, a .a migrants and migrants tend to be same, but slightly higher

than the findinq of Morgan (1975) which reported a mean of

4,0 live bi~ths for Lagos women. Now, let us compare the non-migrant and migrant women to know the influence of migration on fertility, In (Table 271, the figures tend to show a higher number of children for the non-migrants than the migrant women with totals of 1353 and

1218 children, respectively, for 300 women for each group,

Based on the mean number of children of 4-5 and 4.1 respectively, the non-migrants tend to be higher than migrants by ,4, This figure, though small, may be attributed to the influence of migration,

The greatest difference is noticeable in the youngest and the oldest cohorts, of women where the difference is about 1.0 children, The difference in youngest cohorts may be attributed to late marriages among the migrants due to formal education and lack of exposure to many Edda youny men who constitute their potential husbands in their different places of destination, especially for the second generation migrants who were borh outside Edda, In fact, the potential spouses for the migrant

Edda girls are limited to the few Edda young men living in the ,. ,,.. .-1. ,a' . same place of destination, This problem of limited marital / chances is, in most cases, solved by bringing the migrant girls home for the purpose of marriage during periods of festivals \ I' *.a such as Christmas, Easter, llOloll., '!New Yam Fes tivalls, vvEgbelau and others, During these occasions, the girls have enough opportunity of 13ing seen by many young men from Edda, In Nigeria, generally, the idea of marrying outside one's recognised marriage group is still minimal and in most cases resisted by the kindred of the spouses,

The difference in the oldest cohort may be completely

attriouted to migration effect, The mean figures of 5.2

and 4.2 for non-migrants and migrants, respectively is

substantial enough to warrant our belief in the existence

migration effect on fertility, In addition, the oldest age cohorts, typify groups of women who have had the longest had period of migration, Consequently, they have/the- greatest influence of mdgration on their fertility, Therefore, the

difference existing between these groups of the oldest

migrants should be regarded as resulting from migration,

The younger age cohorts, are still undergoing the process of

migration and at the same time, they have not completed their

reproductive life periods to enable us meke an overall assess-

ment of their fertility,

When we examine the fertility of the oldest age cohorts

(45-years and above),. ,$..kt. we >n nptice that the non-migrants have 445 for 76 women against 394 children for the same 76, This

gives us a difference of 51 children in favour of non-migrants. Among the 50 years and above.cohorts, there is a difference

of 39 children in favour of non-migrants for 38 women sample, This gives us a mean difference of one child per woman in favour of the non-migrants, Based on the facts above, and as shown under Table 27, we are forced to conclude that Edda non-migrant women tend to manifest a higher fertility than their migrant counterparts, Having establishaJ, that there is a difference between the fertility behaviours of non-migrant and migrant women, in favour of non-migrant women of Edda origin, the next step is for us to know whether the difference results from migration or some other factors. TABLE 28 OCCUPATION AND CHILL3REN EVER BORN TO NON-NIGRANT AND MIGRANT EDDA WOMEN (1984) occu- 1 NON-MIGRANTS 1 MIGRANTS pation 4ge Zroups Popl. of Total Mean Popl, of Total Mean Women CmEmBmCmE.Bm Women - CmE-B. C.E.B.

I

Total

Grand Total TABLE 29

OCCUPATION AND CHILDREN EVER BORN TO NON-MIGR-ANT AND MIGRANTd EDDA WOMEN (1984)

MIGRANTS Occu- -- Age pation Groups Mean C,E,B,

I=Total TABLE 30

CHILDREN EVER BORN TO EDUCATED NON-MIBRANTS AND EDUCATED MIGRANT EDDA WOMEN (1984)

- - - - EDUCATED NON-MIGRANTS I EDUCATED MIGRANTS Age Group Population Population Mean of Momen CeEeBo

15-19

20-24

-1 25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50+

u Total -* 124 TABLE 3.1 CHILDREN EVER BORN TO ILLITERATE NON-MIGA~ANT AND ILLITERATE MIGRANT EDDA WOMEN .(1984)

TABLE 32 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND MEAN NUMBER OF CHILDREN EVER BORN TO EDDA WOMEN (1984)

.. ,,.....l. d' * .I+ College - A,T,T.C. or Polytechni z Secondary School or T,T,C, Primary School

.- Note: Illiterate women tend to have more number of children - than the literate women, CONTROL OF EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES Migrational influence an fertility may reflect in a

number of factors like age at first marriage, level of

formal education, type of occupation, degree of urbaniza- tion and other characteristics which tend to differentiate the migrants from the non-migrants, These other factors, constitute what have been described as extraneous variables, They are extraneous to the test we are pursuing and as such,

they must be controlled in a way to enable us get the correct

result from the test, It may not be possible for us to examine all the factors or variables in a research of this nature, in view of the limited resources and time pressure mounted on the graduate student programme, However, let us hold constant the influence of formal

education and occupation to see if any noticeable difference

may occur in the mean number of children ever born to these two categories of Edda women (non-migrants and migrants)

'4 1, HOLDING CONSTANT*,+TME1XMFLUENCE OF OCCUPATION- In Tables 28 and 29, the subjects are matched under occupational similarities. From the data in Table 28, it is noticeable that trqde.y~saleswomenrecord the mean

figures of 4.5 and 4,05 for children ever born. This indicates a difference of -45 mean number of children ever born, in fav~urof non-migrant women, The over fifty years cohort who have completed their child-bearing experience and who have the longest period of migration records a total mean figures of 6.0 and 4.4 children ever born for non-migrants and migrants, respectively. This indicates a difference of

1.6 mean figure for children ever born, in favour of non- migrants.

Similarly, the salaried workers show a total mean figures of 3,8 and 3,6 children ever born to non-migrants and migrants, respectively. This shows a difference of -2 mean number of children ever born, in favour of non-migrants. The oldest cohort (50 years and above) record 4.2 and 4.0 mean figures for children ever born, thus, showing a difference of 0,2 mean figure in favour of non-migrants,

Also, the non-migrant and migrant farmers (in Table 29) record total mean figures of 4,8 and 4,3 for children ever born, indicating a difference of ,5 in favour of non-migrants. Their oldest cohort with the longest migrational experience also recorded a difference of ,5 mean figure for children ever born, in favour of the non-migrant women.

.. ,, -. .-5. ,.. ., * .!+ ' . In the same vein, the house-wives recorded a difference of 2.0 mean figure for total number of children ever born, in favour of non-migrants of the oldest cohort, They also recorded a difference of .7 lor the total mean of children ever born, in favo~rof non-migrants. From the data available in the two tables (Tables 28 and 291, it is noticeable that when the non-migrants and migrants art matched according to occupational similarities, the migrants record lower fertility than their non-migrant counter- parts, This implies that apart from the influence which may be exerted by occupation on fertility, migration still exerts its own influence on fertility, thus creating the difference between non-migrants and migrants in children ever born to them, in favour of non-migrants, The fact that the same pattern of difference tends to be visible in the various occu- pational groups, traders, salaried workers, farmers and house- wives makesone to believe that migration has influenced the fertility of the migrants, 2, HOLDING CONSTANT THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION

In Table 30, the subjects are matched according to educational attainment with a view to holding constant the influence of education, to enable us see if any difference attributive to migration alone may occur. From the data made

.. ,,.>..<. ,t. ., ..>a ' . available by the table, the mean figures are 3.8 and 3,6, respectively, for non-migrant and migrant women, thus indica- / ting a mean difference of ,2 for the total mean figures for \ \ children ever born. This diffe'rence is favourable to non- migrants. Similarly, Table 31 shows the illiterate migrants and non-migran ts examined together. From the data available, the record show 4-8 and 4.3, respectively for non-migrants and migrants, This indicates a mean difference of .5 children ever born, in favour of non-migrants. Among the oldest cohots

(50 years and above), the total mean figures are 4-8 and 4.3 respectively, for non-migrants and migrants, thus indicating a difference of .5 mean figure, in favour of the non-migrants,

However, it is important to note that the mean figures for the educated wornen, whether non-migrant or migrant tend to be smaller than the illiterates as shown under Table 32. This notwithstanding , the higher fertility of the non-migrant over the migrants is still visible. In other words, education apart,, the trend of higher fertility of the non-migrants over their migrant counterparts still stands, In the same vein, occupa- tion apart, the higher trend of fertility of the non-migrants over the migrants still remain noticeable, Therefore, one would be justified to attribute such a difference to the effect of migration.

Furthermore, Table 32 shows that the higher the level of ,. ,, - .-1. >:. -1 ' . formal educational-attainment the lower the fertility behaviour among the Edda women, For instance, while women with no formal education record a mean figure of 5.1, the women with University \

I/ * .a education record a mean of 4-2 children ever born, The implica- tion, therefore, is that while education exerts its own influence on fertility beh .viour, migration also has its own influence, as shown under Tables 28, 29 and 30 where occupation, and educabion are held constant to notice the influence of migration alone. 129 TABLE 33

CURRENT BIRTHS FOR NON-MIGRANT AND MIGRANT EDDA WOMEN (1984)

-Note: To get average births - Columns 4 and 6 = Colums 3 + 2, and 6 8 5 respectively.

TABLE 34 AGE SPECIFIC BIRTH RATES FOR NON-MIGRANT AND MIGRANT EDDA WOMEN (1984)-

I NON-MIGRANTS I MIGRANTS Note: To get ASBR per 1000 = Columns 4 and 7 = (Col, 2 + 3) x 1000 and (Column 5 + 6) x 1000

J. where, bi is the number of births registered during the year to women in the age interval v'iss(Usually an interval of 5 years 1, Pi is the mid-year population of women in the same age group K = 1,000

TABLE 35 TOTAL FERBILITY RATE FOR NON-MIGRANT AND MIGRANT EDDA WOMEN (1984)-

-. - - WON-MIGRANTS MIGRANTS Age Group airths Births Births Births Per 1000 I Per Woman Per 1000 Per Woman

Botal of Columns

TFR = X 5 X 5

,I -- -6. 4071,285 = 4,071285

Column 4 = Tk3t is: rl 6.4 COMPARISON OF CURRENT FERTILITY Current fertility refers to all live-births made by

the subjects during the year of the research, In this

case, the year of the reseai-ch refers to from January to December, 1984 (twelve czlendar months),

The data relating to current fertility of the subjects

are shown in (Tables 33 md 341, Facts available in the

tables tend to reveal the fallowing: The total fertility

mean figures of ,6 and ,5 are recorded for non-migrants

and migrants, respectively, This shows a difference of

a mean figure of ,1 in favour of non-migrants,

Tables 34 and 35 show the age specific birth rates

(ASBR) and tokai fertility rate, as computed from the

current fertility figures in (Table 331, The facts avsil- able reveal total fertility rate figures of 4071,285 per

1000 and 3275.18 per 1000, for non-migrant and migrant

women, respectively,

In other words, the total fertility rate could be ' ,, - 4 ,t. ,. , ,* , . interpreted to mean 4,071285 per woman and 3.27518 per woman for non-migrant and migrant women,respectively.

This indicates a difference of 798,105 per 1000 or ,798105

I) "_ .C per women, in favour of non-migrants, It is also impor-

tant to note that within the oldest cohort (45-49 years)

while the ron-migrants record 10,526 per 1000 births the migrants record no birth. This indicates that migrant 132

PLATE 6: The Event of Child Birth Among the Edda People.

,ent of child birth is highly regarded among the . \ As such, it isxklebrated with drinks, food and merriment promoting eatables. The above picture shows the occasion of child-naming ceremony in Edda - e typical Edda village, women either voluntarily or involuntarily stop the risk of child-bearing earlier than ~oii-migrants, Simil arly, among the youngest cohort (15-1.9 ycars) , records show 113-51 and 91.381 for non-migrants and migrants, respec- tively. This indicates that non-migrants start the risk of child-bearing earlier than their migrant counterparts, The reason may be attribut2d to late marriages by the migrants, resulting from either the delays caused by years at school or the fear of the unknown destination which force parents to delay their daughters' marriages for emotional and physiological maturity, On the whole, facts available under current fertility tend to show a greater fertility of non-migrants over migrants, 6.5 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: USING "tUTEST STATISTICS HYPOTHESIS:

The research hypothesis is Lhat there is a significant difference in the fertility rates of non-migrant women and that of migrant women of Edda origin.

THE TEST

I Let, M 1 = the mean fertility rate of the non-migrant women = X1 M2 = the nrean fertility rate of the migrant women = R2

)do: M = PI2 1 Hi: M 1 7 M2 The eritical Region:- PC -05

- 0 Under Ho : !'tW X1- X2

= Sample size of non-migrant women "1 n2 = Sample size of migrant women

S1 and S2 = representative sample standard deviations COMPUTATION

Using the empirical current fertility figures of

814,257 per 1900 and 654,636 per 1000 for non-migrant and migrant Edda women, respectively, for 1984 (Tables 34 and 35);

=: 29,813 (Calculated Value)

CONCLUSION

At P5 ,05;ta = 1.645 (tabulated value)

0 , . Ho is rejected, 6.6 CONCLUSION From the facts revealed to us by the empirical data analyses of this chapter, the following highlights

are overtly noticeable:-

1, That non-migrant women tend to be more prone to

early marriages than their migrant counterparts who

day delay marriages because of the acquisition of formal education, which requires more years at the school, Also, fear of the unknown destination may force the parents to delay marriages for a year or two to enable the girls to acquire more physiological and emotional maturity for migration,

2, The comparison of children ever born tend to be

f avourable to non-migran ts over their migrant coun tcr-

parts, Our findings, here tend to be consistent

with what other Nigerian survey have reported

(Morgan, 1975) but slightly higher than some others

.' ,I. .ht. 4 ,< like (Ekanem and Adepoju, 19751, Ekanem (19731, Olusanya (1969), and Makinwa (1981). i 3, When the influences of occupatipn and formal educa-

tion are held constant, the number of children ever born still tends to be more favourable to non-migrant worm over their migrant counterparts, thus indica- I tin, the effect of migration on fertility, 4, A comparison of the current fertility of non-migrant and migrant women under average births, age specific

birth rates, (ASBR) and total fertility rates (TFR)

tend to be more favourable to the non-migrants over their migrant counterparts,

5, Our hypothesis testing, rejects Ho, (MI = M2) thus,

indicatinq the acceptance of Hi (M11 M2),

Based on the above findings, one would be justified to conclude that internal migration tends to have some effect on fertility behaviour, despite the hidden effects of other factors like education, age at first marriage occu- pation and others, REFERENCES

Makinwa, P,K, 1981 Op, Cit,, p. 138.

Ekanem, I,I, 1973

Derek, L-J, 1974 Op. Cit,

Derek, L.J, 1974 op. Cit., p. 122,

Ohadike, P -0, 1968 Op, Cit,

Olusanya, F.0, 1969

Daramola et al, 1968 Op. Cit,

Morgan, R.W, 1975 nFertility Level and Fertility Changev, Nigeria in Caldwell (ed,) Population and Socio-Economic Change in West Africa, New York, Columbia University Press for the Population Counci 1,

Olusanya, P.0, 1969 Op, Cit,

Olusanya, P.0, 1968 Wrban Fertility Pattern in Western Niaeria: A Study of the Residents of .. ,, ., . .{. ., &'.&bAJrban ~reain Ibadan, NISER, Reprint Series,

Makinwa, P,K, 1981 Op. Cit,

Morgan, ROW, I' "- .. 1975 Op. Cit, Ekanem, I,I, et a1 1973 Op, Cit, Olusanya, P,.O. 1969 Op. Cit, Makinwa, P,K, 1981 Ob Cit, CHAPTER 7

GENERAL SUilMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter summarises the empirical facts with a view

to making it easy for the reader to grasp the salient findings of the research work, In addition, some recommendations are

proposed towards the solution of the problem or problems posed by the discovery from the research, For the purpose of easy understanding, the summary is systematically arranged under three sub-headings such as, the - 1 migration pattern (chapter four), fertility pattern (chapter five), and fertility differentials (chapter six), This is followed by th,- proposed recommendations, On the whole, the chapter is stated as briefly as possible, as such only the relevant aspects of the findings are mentioned as follows:-

7.1 SUMMARY OF MIGRATION PATTERN The empirical data from the 'analysed tables concern- ing migration pattern of the subjects (Edda migrant women)

seriously supp~t*'tH&'fdl lowing dacts :-

1. Most emigrant women of Edda (70%) were motivated to migrate on social marital reason which decision derived from the entire household and the extended families instead of personal economic reason

(Table 21, This finding is consistent with the

findillgs of Makinwa (1981), Ominde (19721, Adepoju (19771, Banton (1957), United Nations (19571, to mention but a few. 2. Although a great number of illiterate women (31.7%) participated in the rural-urban, yet a substantial

number of imliterates, (25.7%) also participate in the rural-urban migration to engage themselves in the private sector of the urban economy, (Table 5). The formally educated women mostly participate in the rural-urban

migration to the extent that no woman with college Or

University qualification participated in the rural-rural

migration, 3. Most women (70.3%) migrated right from their original

home after the period of first marriage, thus, implying

that they were already adults before migration (Table 7).

4. Nearly, all the women (80.7%) were born inside Edda,

thus indicating a high percentdge of first generation

migration (Table 9). 5. In the same vein, almost all the migrants had remained

migratory for five years and above, implying lond dura-

tion migrantsg,.whbh,+58,7% having remained migrant for

more than ten years (Table111, thus indicating persis- I

tent or permanent migrants,

6. About haif of the yomerj under study (57.3%) had made \

previous movements before arrival to the present place

of residencd, indicating chain or two-steps migration,

with 42.3% having no previous movements (Table 131, 7, With out-migration being by far in 3xcess over in-migra-

tion, there is a serious deficit of net-migration in origin a1 Edda rural areas, with the concomitan t adverse

effect on the socio-economic life of the people, such as, loss of potential labour, cultural decay, poverty, I increase fn crime wave, hurried planning by government in

exile and others, This adverse effect is consistent with

the notion of Engmann (1972) who noted 'Ithat where popula-

tion is too small to allow for an optimum development of local resources, net-migration or any other factor that

tend to diminish the population further would be negative", 7.2 SUMMARY OF FERTILITY PATTERN

The empirical data as shown under the chapter dealing

with fertility pattern reveal the following facts concLbrn- ing Edda women:-

1, The mean age at first marriage for all the women is 19,045 years, with the modal frequency falling on 18 years,

It is also noticeab&a.,:thatathe ages at first marriage for the women range from 12 years to 30 years (~ables14:l and 14:2), This is consistent with the findings of

Daramola (1965) and OhadikeI _ .&~(19641, Olusanya (1969) but higher than the finding of Makinwa (1981) and compatible

with Derek (1974)-

2, The women L lder monogamous marriages with a number of

4,7 children ever born tend to have larger family sizes than their polygynous counterparts whose mean number

of children ever born is 3,9 (Table 151, 3, Edda women vhose occupations are farming and house-wives,

respectively, with mean figures of 4-6 and 4,5 children

ever born tend to have larger family sizes than their traders and salaried workers counterparts whose mean

figures are 4.2 and 3,7 respectively able 16).

4, The uneducated Edda women with mean figure of 4,6 children

ever born tend to have larger family sizes than their formally educated counterparts with the mean figure of

3,7 children ever born (Table 171, 5. The mean number of 4.3 children ever born is recorded by all women (Table 181, while the mean figure for those

women who have completed their child-bearing experience (45 years and above) record 5.1 children ever born (Table 191, It is also noticeable that the mean for female children ever born to all women stands at 2.1

(Table 201, Also, the desired number of children for all .*,s*. .kt. 7t' ,, , d+ ' . women stands at a mean figure of 5,5, (Table 211, 6. From the current birth of the women for 1984, a mean I figure of 5,3 is recorded by all women, Also, General 1 \ I *.a Fertility Rate (GFR) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of

106 and 3,742,l per lOOOwomen are recorded, respectively. 7.3 SUMMARY OF FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS

From the empiricial data, as shown in the chapter dealing with fertility differentials between non-migrants

and migrants, the following facts are seriously noticeable:-

I. The non-migrants tend to be more prone to early marriages than their migrant counterparts who may delay marriages

because of the acquisition of formal education which requires more years at school. In addition, the fear of

the unknown place of destination may force the parents to delay the marriage of their daughters for a year or two to enable the girls to acquire more physiological and emotional maturity, The implication of early marriage

for migrants is greater fertility performance able 26: 1).

2. The non-migrants tend to have more number of children ever

born than their migrant counterparts (Table 271, This is consistent with Morgan (19751,

3. When the influences of occupation and education are held constant the mean figure of children ever born to the two .. ,,.,A -5. ,*. ,. % . groups tend to be more favourable to non-migrants, thus

indicating the effect of migration on fertility (Tables 28- ia 32). \

I' , .a 4, A comparison of average births, Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

and Age Specific Birbh Rates (ASBR) of non-migrant and

migrant womm tend to be more favourable to non-migrants (Tables 33-35), Our hypothesis testing rejects Ho 'M1 = M2) thus, indica- ting the acceptance of Hi (MPM2) or a mean of difference. This suggests or supprts the fact that there is a difference between the mean figures of non-migrants and migrants, in favour of non-migrants. CONCLUSION

Based on the above findings and facts, one would be justified to conclude that internal migration tends to have some effect on the fertility behaviour of Edda migrant women PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS In view of the empirical research findings arising from this research work, the following proposed recommen- dations are pertinent to enable '.he appropriate solutions of the posing problems which have been made known to us by the project:- Miqration The Govern,y.en,fff,znd other appropriate agencies should give more incentives to sociologists or social demographers to research more into the social factors concerning internal ml gration, especially the areas relating to the \ I/ . .a reasons, the impacts and the relationship between internal migration and fertility, The objective should be geared towards fi :ding out more authentic facts concerning the rural cultural norms and their influences on migration. Such rural cultural norms like normative values, kinship system, social control or traditional rulership, achievement orientation and others, should be studied, This direction of attention to the social factors in internal migration in Africa is necessary because most previous economic approaches have tended to be inadequate in explaining

the African realities about internal migration, The economic approaches have, hitherto, placed too much emphasis on the micro-level of the individual migrantvs economic needs as a motivation for migration decision-making, This is fallacious and distorts the image of the African as being his brothers keeper, In addition, the economic approaches have tended to gloss over the realities of the socialising effect of cultural norms and their continuous influences on the behaviour of the indivi- dual throughout life, The economic approaches have therefore, only succeeded in painting the migrant African as an economic man who rationa1izes'Url'Ey''in 'terms of economic rewards, This is not in the least true, For instance, Udo (1975) and Prothero (1955) report that the Ibo people constitute the highest percentage of migrants in the Western Coaoa Plantations and Idoma Districts, respec- tively, Acco~dingto the two authors, the major reason for this migrant bdhaviour derives from "land scarcity and poverty level of the Ibosfs, This is very misleading and fallacious. What the authors have exhibited is complete ignorance of the Igbo society and its cultural norms, Any person who knows the Igbo society very well will agree that the Igbo people right from pre-colonial period have developed unique cultural norms which have socialised its members into the spirit of adventure, competition, and desirous of risk bearing. The Aros, the Awka Smiths, the

Eddas, the Ohafias, and the Abams, to mention but a few, have become migratory before the coming of Europeans and the concomitant development of urban areas in Nigeria, The Igbo cultural norms of vertical mobility, gerontocracy, age-grade, system, numerous ti tle taking, expensive mortuary rites, and others may have contributed immensely towards their propen- sity to migrate, instead of poverty, On the contrary, some other cultural norms, of other groups may prohibit migration of the members by not possess- ing most of the qualities found in the Igbo societies, In

.. ,".,.k$. \t' a society where the social mobility is horiaontal, the ruler- ship is patrimonialism or superordinate and subordinate relationships, the mortuary rites less costly, no title- takings and the general' philosophy is other worldly, definitely, the achievement orientation of the members will be very low, and the desirz for risk bearing also will be minimal,

Consequently, the propensity to migrate will be less, Therefore, the macro-level of the societal cultural norms may go a long way to determine the degree of migration prevalent among the members, This aspect of the influences of the macro-level of the societal cultural values are totally neglected by the economic approaches, In effect , therefore, the socio-cultural aspects of migration falls within the realms of Sociological Studies, The government or its agencies should, therefore,provide more incentives to foster hore researches in the socio-cultural aspects of internal migration which may yield a better fruit in the African situation than the Euro- centric economic approaches,

2, Fertility In view of the higher fertility of the non-migrant

women over their migrant counterparts as made known to

us from this empl~-;a1 research findings, the following suggestions are recommended:-

a) More effort should be made to penetrate the rural mon- ' . , . .. : , !* migrant communities with a view to educating them more on 1

family planning, birth control and the use of contracep- /

tives, \ \ b) Non-migrant communities"likl2 Edda should be declared as

priority areas in the war against population explosion in Nigeria. c) Social amenities should be distributed in such a manner

that more will go to the non-migran t communities to alleviate their sufferings from high dependency ratio, d) Infrastructural amenities like good roads, electricity

and others should be made available in the rural non-

migrant communities to facilitate the execution of family planning education, through personal contacts, television programmes and other mass media,

- 7 e) Education of the non-migrant communities should be a priority to delay the ages of first marriage, thereby, reducing fertility,

f) Traditional methods of birth control should be studied

and where found useful, should be revamped in the non-

migrant communities for easy understanding and application, 3, Edda Community

In view of the empirical findings, the following

suggestions ars,..~ecwmmemdedto alleviate the sufferings of Edda people:-

a) Edda should be declared a social disaster area resulting from high incidence of out-migration of young adults and I/ . _a high fertility of the non-migrant women,

b) More social amenities or benefits should be made available to the people. C) The infrastructural amenities of the area should be

developed to attract more in-migrants to off-set the

adverse effect of out-migration, d) The location of industries in Edda would go along way to minimise out-migration or attract more in-migrants, e) The siting of some higher institutions of learning may improve their educational aspirations, thereby, delay-

ing the ages at first marriage, f) The people of Edda should be encouraged to organize themselves to bring about some of the required amenities

through l'self-help-projectsll. The leaders of Edda

people should be educated to organize the local people and the migrant population to utilize their available local resources to help themselves before any govern- ment action,

,. ,, ,, ..q. .t. * . !>.r . REFERENCES

Makinwa, PoKo 1981 Op, Cit.

Ominde, S.H. 1972 Opo Cit,

Adepoju, A- 1977 Op. Cit,

Bakton, Mo 1957 Op, Cit.

United Nations 1957 Op, Cit.

Engmann, E.VoTo 1972 Opo Cit,

Daramola, I, et ale 1968 Op, Cit.

Ohadike, P.0. 1968 Op. Cite

Olusanya, P.Oo 1969 Op. Cit.

Derek, L.J. 1974 Op. Cit.

Prothero, R.M. 1955 Opo Cit, BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akinbode, I,A, i971 !'Changes in Nigerian Rural Commu- nities and their Impact on Popula- tionvP, Seminar on Population Problem and Policy in Nigeria, March,

Bogue, Donald J. 1959 9iInternal Migrationqvin Phillip Hauser and Otis Dudley Duncan (eds,), -The Study of Population; An Inven- tory and Appraisal, Chicago, University of Chicago Press,

-Techniques of Population Analysis, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,

4, Cohen, JeMo "Fecondite: Facteursvs, in NISEE Afrique Noite, Madagascar, Comores, Demographic Comparee, Paris, P,V, 25.

5, Duncan, 0-Do "Farm Background and Differential Fertilitysv, Demography, Vol. 2, ppa 240-249,

6. Dike, A. f~Misconceptionsof African Urbanism: Some Euro-American Notionq', in Development of Urban Systems in Africa, R,N, Obudho and Salah El-Shakhs, New York, Paaeger. ..I* ' Ekanem, 1.1, 1973 "Fertility in Eastern Nigerian, / Paper presented at the C,O,D,E,S, R,I,A, Workshop on Population in Africa, Lome, July 30-August 3, \

Ekanem, 1.1, and Adepoju, A, 1975 Migration into Warri - Bendel State Nigeria (~imeographed),

Findley, S,E- 1979 Untitled: 9gStateof the Act Paper on Migration, Rural Development and Fertilitvsv. submitted A,I.Da Green, L. and Nilone, V. 1972 "Urbanization in Nigeria: A Plan- ning Commentarys1, International UrQm Survey, New York: Ford Foundation.

11. Gasie, SoKm 1972 '?Migration and Child-Bearing in Kenyav1 in Population Growth and Economic Development in Africa, Heinemann, London.

Harris, J, and Todaro, MOP, 1970 slMigration, Unemployment and Develop- ment, A Two-Sector Analysisu, The American Economic Review, Vol, 60.

Iutaka, So et al, 1976 Fertility: Natives .and Migrants in Metropolitan Latin American" in International Miqration: The New World and the Third World (ed, ) , Richmon, A,H,, York University, Toron to,

Lee-Everett, So 1969 IsTheory of Migration" in J, Jackson (ed,), Cambridge, Cambridge Univer- sity Press,

Ma1 thus, 1798 I1An Essay on the Principles of Popu- lation as it Affects the Future Improvemen t of Society, ,, l1

.< ,, ,, 4 -1. .t. , . >+ . Ma1 thus, 1872 Ibid,, 7th Edition, Book I, Chap, 1,

Marx, KO 1867 "Capitalq1 (1959 Edition), pp, 640-644. \ I/ . .* Makinwa3 PmKe 1981 Internal Miqration and Rural Develop- ment in Niqeria: Lesson from Bendel 7State Heimemann, Ibadan, Mabogun je, 4,Le 1970 "System Approach to a Theory of Rural-Urban Migration1', Geographie Analysis, Vol, 2, No, 8, January. 20, Ominde, SOH, 1972 ltMigration and Child-Bearing in KenyaH in Population Growth and Economic Develo~mentin Africa, Heinsmann, London,

21, Olusanya, P,O, 1969 18Rural-Urban Fertility Differen- tials in Western Nigeriaf1, Population Studies, Vol, 23,

22, Ravenstein, E,G, 1885 '!The Laws of Migrationu, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol, 2, NO. 2, June.

23, Spencer 1867 The Principles of Biology, Vol, 2, pp, 406-410, 480-506.

24, Sidgwick 1883 "The Principles of Political Economys1, pp, 150-155,

25, Stouffer, S,A, 1940 llIntervening Opportunities: A Theory Relating Mobility and Distance1', American Sociological Review, Vol. 5,

26, Sajaastad, L,A, 1962 "The Cost and Returns of Human Migrationu, Journal of Political Economy, Vol, 7, No, 4, Part 11, ,',, ,.,f \. , " October,

27, Tilly, Charles / 1964 "Migration to American Cities" in Charles Tilly (ed.) An Urban World, Boston, Little Brown & Coy, \

I/ 1 .I 28, Todaro, MOP, 1969 llModal Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed 1 Countriesl1,

29, Thompson Wmren S, 1944 Plenty of People, Jacques-Cattel Press, Lancaster, Pa, 30. United Nations 1970 Variables and Questionnaire for Comparative Fertility Survey, Department of Econodc and Social ~ffairs,Population Studies, No, 45, New York,

31, Uchendu, V, 1970 "The Passing Away of the Triban Man: A West African Experiencen in The Passinq Away of' the Tribal Man, Leiden, E.J, Brill,

1944 Miqrant Tenant Farmers of Niqeria:- A Geoqraphical Study of Rural Migrants in Niqeria, London, African University Press,

33, Zarate, A, and Zarate, AoUe 1975 In, Iukake, So et al,, Op, Cit, APPENDIX

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA DEPARTMENT OF SGCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY (POSTGRADUATE SECTION)

Dear Madam,

I am undertaking a study of Internal Migration and Fertility Behaviour in Edda. The objective of this study is to find out whether migration has any effect - positive of negative - on the child-bearing behaviour of Edda women, This study is for the partial fulfilment of the academic requirement for the degree of Master of Science of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The exercise, therefore, has no connection whatsoever with taxation, census and political parties, Your name and address are not required and I wish

to assure you that any information given by you is being treated with top-level secrecy.. Thank you for ready co-operation.

Yours faifhtully,

.. ,,....I. ,t' *. .,J. ' .

/Sgd./ Ama, 1.0. (Postgraduate S-kudent) Department of Sociology/Anthropology University of Nigeria, Nsukka INTERNAL MIGRATION AND FERTILITY BEHAVTOUR IN EDDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

1, What is the highest level of education you have attained? a) University ...... b) College - ATTC or College of Technology ......

C) Secondary School or TTC ...... r.u

d) Primary School .....oOO...... O..O..OO...... ~

e) No formal schooling ..a...... OO.O.OOOOO.O..O.... f) NO Answer ...... 2, What is your principal means of earning a living?

a) Farming ...... O..OOO..OOOOOOO...O..O......

b) Trading ...... OO.OO....OOOO.OO....O.O...O..

C) Salaried Worker ,o,.~..,P.O.O.OIO.oO.ODOOOOOO.O..

d) Native Doctor/Traditional Medicine-man .oooo.o.c.

e) Fishing ,o,eoo,oOOOOOOOOoOQOO~.OOom.OoOaOooOo.o..

f ) Craft (Carving, weaving, basket-making , etc,) ..a. g) Others (specify) ...... O.O...... o... 3, How old are you? (Use, age-grade system of the area to elicit this fi-l'$oFmd't'ion' from the illiterates, e,g, to whidh age-grade do you belong?),

a) 15-19 years ...... OOOOOOO..OO....O....O....

b) 20-24 years .o...... o..O....O...... O.O.. I, ....

C) 25-29 years .O..O.....O..O.O.OOO...O....OO...... ~

d) 30-34 years ...... O..O.OOO..O.O...OO.O.OO....

e) 35-39 years ...... oOOO.O..O.....O.....OOO......

f) 40-44 years ...... ~.O.OO.O..O g) 45-49 years ...... 4, Where were you born?

a) Outside Edda .,,.,o.o,,,o..moo~moOmO,OOOm~O~m~~ b) In Edda Local Government Area .,,,,,,,,,.,..... 5, How long have you lived in Edda?

a) Since I was born .o,oommo.oooo.oo..oo~~Ommoo~om b) Up to the time I completed Primary School ,,.,, c) Till I completed my Secondary School ,,.,..,,,,

d) Till the time of my first marriage ,.,,,,m.,..,

6, State the places you have lived outside Edda and the number of years you lived there.

7, Where were you liging Before the civil war?

a) Outside Edda ,~,aoooomomoomooo.m~ooooomoaoao~,m~m

b) Within Edda m,....,o.~oo~ooo.ooOOOOO,OOO.OoOmma,~ 8, What was the main reason for your choosing to leave your native place to another place? a) Government service e~...,.~,..~o,.....,.~~.,~,~~,

b) To get more money by trading, farming or other

manual labour ,,,o.O....O...~...O.Oo..o,.O.,,~.,m

C) Social Ostracism ,o....~o.o..,oo.....o.om.06r.

d) Marital reasons ,.~.,.,.,...... O..oOO.o,~~~o

f) Religious or Political reason ,.~.o~o~o...~,,.~o~

g) Other reasons .o,,..~~,o~....O..OO.O.o..OOO..,,~,

9. How old were you when you married your first husband? (Use the annual women festivalsfor the illiterates, e,g, How many participations of the annual girls1 festival did you attain before your first marriage?),

a) Under 15 years ,...~..o.oOOOO.o...O.O..Ooo...,,.~

b) 15-19 years ,o.oo..o...o.o....,.O...,..OOoOa,..O.

C) 20-24 years ,.,o~.oooooO~O...O.O~O...OeOOOOOOO.~~

d) 25-29 years .o....o,.~o...o~OO.~o~O~.a..OO.~O~e~~

e) 30-34 years ,o.o.,ooo.o.o.oo~oOOOOO.OOOOOOOoO~~O~

.z,A-..l. \*' '.I* ' f) 35-39 years o*.o~*.oro.o~.~o.o..,rooooOQoooo.ooo.*.

10. State the total number of children ever born by you.

a) (Total number of boys) .e.~.~o.eeo.o.....o.~....~

b) (Total number of girls);. ,.,,o,,oo,o,....,..,.....

11, State the number of your children within the ages of 0-4 years 12, Hnve .you had any birth within the past 12 months?

a) Yes ...o....o.o.... (b) No .. O.O...D.OO..

C) Twin birth ,..oooo.o.OOO.UOOoOo.OOoOOOoOOOO....

13, Are you married alone or with other co-wives?

a) Alone .o.o,.~o....oo~ooo.oooooooooooooooo.,~o.o

b) With co-wives .o,.,o.ooo,ooooooooOOOOOoOooO..O.

14, Do you have any desire for more children?

a) Yes .o.oooooooooo..,o(b)No. .o,oo.o,o~.~~~.o

15, If llYESsl, to question 13, state the sexes of your desire.

a) Boys ,O,O,OOOO,O.O,o~o, (b) Girls ,,,,,,,.

C) Total .OO,OOOOOOOOO..OOOOOOOOOO.OOOOO.O~~OOO~~,

16. Suppose you were free to choose, how many children would you like to have on the whole? (State the number according to sexes,

a) Boys ,o.,ooooooooo,, (b) Girls o.~,o,o,,o.,,

17. Indicate your religious affiliation,

a) Christian o.,o,,..~o...ooooooOO,oO.OoOOO,,~~.~.

b) Moslem ,O,O..O.OOO...... OOO,OOOO.OOO.O,OOO.O~O~

C) Traditional religion/Ances tral worship ,, . , , , , , ,. ,,....1. ,:. ., * .iJ. . 18, How long do you bread-feed your infant children after their births?

a) Below 6 months ,.,o.oo.ooooo.,.,ooOOOO.Oo.OO~~~O

b) Six months oo~o.~oo~o~~o~~~oooo.oooo.o,oor.

c) One year ~oo..ooooooo.oo.~.~o..o..ooo~.oooo.~o~~

d) One aqd a half years ,o,oo.o.o,,,,,ooo.oO.~oOO.,

e) Two years and above ,o.oe.oo.oo.,o,,,o.OOO..oo~~

Thank you fina'ly for co-operation,