Ch6 Methods of Data Collection
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Guardian News & Media
Response to Ofcom consultations on the BBC’s commercial activities and assessing the impact of the BBC’s public service activities About Guardian News & Media Guardian Media Group (GMG), a leading commercial media organisation, is the owner of Guardian News & Media (GNM) which publishes theguardian.com and the Guardian and Observer newspapers. Wholly owned by The Scott Trust Ltd, which exists to secure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian in perpetuity, GMG is one of the few British-owned newspaper companies and is one of Britain's most successful global digital businesses, with operations in the USA and Australia and a rapidly growing audience around the world. As well as being a leading national quality newspapers, the Guardian and The Observer have championed a highly distinctive, open approach to publishing on the web and have sought global audience growth as a priority. A key consequence of this approach has been a huge growth in global readership, as theguardian.com has grown to become one of the world’s leading quality English language newspaper website in the world, with over 156 million monthly unique browsers. From its roots as a regional news brand, the Guardian now flies the flag for Britain and its media industry on the global stage. Introduction GMG is a strong supporter of the BBC, its core values of public service and its contribution to British public life. GMG supports the fundamentals of the BBC in its current form and a universal service funded through a universal levy, at least for the period covered by the next BBC Charter. -
DATA COLLECTION METHODS Section III 5
AN OVERVIEW OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION METHODS Section III 5. DATA COLLECTION METHODS: SOME TIPS AND COMPARISONS In the previous chapter, we identified two broad types of evaluation methodologies: quantitative and qualitative. In this section, we talk more about the debate over the relative virtues of these approaches and discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of different types of instruments. In such a debate, two types of issues are considered: theoretical and practical. Theoretical Issues Most often these center on one of three topics: · The value of the types of data · The relative scientific rigor of the data · Basic, underlying philosophies of evaluation Value of the Data Quantitative and qualitative techniques provide a tradeoff between breadth and depth, and between generalizability and targeting to specific (sometimes very limited) populations. For example, a quantitative data collection methodology such as a sample survey of high school students who participated in a special science enrichment program can yield representative and broadly generalizable information about the proportion of participants who plan to major in science when they get to college and how this proportion differs by gender. But at best, the survey can elicit only a few, often superficial reasons for this gender difference. On the other hand, separate focus groups (a qualitative technique related to a group interview) conducted with small groups of men and women students will provide many more clues about gender differences in the choice of science majors, and the extent to which the special science program changed or reinforced attitudes. The focus group technique is, however, limited in the extent to which findings apply beyond the specific individuals included in the groups. -
Data Extraction for Complex Meta-Analysis (Decimal) Guide
Pedder, H. , Sarri, G., Keeney, E., Nunes, V., & Dias, S. (2016). Data extraction for complex meta-analysis (DECiMAL) guide. Systematic Reviews, 5, [212]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0368-4 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1186/s13643-016-0368-4 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via BioMed Central at http://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-016-0368-4. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Pedder et al. Systematic Reviews (2016) 5:212 DOI 10.1186/s13643-016-0368-4 RESEARCH Open Access Data extraction for complex meta-analysis (DECiMAL) guide Hugo Pedder1*, Grammati Sarri2, Edna Keeney3, Vanessa Nunes1 and Sofia Dias3 Abstract As more complex meta-analytical techniques such as network and multivariate meta-analyses become increasingly common, further pressures are placed on reviewers to extract data in a systematic and consistent manner. Failing to do this appropriately wastes time, resources and jeopardises accuracy. This guide (data extraction for complex meta-analysis (DECiMAL)) suggests a number of points to consider when collecting data, primarily aimed at systematic reviewers preparing data for meta-analysis. -
Outline of Science
Outline of science The following outline is provided as a topical overview of • Empirical method – science: • Experimental method – The steps involved in order Science – systematic effort of acquiring knowledge— to produce a reliable and logical conclusion include: through observation and experimentation coupled with logic and reasoning to find out what can be proved or 1. Asking a question about a natural phenomenon not proved—and the knowledge thus acquired. The word 2. Making observations of the phenomenon “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia” mean- 3. Forming a hypothesis – proposed explanation ing knowledge. A practitioner of science is called a for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a "scientist". Modern science respects objective logical rea- scientific hypothesis, the scientific method re- soning, and follows a set of core procedures or rules in or- quires that one can test it. Scientists generally der to determine the nature and underlying natural laws of base scientific hypotheses on previous obser- the universe and everything in it. Some scientists do not vations that cannot satisfactorily be explained know of the rules themselves, but follow them through with the available scientific theories. research policies. These procedures are known as the 4. Predicting a logical consequence of the hy- scientific method. pothesis 5. Testing the hypothesis through an experiment – methodical procedure carried out with the 1 Essence of science goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. The 3 types of -
Integrating Traditional and Scientific Knowledge Through Collaborative Natural Science Field Research: Identifying Elements for Success Author(S): HENRY P
Integrating Traditional and Scientific Knowledge through Collaborative Natural Science Field Research: Identifying Elements for Success Author(s): HENRY P. HUNTINGTON, SHARI GEARHEARD, ANDREW R. MAHONEY and ANNE K. SALOMON Source: Arctic, Vol. 64, No. 4 (DECEMBER 2011), pp. 437-445 Published by: Arctic Institute of North America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41319238 . Accessed: 19/04/2013 19:36 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Arctic Institute of North America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Arctic. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 142.104.194.93 on Fri, 19 Apr 2013 19:36:47 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ARCTIC VOL.64, NO. 4(DECEMBER 2011)P. 437-445 Integrating Traditional and Scientific Knowledge through Collaborative Natural Science Field Research: Identifying Elements for Success HENRY P. HUNTINGTON,1SHARI GEARHEARD,2ANDREW R. MAHONEY3 and ANNE K. SALOMON4 ( Received23 December 2010; accepted in revised form 21 April 2011) ABSTRACT.We discuss two recent projects to examine the role of collaborative environmental fieldwork both in research and inthe interactions between academically trained researchers and experienced local residents. -
Methodological Fit in Management Field Research
Academy of Management Review 2007, Vol. 32, No. 4, 1155–1179. METHODOLOGICAL FIT IN MANAGEMENT FIELD RESEARCH AMY C. EDMONDSON Harvard Business School STACY E. MCMANUS Monitor Executive Development Methodological fit, an implicitly valued attribute of high-quality field research in organizations, has received little attention in the management literature. Fit refers to internal consistency among elements of a research project—research question, prior work, research design, and theoretical contribution. We introduce a contingency framework that relates prior work to the design of a research project, paying particular attention to the question of when to mix qualitative and quantitative data in a single research paper. We discuss implications of the framework for educating new field researchers. To advance management theory, a growing This article introduces a framework for as- number of scholars are engaging in field re- sessing and promoting methodological fit as an search, studying real people, real problems, and overarching criterion for ensuring quality field real organizations. Although the potential rele- research. We define methodological fit as inter- vance of field research is motivating, the re- nal consistency among elements of a research search journey can be messy and inefficient, project (see Table 1 for four key elements of field fraught with logistical hurdles and unexpected research). Although articles based on field re- events. Researchers manage complex relation- search in leading academic journals usually ex- ships with sites, cope with constraints on sam- hibit a high degree of methodological fit, guide- ple selection and timing of data collection, and lines for ensuring it are not readily available. often confront mid-project changes to planned Beyond the observation that qualitative data are research designs. -
A General Survey of Qualitative Research Methodology. PUB DATE 88 NOTE 60P
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 304 448 TM 012 671 AUTHOR Cary, Rick TITLE A General Survey of Qualitative Research Methodology. PUB DATE 88 NOTE 60p. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Educational Research; Literature Reviews; Naturalism; *Qualitative Research; *Research Methodology; Social Influences IDENTIFIERS Positivism ABSTRACT Current definitions and philosophical foundations of qualitative research are presented; and designs, evaluation methods, and issues in application of qualitative research to education are discussed. The effects of pusitivism and the post-positivist era on qualitative research are outlined, and naturalist and positivist approaches are contrasted. Contributions of anthropology, the social survey movement, sociology, and the social upheavals of the 1960's are noted; and the growth of qualitatiVe tee-eafdh in the field of education during the past 30 years is briefly reviewed. General traits characterizing qualitative research and naturalistic research are discussed. Topics associated with design issues include inquiry focus, the fit of the paradigm, data collection and recording, successive phases of inquiry; instrumentation, data analysis, logistics, and trustworthiness. Case studies and multi-site studies are discussed. In terms of the evaluation of qualitative research, issues covered include truth value, applicability, dependability, and confirmability. It is concluded that educational researchers need to be fluent in both qualitative and quantitative research methods. (TJH) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Once of Educat.onal Research and Improvement "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) V1;nisdocument has been reproduced as received from the person or organization ie Nfitaeht,e1 originating d. -
DATABANK INSIDE the CITY SABAH MEDDINGS the WEEK in the MARKETS the ECONOMY Consumer Prices Index Current Rate Prev
10 The Sunday Times November 11, 2018 BUSINESS Andrew Lynch LETTERS “The fee reflects the cleaning out the Royal Mail Send your letters, including food sales at M&S and the big concessions will be made for Delia’s fingers burnt by online ads outplacement amount boardroom. Don’t count on it SIGNALS full name and address, supermarkets — self-service small businesses operating charged by a major company happening soon. AND NOISE . to: The Sunday Times, tills. These are hated by most retail-type operations, but no Delia Smith’s website has administration last month for executives at this level,” 1 London Bridge Street, shoppers. Prices are lower at such concessions would been left with a sour taste owing hundreds of says Royal Mail, defending London SE1 9GF. Or email Lidl and other discounters, appear to be available for after the collapse of Switch thousands of pounds to its the Spanish practice. BBC friends [email protected] but also you can be served at businesses occupying small Concepts, a digital ad agency clients. Delia, 77 — no You can find such advice Letters may be edited a checkout quickly and with a industrial workshop or that styled itself as a tiny stranger to a competitive for senior directors on offer reunited smile. The big supermarkets warehouse units. challenger to Google. game thanks to her joint for just £10,000 if you try. Eyebrows were raised Labour didn’t work in the have forgotten they need Trevalyn Estates owns, Delia Online, a hub for ownership of Norwich FC — Quite why the former recently when it emerged 1970s, and it won’t again customers. -
Anthropology 1
Anthropology 1 ANTHROPOLOGY [email protected] Hillary DelPrete, Assistant Professor (Graduate Faculty). B.S., Tulane Chair: Christopher DeRosa, Department of History and Anthropology University; M.A., Ph.D., Rutgers University. Professor DelPrete is a biological anthropologist with a specialization in modern evolution. The Anthropology curriculum is designed to provide a liberal arts Teaching and research interests include human evolution, human education that emphasizes the scientific study of humanity. Three areas variation, human behavioral ecology, and anthropometrics. of Anthropology are covered: [email protected] • Cultural Anthropology, the comparative study of human beliefs and Christopher DeRosa, Associate Professor and Chair (Graduate Faculty). behavior with special attention to non-Western societies; B.A., Columbia University; Ph.D., Temple University. Fields include • Archaeology, the study of the human cultural heritage from its military history and American political history. Recent research prehistoric beginnings to the recent past; and concerns the political indoctrination of American soldiers. • Biological Anthropology, the study of racial variation and the physical [email protected] and behavioral evolution of the human species. Adam Heinrich, Assistant Professor (Graduate Faculty). B.S., M.A., The goal of the Anthropology program is to provide students with a broad Ph.D., Rutgers University. Historical and prehistoric archaeology; understanding of humanity that will be relevant to their professions, their -
The Observer in the Quantum Experiment
1 The Observer in the Quantum Experiment Bruce Rosenblum1 and Fred Kuttner1 A goal of most interpretations of quantum mechanics is to avoid the apparent intrusion of the observer into the measurement process. Such intrusion is usually seen to arise because observation somehow selects a single actuality from among the many possibilities represented by the wavefunction. The issue is typically treated in terms of the mathematical formulation of the quantum theory. We attempt to address a different manifestation of the quantum measurement problem in a theory-neutral manner. With a version of the two-slit experiment, we demonstrate that an enigma arises directly from the results of experiments. Assuming that no observable physical phenomena exist beyond those predicted by the theory, we argue that no interpretation of the quantum theory can avoid a measurement problem involving the observer. 1. INTRODUCTION From its inception the quantum theory had a “measurement problem” with the troubling intrusion of the observer. As usually seen, the problem is that the linearity of the Schrödinger equation forbids any system that it is able to describe from producing the unique result observed in an experiment. There is no mechanism in the theory-- beyond the ad hoc probability assumption--by which the multiple possibilities given by the Schrödinger equation become the single observed actuality. The literature addressing this enigma has continued for decades and expands today. In fact, a list of the ten most interesting questions to be posed to a physicist of the future includes two questions directed to this enigma, one of which directly involves the observer(1). -
Reasoning with Qualitative Data: Using Retroduction with Transcript Data
Reasoning With Qualitative Data: Using Retroduction With Transcript Data © 2019 SAGE Publications, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. This PDF has been generated from SAGE Research Methods Datasets. SAGE SAGE Research Methods Datasets Part 2019 SAGE Publications, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 2 Reasoning With Qualitative Data: Using Retroduction With Transcript Data Student Guide Introduction This example illustrates how different forms of reasoning can be used to analyse a given set of qualitative data. In this case, I look at transcripts from semi-structured interviews to illustrate how three common approaches to reasoning can be used. The first type (deductive approaches) applies pre-existing analytical concepts to data, the second type (inductive reasoning) draws analytical concepts from the data, and the third type (retroductive reasoning) uses the data to develop new concepts and understandings about the issues. The data source – a set of recorded interviews of teachers and students from the field of Higher Education – was collated by Dr. Christian Beighton as part of a research project designed to inform teacher educators about pedagogies of academic writing. Interview Transcripts Interviews, and their transcripts, are arguably the most common data collection tool used in qualitative research. This is because, while they have many drawbacks, they offer many advantages. Relatively easy to plan and prepare, interviews can be flexible: They are usually one-to one but do not have to be so; they can follow pre-arranged questions, but again this is not essential; and unlike more impersonal ways of collecting data (e.g., surveys or observation), they Page 2 of 13 Reasoning With Qualitative Data: Using Retroduction With Transcript Data SAGE SAGE Research Methods Datasets Part 2019 SAGE Publications, Ltd. -
Chapter 5 Statistical Inference
Chapter 5 Statistical Inference CHAPTER OUTLINE Section 1 Why Do We Need Statistics? Section 2 Inference Using a Probability Model Section 3 Statistical Models Section 4 Data Collection Section 5 Some Basic Inferences In this chapter, we begin our discussion of statistical inference. Probability theory is primarily concerned with calculating various quantities associated with a probability model. This requires that we know what the correct probability model is. In applica- tions, this is often not the case, and the best we can say is that the correct probability measure to use is in a set of possible probability measures. We refer to this collection as the statistical model. So, in a sense, our uncertainty has increased; not only do we have the uncertainty associated with an outcome or response as described by a probability measure, but now we are also uncertain about what the probability measure is. Statistical inference is concerned with making statements or inferences about char- acteristics of the true underlying probability measure. Of course, these inferences must be based on some kind of information; the statistical model makes up part of it. Another important part of the information will be given by an observed outcome or response, which we refer to as the data. Inferences then take the form of various statements about the true underlying probability measure from which the data were obtained. These take a variety of forms, which we refer to as types of inferences. The role of this chapter is to introduce the basic concepts and ideas of statistical inference. The most prominent approaches to inference are discussed in Chapters 6, 7, and 8.