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Burnout En Los Enseñantes De Escuela Secundaria En Mesina

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Burnout En Los Enseñantes De Escuela Secundaria En Mesina TESIS DOCTORAL BURNOUT EN LOS ENSEÑANTES DE ESCUELA SECUNDARIA EN MESINA IRENE SCORDO Departamento de Didáctica Expresión Musical, Plástica y Corporal 2017 TESIS DOCTORAL BURNOUT EN LOS ENSEÑANTES DE ESCUELA SECUNDARIA EN MESINA IRENE SCORDO Conformidad de los directores de la tesis: Florencio Vicente Castro Antonio Antúnez Medina 2017 Dedica A mia figlia Francesca, miracolo della vita I RINGRAZIAMENTI Un grazie infinite al Prof.re Florencio Vicente Castro che, con la sua solida e forte spinta emozionale, ha fornito sempre nuovi stimoli e supporti validi e costanti. Ringrazio anche a il Prof. Dr. D. Antonio Antúnez Medina. Un sincero grazie alla Dott.ssa Romano per la sua delicata presenza e i suoi pratici consigli. Grazie alla Dott.ssa Finocchiaro per la fiducia, la collaborazione, il suo credo ottimista e rasserenante. Grazie al Dott. Vittorio Lodolo D’Oria per essersi messo a disposizione con qualsiasi mezzo e per il suo instancabile lavoro finalizzato alla tutela della classe docente. Grazie alla mia amica Tina, per il supporto pratico, l’amicizia incessante, il sano e proficuo confronto. Grazie a mio marito, i miei genitori e mia sorella, per aver sempre compreso e sostenuto la mia sete di conoscenza del mondo, grazie per il loro esempio di vita onesto, rispettoso e sempre orientato ad un accrescimento personale e professionale. Ai miei compagni di questo viaggio, interiore e dottorale, sempre disponibili, pronti, presenti, aperti al dialogo, realisti o sognatori al momento giusto. “Quando si va verso un obiettivo è molto importante prestare attenzione al cammino. È il cammino che ci insegna sempre la maniera migliore di arrivare, e ci arricchisce mentre lo percorriamo”. Paulo Coelho, “Il Cammino di Santiago” 3 RESUMEN A lo, largo de nuestra investigación hemos pretendido alcanzar los siguientes objetivos: • Dar más a conocer la meditación trascendental en las escuelas italianas, como un método útil para reducir el estrés en la educación; • Probar un método eficaz para reducir las dinámica negativas de la escuela (absentismo, acoso escolar, ansiedad, comportamiento anormal de los profesores y estudiantes, individuales o de grupo...) derivados a causa del estrés; • Evaluar si la práctica es contextualmente útil para estudiantes y profesores y qué variables influyen más o menos en la validez de este método; • Garantizar que la ejecución de proyectos de MT en las escuelas sea un ejemplo para otros posibles campos de acción. Método: La investigación evalúa el estado de ansiedad de un grupo de 15 profesores de la escuela secundaria que practican la meditación trascendental y otros 15 maestros que no practican ninguna meditación, con las mismas características a través del test de Spielberg STAI Y1 y Y2 que revela la ansiedad rasgo y la de estado. Los datos se analizaron a continuación con el programa SPSS. Resultados: Los profesores practicantes de MT se encontraban en un estado de menor ansiedad que los no practicantes. Diferencias importantes distinguen a los dos grupos en la percepción y la gestión de situaciones angustiosas, de inquietud, de felicidad, de preocupaciones generales o particulares, con una extendida incapacidad para el control de las situaciones internas y externas. Conclusión: La práctica de la meditación trascendental influye, por lo tanto, de manera positiva en el ejercicio de la profesión docente manteniendo a raya la ansiedad en la importante tarea de la transmisión de conocimientos, evaluación objetiva, papel de guía. Palabras llaves: meditación trascendental - profesores - reducción de la ansiedad 4 RIASSUNTO Obiettivi: • Far conoscere maggiormente la meditazione trascendentale nelle scuole italiane, come metodo utile alla riduzione dello stress nel campo dell’istruzione; • Testare un metodo efficace nella riduzione delle dinamiche scolastiche negative (assenteismo, bullismo, stati d'ansia, alterazioni del comportamento di insegnanti e alunni, del singolo o di gruppo...) derivate dalla causa stress; • Valutare se la pratica è contestualmente utile sia ad allievi che a docenti e quali variabili influiscono più o meno nella validità di tale metodo; • Far sì che la realizzazione di progetti sulla MT in ambito scolastico sia da esempio per altri possibili campi di azione. Metodo: La ricerca valuta lo stato d’ansia di un gruppo di 15 insegnanti di scuola media praticanti la meditazione trascendentale e di 15 insegnanti non praticanti alcuna meditazione, con stesse caratteristiche attraverso il test di Spielberg STAI Y1 e Y2 che rileva l’ansia di tratto e di stato. I dati sono stati poi analizzati con il programma SPSS. Risultati: Gli insegnanti praticanti MT sono risultati in uno stato d'ansia minore rispetto ai non praticanti. Importanti difformità distinguono i due gruppi nella percezione e la gestione di situazioni angosciose, di inquietudine, della felicità, di preoccupazioni generali o particolari, con una diffusa incapacità di controllo su situazioni interne ed esterne. Conclusioni: La pratica della meditazione trascendentale influisce, quindi, positivamente sull'esercizio della professione docente tenendo a bada l’ansia nell'importante compito di trasmissione del sapere, valutazione oggettiva, ruolo-guida. Parole chiave: meditazione trascendentale – insegnanti – riduzione ansia 5 ABSTRACT Objectives: • To be more familiar with the transcendental meditation in Italian schools, as an usuful method to reduce stress in education; • Test an effective method inreducing negative school dynamics (absenteeism, bullying, anxiety, abnormal behavior of teachers and students, individual or group…) derived from the cause “stress”; • Assess whether the practice is contextually useful both to students and teachers and which variables affect more or less in the validity of this method; • Ensure that implementation of MT programs in schools is an example for other possible fields of action. Method: The research evaluates the anxiety status of a 15 teachers group of secondary school practicing transcendental meditation and of 15 teachers not practing any kind of meditation, with same features, through the Spielberg test, STAI Y1 and Y2, about trait and state anxiety. Data, were, then, analyzed with SPSS program. Results: MT practitioners teachers were resulted in a state of less anxiety than non-practitioners. Important differences distinguish the two groups in the perception and the management of painful situations of anxiety, happiness, general or particular concerns, with a widespread inability to control internal and external situations. Conclusion: The practice of transcendental meditation affects, therefore, positively on the exercise of the teaching profession holding off anxiety in the important task of transmitting knowledge, objective evaluation, guiding role. Keywords: transcendental meditation – teachers – anxiety reduction 6 INDICE RESUMEN AMPLIO EN ESPAÑOL .................................................................... 11 INTRODUZIONE ............................................................................................. 24 PARTE PRIMA: STUDIO TEORICO .................................................................... 27 CAPITOLO I.................................................................................................... 28 Lo stress e le sue conseguenze ....................................................................... 28 1.1 Lo stress .............................................................................................................................. 28 1.2 Il burnout............................................................................................................................. 34 1.3 Lo stress da lavoro correlato ............................................................................................... 39 1.4 Il livello di stress degli insegnanti italiani ............................................................................ 45 Grafico 1.1 Analisi partecipanti ricerca 2014 Gilda-OrizzonteScuola ....................................... 47 Grafico 1.2 Ripartizione regionale partecipanti ricerca 2014 Gilda-OrizzonteScuola .............. 47 Grafico 1.3 Prevalenza patologie psichiatriche vs altre patologie, studio Getsemani di Lodolo D’Oria (2002) ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Grafico 1.4 Prevalenza patologie secondo il livello di insegnamento, studio Getsemani di Lodolo D’Oria (2002) ......................................................................................................................... 49 Grafico 1.5 Helping professions, differenza per sesso, studio Getsemani di Lodolo D’Oria (2002) ................................................................................................................................................ 49 Grafico 1.6 Prevalenza patologie psichiatriche e neoplastiche per gruppo professionale, studio Getsemani di Lodolo D’Oria (2002) ........................................................................................ 51 CAPITOLO II ................................................................................................... 55 COME RIDURRE LO STRESS ............................................................................ 55 2.1 Tecniche di riduzione dello stress ....................................................................................... 55 Figura 2.1 Copertina Time del 13 ottobre 1975 ........................................................................ 57 2.2 Tecniche
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