Lecture 2: History of Video Gaming Hardware: the 2-D Era
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A History of Video Game Consoles Introduction the First Generation
A History of Video Game Consoles By Terry Amick – Gerald Long – James Schell – Gregory Shehan Introduction Today video games are a multibillion dollar industry. They are in practically all American households. They are a major driving force in electronic innovation and development. Though, you would hardly guess this from their modest beginning. The first video games were played on mainframe computers in the 1950s through the 1960s (Winter, n.d.). Arcade games would be the first glimpse for the general public of video games. Magnavox would produce the first home video game console featuring the popular arcade game Pong for the 1972 Christmas Season, released as Tele-Games Pong (Ellis, n.d.). The First Generation Magnavox Odyssey Rushed into production the original game did not even have a microprocessor. Games were selected by using toggle switches. At first sales were poor because people mistakenly believed you needed a Magnavox TV to play the game (GameSpy, n.d., para. 11). By 1975 annual sales had reached 300,000 units (Gamester81, 2012). Other manufacturers copied Pong and began producing their own game consoles, which promptly got them sued for copyright infringement (Barton, & Loguidice, n.d.). The Second Generation Atari 2600 Atari released the 2600 in 1977. Although not the first, the Atari 2600 popularized the use of a microprocessor and game cartridges in video game consoles. The original device had an 8-bit 1.19MHz 6507 microprocessor (“The Atari”, n.d.), two joy sticks, a paddle controller, and two game cartridges. Combat and Pac Man were included with the console. In 2007 the Atari 2600 was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame (“National Toy”, n.d.). -
Retrocomputing As Preservation and Remix
Retrocomputing as Preservation and Remix Yuri Takhteyev Quinn DuPont University of Toronto University of Toronto [email protected] [email protected] Abstract This paper looks at the world of retrocomputing, a constellation of largely non-professional practices involving old computing technology. Retrocomputing includes many activities that can be seen as constituting “preservation.” At the same time, it is often transformative, producing assemblages that “remix” fragments from the past with newer elements or joining together historic components that were never combined before. While such “remix” may seem to undermine preservation, it allows for fragments of computing history to be reintegrated into a living, ongoing practice, contributing to preservation in a broader sense. The seemingly unorganized nature of retrocomputing assemblages also provides space for alternative “situated knowledges” and histories of computing, which can sometimes be quite sophisticated. Recognizing such alternative epistemologies paves the way for alternative approaches to preservation. Keywords: retrocomputing, software preservation, remix Recovering #popsource In late March of 2012 Jordan Mechner received a shipment from his father, a box full of old floppies. Among them was a 3.5 inch disk labelled: “Prince of Persia / Source Code (Apple) / ©1989 Jordan Mechner (Original).” Mechner’s announcement of this find on his blog the next day took the world of nerds by storm.1 Prince of Persia, a game that Mechner single-handedly developed in the late 1980s, revolutionized computer games when it came out due to its surprisingly realistic representation of human movement. After being ported to DOS and Apple’s Mac OS in the early 1990s the game sold 2 million copies (Pham, 2001). -
First Amendment Protection of Artistic Entertainment: Toward Reasonable Municipal Regulation of Video Games
Vanderbilt Law Review Volume 36 Issue 5 Issue 5 - October 1983 Article 2 10-1983 First Amendment Protection of Artistic Entertainment: Toward Reasonable Municipal Regulation of Video Games John E. Sullivan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr Part of the First Amendment Commons, and the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation John E. Sullivan, First Amendment Protection of Artistic Entertainment: Toward Reasonable Municipal Regulation of Video Games, 36 Vanderbilt Law Review 1223 (1983) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol36/iss5/2 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE First Amendment Protection of Artistic Entertainment: Toward Reasonable Municipal Regulation of Video Games Outline I. INTRODUCTION .................................. 1225 II. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF VIDEO GAMES . 1232 A. Zoning Regulation ......................... 1232 1. Video Games Permitted by Right ........ 1232 2. Video Games as Conditional or Special U ses .................................. 1233 3. Video Games as Accessory Uses ......... 1234 4. Special Standards for Establishments Of- fering Video Game Entertainment ....... 1236 a. Age of Players and Hours of Opera- tion Standards .................. 1236 b. Arcade Space and Structural Stan- dards ........................... 1237 c. Arcade Location Standards....... 1237 d. Noise, Litter, and Parking Stan- dards ........................... 1238 e. Adult Supervision Standards ..... 1239 B. Licensing Regulation ....................... 1239 1. Licensing and Zoning Distinguished ...... 1239 2. Video Game Licensing Standards ........ 1241 3. Administration of Video Game Licensing. 1242 a. Denial of a License ............. -
Harmony Cartridge Online Manual
A new way to experience the Atari 2600. © Copyright 2009-2011 – AtariAge (atariage.com) Second printing Contents Introduction ____________________________________ 1 Getting Started with Harmony _______________________ 1 Harmony Firmware Upgrading ______________________ 3 Frequently Asked Questions ________________________ 5 Harmony File Extensions __________________________ 8 Harmony Technical Specifications ____________________ 9 Acknowledgments _______________________________ 9 Introduction The Harmony cartridge is a programmable add-on for the Atari 2600 console that allows you to load an entire library of games into a single cartridge and then select which title you want to play from a friendly, on-screen menu interface. It features an SD card interface, making it simple to access the large library of Atari 2600 software. The Harmony cartridge supports almost all of the titles that have been produced for the Atari 2600. It can also be used to run your own Atari 2600 game creations on a real console. The Harmony cartridge is flash-upgradeable, and will be updated to support future Atari 2600 developments. SD card slot Mini-B USB port Back edge of Harmony Cart This guide tells you how to make the most of your Harmony cartridge. It should be read thoroughly before the cartridge is used for the first time. Your Harmony cartridge will provide you with many years of Atari 2600 enjoyment. The following equipment is required to use the Harmony cartridge: 1) An Atari 2600, Atari 7800 or other Atari 2600-compatible console. 2) A Windows, Macintosh or Linux-based computer to transfer data onto the SD card. 3) An SD card adapter for your computer. 4) An SD or SDHC card up to 32GB capacity. -
Programmed Moves: Race and Embodiment in Fighting and Dancing Videogames
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Programmed Moves: Race and Embodiment in Fighting and Dancing Videogames Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5pg3z8fg Author Chien, Irene Y. Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Programmed Moves: Race and Embodiment in Fighting and Dancing Videogames by Irene Yi-Jiun Chien A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Film and Media and the Designated Emphasis in New Media in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Linda Williams, Chair Professor Kristen Whissel Professor Greg Niemeyer Professor Abigail De Kosnik Spring 2015 Abstract Programmed Moves: Race and Embodiment in Fighting and Dancing Videogames by Irene Yi-Jiun Chien Doctor of Philosophy in Film and Media Designated Emphasis in New Media University of California, Berkeley Professor Linda Williams, Chair Programmed Moves examines the intertwined history and transnational circulation of two major videogame genres, martial arts fighting games and rhythm dancing games. Fighting and dancing games both emerge from Asia, and they both foreground the body. They strip down bodily movement into elemental actions like stepping, kicking, leaping, and tapping, and make these the form and content of the game. I argue that fighting and dancing games point to a key dynamic in videogame play: the programming of the body into the algorithmic logic of the game, a logic that increasingly organizes the informatic structure of everyday work and leisure in a globally interconnected information economy. -
Atari 8-Bit Family
Atari 8-bit Family Last Updated on October 2, 2021 Title Publisher Qty Box Man Comments 221B Baker Street Datasoft 3D Tic-Tac-Toe Atari 747 Landing Simulator: Disk Version APX 747 Landing Simulator: Tape Version APX Abracadabra TG Software Abuse Softsmith Software Ace of Aces: Cartridge Version Atari Ace of Aces: Disk Version Accolade Acey-Deucey L&S Computerware Action Quest JV Software Action!: Large Label OSS Activision Decathlon, The Activision Adventure Creator Spinnaker Software Adventure II XE: Charcoal AtariAge Adventure II XE: Light Gray AtariAge Adventure!: Disk Version Creative Computing Adventure!: Tape Version Creative Computing AE Broderbund Airball Atari Alf in the Color Caves Spinnaker Software Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves Quality Software Alien Ambush: Cartridge Version DANA Alien Ambush: Disk Version Micro Distributors Alien Egg APX Alien Garden Epyx Alien Hell: Disk Version Syncro Alien Hell: Tape Version Syncro Alley Cat: Disk Version Synapse Software Alley Cat: Tape Version Synapse Software Alpha Shield Sirius Software Alphabet Zoo Spinnaker Software Alternate Reality: The City Datasoft Alternate Reality: The Dungeon Datasoft Ankh Datamost Anteater Romox Apple Panic Broderbund Archon: Cartridge Version Atari Archon: Disk Version Electronic Arts Archon II - Adept Electronic Arts Armor Assault Epyx Assault Force 3-D MPP Assembler Editor Atari Asteroids Atari Astro Chase Parker Brothers Astro Chase: First Star Rerelease First Star Software Astro Chase: Disk Version First Star Software Astro Chase: Tape Version First Star Software Astro-Grover CBS Games Astro-Grover: Disk Version Hi-Tech Expressions Astronomy I Main Street Publishing Asylum ScreenPlay Atari LOGO Atari Atari Music I Atari Atari Music II Atari This checklist is generated using RF Generation's Database This checklist is updated daily, and it's completeness is dependent on the completeness of the database. -
The Double-Edged Sword of Backward Compatibility: the Adoption of Multi-Generational Platforms in the Presence of Intergenerational Services
The Double-Edged Sword of Backward Compatibility: The Adoption of Multi-Generational Platforms in the Presence of Intergenerational Services Il-Horn Hann Byungwan Koh Marius F. Niculescu Robert H. Smith School of Business Haskayne School of Business Scheller College of Business University of Maryland University of Calgary Georgia Institute of Technology College Park, MD 20742 Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Atlanta, GA 30308 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Information Systems Research, 2016, Vol 27(1), pp. 112-130 Permalink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/isre.2015.0615 Abstract We investigate the impact of the intergenerational nature of services, via backward compatibility, on the adoption of multi-generational platforms. We consider a mobile Internet platform that has evolved over several generations and for which users download complementary services from third party providers. These services are often intergenerational: newer platform generations are backward compatible with respect to services released under earlier generation platforms. In this paper, we propose a model to identify the main drivers of consumers’ choice of platform generation, accounting for (i) the migration from older to newer platform generations, (ii) the indirect network effect on platform adoption due to same-generation services, and (iii) the effect on platform adoption due to the consumption of intergenerational services via backward compatibility. Using data on mobile Internet platform adoption and services consumption for the time period of 2001 – 2007 from a major wireless carrier in an Asian country, we estimate the three effects noted above. We show that both the migration from older to newer platform generations and the indirect network effects are significant. -
Electric Drive by '25
ELECTRIC DRIVE BY ‘25: How California Can Catalyze Mass Adoption of Electric Vehicles by 2025 September 2012 About this Report This policy paper is the tenth in a series of reports on how climate change will create opportunities for specific sectors of the business community and how policy-makers can facilitate those opportunities. Each paper results from one-day workshop discussions that include representatives from key business, academic, and policy sectors of the targeted industries. The workshops and resulting policy papers are sponsored by Bank of America and produced by a partnership of the UCLA School of Law’s Environmental Law Center & Emmett Center on Climate Change and the Environment and UC Berkeley School of Law’s Center for Law, Energy & the Environment. Authorship The author of this policy paper is Ethan N. Elkind, Bank of America Climate Policy Associate for UCLA School of Law’s Environmental Law Center & Emmett Center on Climate Change and the Environment and UC Berkeley School of Law’s Center for Law, Energy & the Environment (CLEE). Additional contributions to the report were made by Sean Hecht and Cara Horowitz of the UCLA School of Law and Steven Weissman of the UC Berkeley School of Law. Acknowledgments The author and organizers are grateful to Bank of America for its generous sponsorship of the workshop series and input into the formulation of both the workshops and the policy paper. We would specifically like to thank Anne Finucane, Global Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer, and Chair of the Bank of America Environmental Council, for her commitment to this work. -
Shareware Solutions II
SharewareShareware SolutionsSolutions IIII An Exciting Apple II Journey Into The Future Volume 3, Issue 1 Spring, 1996 Heard It Through The Grapevine Hard Drive Give Away following e-mail message: The There was also quite a bit of dis- winner of the HD is Keith Saga- cussion about Brutal Deluxes Everyone whose subscription low. We threw all of the papers System 6.0.2 update, and Oliv- was current at the end of Febru- into the air, then we threw a ier admitted that his program- ary, 1996 was automatically en- dart at one. There were three ming partner suffered from a tered into the Hard Drive Give names hit by the dart, but only hard drive crash and that much Away Contest, and the winner one was legible, so Keith was of the work had been lost. of that contest is Keith Saga- the winner. low, a IIGS owner from Central The freewheeling online chat Valley, New York. Keith is now Thanks to Tony Diaz for do- session was attended by more the proud owner of a 120 Mega- nating the drive. Thanks to Auri than 30 people, and a good time byte Focus Hard Drive. for acting as an intermediary to seemed to be had by all. Steve Wozniak. Thanks to Woz From the time the contest was for choosing the winner. But Upon his return to France, Oliv- announced in the last issue un- most of all, thanks to all of you ier started work on the next Bru- til the time that Keith received for supporting Shareware Solu- tal Deluxe release, a IIGS game his hard drive, several unexpect- tions II. -
60 Years of Collecting Barbie®! by Christopher Varaste
60 Years of Collecting Barbie®! by Christopher Varaste Muse. Pioneer. Icon. That’s Barbie® doll, a fashion model whose stride down an endless runway inspired an entire line of quality collectibles for an astounding 60 years! An elevation of design and fashion, Barbie doll appeals to anyone interested in contemporary fashion trends. With her online presence, Barbie also serves as a major influencer. Barbie always encapsulates that intangible quality known as “style.” Under Mattel owner Ruth Handler’s influence and designer Charlotte Johnson’s tutelage, the world was first taken by surprise when Barbie was introduced at the New York Toy Fair on March 9th, 1959, along with her pink fashion booklet. Sales took off after Barbie appeared in a commercial aired during The Mickey Mouse Club™. All it took was one look and everyone wanted a Barbie doll! From the beginning, astute collectors recognized the ingenuity and detail that had gone into the doll and her wardrobe, which began to grow along with Barbie doll’s popularity. Today, those early tailored fashions are a veritable freeze frame of the era, reminiscent of Balenciaga, Schiaparelli, Givenchy and Dior. Many clever girls handled their precious Barbie dolls with care, and that eventually marked the beginning of the very first Barbie™ Fan Club in 1961, which set the stage for more clubs where Barbie™ fans could gather and make new friends. There was so much to collect! Nothing stopped Barbie from constantly evolving with hairstyles like Ponytails, Bubble Cuts, Mod hairstyles and an eclectic wardrobe that showcased the latest looks from smart suits, career outfits and go-go boots! Mattel advertisement from 1967 introducing Mod Twist ‘N Turn Barbie®. -
Master List of Games This Is a List of Every Game on a Fully Loaded SKG Retro Box, and Which System(S) They Appear On
Master List of Games This is a list of every game on a fully loaded SKG Retro Box, and which system(s) they appear on. Keep in mind that the same game on different systems may be vastly different in graphics and game play. In rare cases, such as Aladdin for the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo, it may be a completely different game. System Abbreviations: • GB = Game Boy • GBC = Game Boy Color • GBA = Game Boy Advance • GG = Sega Game Gear • N64 = Nintendo 64 • NES = Nintendo Entertainment System • SMS = Sega Master System • SNES = Super Nintendo • TG16 = TurboGrafx16 1. '88 Games (Arcade) 2. 007: Everything or Nothing (GBA) 3. 007: NightFire (GBA) 4. 007: The World Is Not Enough (N64, GBC) 5. 10 Pin Bowling (GBC) 6. 10-Yard Fight (NES) 7. 102 Dalmatians - Puppies to the Rescue (GBC) 8. 1080° Snowboarding (N64) 9. 1941: Counter Attack (TG16, Arcade) 10. 1942 (NES, Arcade, GBC) 11. 1942 (Revision B) (Arcade) 12. 1943 Kai: Midway Kaisen (Japan) (Arcade) 13. 1943: Kai (TG16) 14. 1943: The Battle of Midway (NES, Arcade) 15. 1944: The Loop Master (Arcade) 16. 1999: Hore, Mitakotoka! Seikimatsu (NES) 17. 19XX: The War Against Destiny (Arcade) 18. 2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge (Arcade) 19. 2010: The Graphic Action Game (Colecovision) 20. 2020 Super Baseball (SNES, Arcade) 21. 21-Emon (TG16) 22. 3 Choume no Tama: Tama and Friends: 3 Choume Obake Panic!! (GB) 23. 3 Count Bout (Arcade) 24. 3 Ninjas Kick Back (SNES, Genesis, Sega CD) 25. 3-D Tic-Tac-Toe (Atari 2600) 26. 3-D Ultra Pinball: Thrillride (GBC) 27. -
Newagearcade.Com 5000 in One Arcade Game List!
Newagearcade.com 5,000 In One arcade game list! 1. AAE|Armor Attack 2. AAE|Asteroids Deluxe 3. AAE|Asteroids 4. AAE|Barrier 5. AAE|Boxing Bugs 6. AAE|Black Widow 7. AAE|Battle Zone 8. AAE|Demon 9. AAE|Eliminator 10. AAE|Gravitar 11. AAE|Lunar Lander 12. AAE|Lunar Battle 13. AAE|Meteorites 14. AAE|Major Havoc 15. AAE|Omega Race 16. AAE|Quantum 17. AAE|Red Baron 18. AAE|Ripoff 19. AAE|Solar Quest 20. AAE|Space Duel 21. AAE|Space Wars 22. AAE|Space Fury 23. AAE|Speed Freak 24. AAE|Star Castle 25. AAE|Star Hawk 26. AAE|Star Trek 27. AAE|Star Wars 28. AAE|Sundance 29. AAE|Tac/Scan 30. AAE|Tailgunner 31. AAE|Tempest 32. AAE|Warrior 33. AAE|Vector Breakout 34. AAE|Vortex 35. AAE|War of the Worlds 36. AAE|Zektor 37. Classic Arcades|'88 Games 38. Classic Arcades|1 on 1 Government (Japan) 39. Classic Arcades|10-Yard Fight (World, set 1) 40. Classic Arcades|1000 Miglia: Great 1000 Miles Rally (94/07/18) 41. Classic Arcades|18 Holes Pro Golf (set 1) 42. Classic Arcades|1941: Counter Attack (World 900227) 43. Classic Arcades|1942 (Revision B) 44. Classic Arcades|1943 Kai: Midway Kaisen (Japan) 45. Classic Arcades|1943: The Battle of Midway (Euro) 46. Classic Arcades|1944: The Loop Master (USA 000620) 47. Classic Arcades|1945k III 48. Classic Arcades|19XX: The War Against Destiny (USA 951207) 49. Classic Arcades|2 On 2 Open Ice Challenge (rev 1.21) 50. Classic Arcades|2020 Super Baseball (set 1) 51.