1996 by Abubakar Hassan Ahmed I

II . .... ' .. • . ·' GOVERNMENT POLICY ON THE CREATION OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY: AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT, 1976 - 1996 -.. · - . ' t .. " • . " . ., .. .. · . .. , •.. # . .. .. • • BY . ABUBAKAR HASSAN AHMED II B.A. (Hons), M.A. .. (NO. 94428022) . •• • • • .. • ' BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF PH.D IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY ANALYSIS OF THE DEPARTMENT ·. OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA . • ', . .. • NOVEMBER, 1999 . t. ' . • • . • ABSTRACT This study is mainly concerned with examination of the role of government's policy on the creation of Abuja as the Federal Capital of Nigeria. Generally speaking, we examined the philosophy that governed the policy for the development of Abuja. Creating new towns and especially capital cities is not new in history. f n fact, quite a number of countries in the world have had cause to change their capital cities. Be that as it may, the research had essentially focused at investigating the reaction of the inhabitants t the implementation of the resttlement and compensation pol icy. T nitially, the policy was that the whole of the local population would be resettled outside the territory. With time, this policy was changed, and resettlement became limited to only those areas affected by physical development of the city. On the compensation issue, the exercise was fu ll of fraud, to say the least. We conducted the research by gathering both primary and secondary data on the variables identified. For example, the evaluation of the resttlement pol icy was worked out through the analysis of some responses that served as indicators of satisfaction or not, through the use structured and unstructured questions. Our findings revealed that right from the beginning of the programme of the development of the new Fedral Capital Territory, the inhabitants had high expectation and anxieties about the decision to resttle them, and perhaps with adequate compensation. In any case, both those resettled outside the FCT and those within were discontented with the levels of social services provided. In the final analysis, th is study recommends that: 1. concerted efforts should be made by government to pay all outstanding compensation to the rightful owners; 11. the Aborigines in some cases should be intergrated within the FCT rather than resttled outside; 111. government should embark on agress1ve housing programmes for civil servants in the entire Federal Capital Territory. 11 CERTIFICATION I certify that the materials recorded in this Dissertation resulted from the original research carried out by Abubakar Hassan Ahmed II when he was a student in the Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Abuja, Abuja, and approved for acceptance in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the Ph. D. d ree )e�oCC', Date: .......... /..... tf?: ../ s h. l Date:.!.�. � ./t.:O Head of Depaiirnent Professor Umar M. Birai Date: ..................... External Examiner Dr. H.J. Ohwona Reader, ABU Zaria Date: ..................... Dean of Postgraduate School Professor A. I. Ikeotuonye Ill DEDICATION Th is work is dedicated to the memory of my Late Uncle Alhaji Magaji Abubakar Ahmed lV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, glory, thanks and praises be to Allah, (SWA) who has in many ways been able to see me through with this work. I want to place on record the assistance I received from the foundation Vice-Chancellor, Professor fsa B. Mohammed, and the Registrar, Alhaji Yakubu H. Habi, fo rmer Ag. Vice-Chancellor, Professor Ahmed T. Sulaiman and indeed the present Vice Chancellor, Dr Gamba Laraba Abdullahi by offering me the opportunity to undergo the study, while at the same time continuing with my normal work in the University. I am very grateful to my supervisor, Professor I.E. S. Amd ii, who had been very thorough, meticulous and hard on me to see to the successful completion of this work. His comments, criticisms and advise had been very useful in bringing out this work in its present form . My constant touch with Professor Amdii has ultimately made our relationship blossom from that of teacher-student to brotherly affection. Equally r obtained valuable contributions on the work from the fo llowing senior members of staff of the Department of Political Science. They are Professor A.A. Ujo, Professor Umar M. Birai (the HOD), Dr. Inno Ukaej e (the former HOD), Dr. r. l. Uke and Dr. Solomon Ogbu. I am also grateful to Dr. Abdullahi Umar. I want to acknowledge the moral support and encouragement I received from my father, Alhaj i Hassan Ahmed II mni, the Magajin Garin Nasarawa, my uncle, Ambassador Mohammed Buba Ahmed, the Turakin Nasarawa, Alhaji Jibrin Ahmed, and indeed my mother, Malama Aishatu Omajegba - Ibrahim. I will also like to record the encouragement, support and prayers r received from my close fr iends. These are Iyal Salisu Ahmed, Saidu B. Ahmed, Abubakar v Sadeeq Usman, Shehu Usman Suleiman, Bashir Ibrahim Naguto, Alhaj i Abubakar Aliyu Maiwada Keffi , and Salihu Na lndo. Jn the University of Abuja, I benefitted a lot from the wealth of experience of my close friends, who stood by me always, until my dream was realised. These fr iends are Dr. Al iyu Hussaini, Idris 0. Jibrin, Abubakar A. Bafeto, Malam Ayinla A. Sanni and Yahaya r. Mohammed. Other firends include F.L. Bello, T.L. Ekele, Y. Esikalem, Abdullahi Musa and Dr. A.A. Idrees. My thanks also go to my numerous brothers and sisters, who have patiently waited and fervently prayed for me to conclude this study. As for my wife, Yashuwa, words cannot explain. Simply put, you are most wonderful! I also thank my daughters Ummi and Asama'u. J imoh Moruf, Joshua Aragi II and Lawrence K. Koshihula who painstakingly produced this work several times over, I am grateful to them. I wish to state that since human beings are infallible, I whole-heartedly accept responsibility for whatever instances that appear in this work. AHMED II, ABUBAKAR HASSAN Gwagwalada, 7th November, 1999 VI LIST OF TABLES Page 4.1 Garki Health Centre: Altendance by Ailment, Sex and Age, 1988 84 - 4.2 Medical Facilities Allocation ......................86 - 4.3 Control of Some Diseases ........................90 - 4.4 Distribution of Primary School Facilities by Area Councils, 1990 92 4.5 Distribution of Secondary Schools by Area Councils, 1990 ....93 5 .1 Land Allocation and Population by District in Phase 1 of the FC1102 - 5.2 Incremental Growth of the FCT, 1981 - 2000 ........... 105 - 5 .3 Principal Types of Dwelling Units and Land Use intensity ... 107 - 5 .4 Yearly Housing Shortage in the FCC (1982 - 1987) . 113 5 .5 Details of Completed and On-going Housing Projects in all Districts of the FCT ................................11 4 5.6 Completed Housing Units in FCC as at 1st January, 1990 ... 116 5.7 On-Going Housing Units in FCC as at 31st January, 1990 ... 117 5.8 Information on Housing in AU Districts (Units Awarded) . 117 5.9 Private Residential Housing Provisions in Phase 1 of the FCC as at 1996 ....................................121 5.10 FHA Houses in FCC by 1996 ..................... 125 6. 1 Composition of Refuse from 3 Social Class Areas in the FCT . 135 7 .1 Resettlement Preferences in the FCT, 1980 . 165 7.2 Recommended Compensation Rates Applicable in the FCT ...167 Vil LIST OF FIGURES Integration of Activities of Environmental Protection Departments 23 2 . Structure of Policy Instrument . 34 3. Pol icy Process and Impact ... 40 4. Number of Patients per day by Area Council in Government Owned Clinics/Health Centres in 1994 .......... ...........85 5. Availability of Medical Personnel in the Territory Between Time � Periods ....................................88 6. The Six Residential Districts in Phase 1 ............... 109 - VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 ABSTRACT ......................................... CERTIFICATION ......................................111 DEDICATION . 1v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . v UST OF TABLES . v11 UST OF FIGURES .................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................ix CHAPTER ONE . 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study . 3 1.3 Research Problems . 3 1.4 Research Propositions . 7 1.5 Methodology of Study . 7 1.6 Scope of Study . 11 1.7 Significance of the Study . 11 1.8 Limitations of Study . 12 CHAPTER TWO . 13 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK . 13 2. 1 Literature Review ............................ 13 2.2 Theoretical Framework . 24 2.2.1 Structural Functionalism . 26 2.2.2 Policy Instrument Strategy . 32 CHAPTER THREE . 44 3.1 Factors Responsible for the Relocation of Federal Capital City . ... ..... ...... ........... 46 3.2 Abuja as a Federal Capital Territory: Historical Process . 54 3.3 The Political and Socio - Economic History of the Indigenes of Abuja . 61 CHAPTER FOUR . 65 INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROVISION OF SOCIAL OVERHEADS . 65 4. 1 Infrastructural Development . 65 IX 4.2 Provision of Social Facilities . 81 4.2 .1 Health Care Facilities 83 4.2 .2 Educational Provision 91 CHAPTER FIVE ............ 98 THE ROLE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS JN HOUSING D EVELOPM ENT . 98 5. 1 Introduction . 98 5.2 Housing and the Abuja Master Plan Provisions .......... 100 5.2 .1 Land Allocations and Housing ................ 101 5.2.2 The Population to be housed as envisaged by Master Plan over Time . 103 5.2 .3 Public Housing and Private Initiatives ........... 106 5.3 Visitation into Housing Development in Abuja ........... 108 5.3.1 Residential Districts in Phase I ................ 108 5.3.2 Appraisal Strategy .............. .... ... 110 5 .3.3 Achievements in Housing Provision ............. 111 5.3.4 Total Number of Houses Completed Between 1988 and 1996 ................................11 3 5.3.5 Amendments to the Master Plan with Particular Reference to Housing Provisions .............. 118 5.3.6 The Functionality of the Residential Districts . ..... 119 5.3.7 Private Sector Contribution to Housing Provision in the Federal Capital City .... ...... ........... 120 5.4 The Role of the Federal Housing Authority ...........

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