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String Theory. Volume 1, Introduction to the Bosonic String
This page intentionally left blank String Theory, An Introduction to the Bosonic String The two volumes that comprise String Theory provide an up-to-date, comprehensive, and pedagogic introduction to string theory. Volume I, An Introduction to the Bosonic String, provides a thorough introduction to the bosonic string, based on the Polyakov path integral and conformal field theory. The first four chapters introduce the central ideas of string theory, the tools of conformal field theory and of the Polyakov path integral, and the covariant quantization of the string. The next three chapters treat string interactions: the general formalism, and detailed treatments of the tree-level and one loop amplitudes. Chapter eight covers toroidal compactification and many important aspects of string physics, such as T-duality and D-branes. Chapter nine treats higher-order amplitudes, including an analysis of the finiteness and unitarity, and various nonperturbative ideas. An appendix giving a short course on path integral methods is also included. Volume II, Superstring Theory and Beyond, begins with an introduction to supersym- metric string theories and goes on to a broad presentation of the important advances of recent years. The first three chapters introduce the type I, type II, and heterotic superstring theories and their interactions. The next two chapters present important recent discoveries about strongly coupled strings, beginning with a detailed treatment of D-branes and their dynamics, and covering string duality, M-theory, and black hole entropy. A following chapter collects many classic results in conformal field theory. The final four chapters are concerned with four-dimensional string theories, and have two goals: to show how some of the simplest string models connect with previous ideas for unifying the Standard Model; and to collect many important and beautiful general results on world-sheet and spacetime symmetries. -
Stephen Hawking: 'There Are No Black Holes' Notion of an 'Event Horizon', from Which Nothing Can Escape, Is Incompatible with Quantum Theory, Physicist Claims
NATURE | NEWS Stephen Hawking: 'There are no black holes' Notion of an 'event horizon', from which nothing can escape, is incompatible with quantum theory, physicist claims. Zeeya Merali 24 January 2014 Artist's impression VICTOR HABBICK VISIONS/SPL/Getty The defining characteristic of a black hole may have to give, if the two pillars of modern physics — general relativity and quantum theory — are both correct. Most physicists foolhardy enough to write a paper claiming that “there are no black holes” — at least not in the sense we usually imagine — would probably be dismissed as cranks. But when the call to redefine these cosmic crunchers comes from Stephen Hawking, it’s worth taking notice. In a paper posted online, the physicist, based at the University of Cambridge, UK, and one of the creators of modern black-hole theory, does away with the notion of an event horizon, the invisible boundary thought to shroud every black hole, beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. In its stead, Hawking’s radical proposal is a much more benign “apparent horizon”, “There is no escape from which only temporarily holds matter and energy prisoner before eventually a black hole in classical releasing them, albeit in a more garbled form. theory, but quantum theory enables energy “There is no escape from a black hole in classical theory,” Hawking told Nature. Peter van den Berg/Photoshot and information to Quantum theory, however, “enables energy and information to escape from a escape.” black hole”. A full explanation of the process, the physicist admits, would require a theory that successfully merges gravity with the other fundamental forces of nature. -
Anomalies, Dualities, and Topology of D = 6 N = 1 Superstring Vacua
RU-96-16 NSF-ITP-96-21 CALT-68-2057 IASSNS-HEP-96/53 hep-th/9605184 Anomalies, Dualities, and Topology of D =6 N =1 Superstring Vacua Micha Berkooz,1 Robert G. Leigh,1 Joseph Polchinski,2 John H. Schwarz,3 Nathan Seiberg,1 and Edward Witten4 1Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855-0849 2Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4030 3California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 4Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 Abstract We consider various aspects of compactifications of the Type I/heterotic Spin(32)/Z2 theory on K3. One family of such compactifications in- cludes the standard embedding of the spin connection in the gauge group, and is on the same moduli space as the compactification of arXiv:hep-th/9605184v1 25 May 1996 the heterotic E8 × E8 theory on K3 with instanton numbers (8,16). Another class, which includes an orbifold of the Type I theory re- cently constructed by Gimon and Polchinski and whose field theory limit involves some topological novelties, is on the moduli space of the heterotic E8 × E8 theory on K3 with instanton numbers (12,12). These connections between Spin(32)/Z2 and E8 × E8 models can be demonstrated by T duality, and permit a better understanding of non- perturbative gauge fields in the (12,12) model. In the transformation between Spin(32)/Z2 and E8 × E8 models, the strong/weak coupling duality of the (12,12) E8 × E8 model is mapped to T duality in the Type I theory. The gauge and gravitational anomalies in the Type I theory are canceled by an extension of the Green-Schwarz mechanism. -
Eternal Inflation and Its Implications
IOP PUBLISHING JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A: MATHEMATICAL AND THEORETICAL J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 40 (2007) 6811–6826 doi:10.1088/1751-8113/40/25/S25 Eternal inflation and its implications Alan H Guth Center for Theoretical Physics, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA E-mail: [email protected] Received 8 February 2006 Published 6 June 2007 Online at stacks.iop.org/JPhysA/40/6811 Abstract Isummarizetheargumentsthatstronglysuggestthatouruniverseisthe product of inflation. The mechanisms that lead to eternal inflation in both new and chaotic models are described. Although the infinity of pocket universes produced by eternal inflation are unobservable, it is argued that eternal inflation has real consequences in terms of the way that predictions are extracted from theoretical models. The ambiguities in defining probabilities in eternally inflating spacetimes are reviewed, with emphasis on the youngness paradox that results from a synchronous gauge regularization technique. Although inflation is generically eternal into the future, it is not eternal into the past: it can be proven under reasonable assumptions that the inflating region must be incomplete in past directions, so some physics other than inflation is needed to describe the past boundary of the inflating region. PACS numbers: 98.80.cQ, 98.80.Bp, 98.80.Es 1. Introduction: the successes of inflation Since the proposal of the inflationary model some 25 years ago [1–4], inflation has been remarkably successful in explaining many important qualitative and quantitative properties of the universe. In this paper, I will summarize the key successes, and then discuss a number of issues associated with the eternal nature of inflation. -
2000 Annual Report
2001 ANNUAL REPORT ALFRED P. SLOAN FOUNDATION 1 CONTENTS 2001 Grants and Activities Science and Technology 5 Fellowships 5 Sloan Research Fellowships 5 Direct Support of Research 9 Neuroscience 9 Computational Molecular Biology 9 Limits to Knowledge 10 Marine Science 11 Other Science and Science Policy 15 History of Science and Technology 16 Standard of Living and Economic Performance 17 Industries 17 Industry Centers 17 Human Resources/Jobs/Income 21 Globalization 21 Business Organizations 22 Economics Research and Other Work 24 Nonprofit Sectors 26 Universities 26 Assessment of Government Performance 26 Work, Workforce and Working Families 30 Centers on Working Families 30 Workplace Structure and Opportunity 31 Working Families and Everyday Life 34 Education and Careers in Science and Technology 36 Scientific and Technical Careers 36 Anytime, Anyplace Learning 36 Professional Master’s Degrees 42 Information about Careers 47 Entry and Retention 48 Science and Engineering Education 48 Education for Minorities and Women 49 Minorities 49 Women 53 Public Understanding of Science and Technology 55 Books 55 Sloan Technology Book Series 57 Radio 58 2 Public Television 59 Commercial Television and Films 60 Theater 61 General 63 Selected National Issues and The Civic Program 64 Selected National Issues 64 September 11 64 Bioterrorism 66 Energy 68 Federal Statistics 69 Public Policy Research 69 The Civic Program 71 Additional Grants 73 2001 Financial Report Financial Review 75 Auditors’ Report 76 Balance Sheets 77 Statements of Activities 78 Statements of Cash Flows 79 Notes to Financial Statements 80 Schedules of Management and Investment Expenses 83 3 2001 GRANTS AND ACTIVITIES 4 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FELLOWSHIPS Sloan Research Fellowships $4,160,000 The Sloan Research Fellowship Program aims to stimulate fundamental research by young scholars with outstanding promise to contribute significantly to the advancement of knowledge. -
Analytic Approaches to the Study of Small Scale Structure on Cosmic String Networks
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Analytic Approaches to the Study of Small Scale Structure on Cosmic String Networks A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics by Jorge V. Rocha arXiv:0812.4020v1 [gr-qc] 20 Dec 2008 Committee in charge: Professor Joseph Polchinski, Chair Professor Tommaso Treu Professor Donald Marolf September 2008 The dissertation of Jorge V. Rocha is approved: Professor Tommaso Treu Professor Donald Marolf Professor Joseph Polchinski, Chair August 2008 Analytic Approaches to the Study of Small Scale Structure on Cosmic String Networks Copyright 2008 by Jorge V. Rocha iii To my parents, Carlos and Isabel iv Acknowledgements In writing these lines I think of the people without whom I would not be writing these lines. To the person who taught me the inner workings of science, Joe Polchinski, I am deeply grateful. Thank you, Joe, for sharing your knowledge and insight with me, for showing me the way whenever I got off track and for your powerful educated guesses. Over these years I have also had the opportunity of collaborating with Florian Dubath. For this and for his enthusiasm I am thankful. I was fortunate enough to have Don Marolf and Tommaso Treu as committee members. I learned much about physics from Don, and always with a good feeling about it. I am grateful for your constructive criticism as well. From Tommaso I appreciate him always keeping an open door for me and also showing so much interest. I thank both of you for all that. -
Spring 2007 Prizes & Awards
APS Announces Spring 2007 Prize and Award Recipients Thirty-nine prizes and awards will be presented theoretical research on correlated many-electron states spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation to reveal 1992. Since 1992 he has been a Permanent Member during special sessions at three spring meetings of in low dimensional systems.” the often surprising electronic states at semicon- at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and the Society: the 2007 March Meeting, March 5-9, Eisenstein received ductor surfaces and interfaces. His current interests Professor at the University of California at Santa in Denver, CO, the 2007 April Meeting, April 14- his PhD in physics are self-assembled nanostructures at surfaces, such Barbara. Polchinski’s interests span quantum field 17, in Jacksonville, FL, and the 2007 Atomic, Mo- from the University of as magnetic quantum wells, atomic chains for the theory and string theory. In string theory, he dis- lecular and Optical Physics Meeting, June 5-9, in California, Berkeley, in study of low-dimensional electrons, an atomic scale covered the existence of a certain form of extended Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 1980. After a brief stint memory for testing the limits of data storage, and structure, the D-brane, which has been important Citations and biographical information for each as an assistant professor the attachment of bio-molecules to surfaces. His in the nonperturbative formulation of the theory. recipient follow. The Apker Award recipients ap- of physics at Williams more than 400 publications place him among the His current interests include the phenomenology peared in the December 2006 issue of APS News College, he moved to 100 most-cited physicists. -
Grigori Mints Papers SC1225
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8h1356d No online items Guide to the Grigori Mints Papers SC1225 Daniel Hartwig & Jenny Johnson Department of Special Collections and University Archives December 2014 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Guide to the Grigori Mints Papers SC1225 1 SC1225 Language of Material: Undetermined Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: Grigori Mints papers creator: Mints, Grigori Identifier/Call Number: SC1225 Physical Description: 57.25 Linear Feet(44 boxes) Date (inclusive): 1954-2014 Information about Access The materials are open for research use. Audio-visual materials are not available in original format, and must be reformatted to a digital use copy. Ownership & Copyright All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the Head of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94305-6064. Consent is given on behalf of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission from the copyright owner. Such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. See: http://library.stanford.edu/spc/using-collections/permission-publish. Restrictions also apply to digital representations of the original materials. Use of digital files is restricted to research and educational purposes. Cite As [identification of item], Grigori Mints Papers (SC1225). Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif. Immediate Source of Acquisition Gift of Marianna Rozenfeld, 2014 & Evelyn McMillan, 2015. -
Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements
Journal of Humanistic Mathematics Volume 9 | Issue 2 July 2019 Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements Juan Matías Sepulcre University of Alicante Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Sepulcre, J. "Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements," Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, Volume 9 Issue 2 (July 2019), pages 93-129. DOI: 10.5642/ jhummath.201902.08 . Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/vol9/iss2/8 ©2019 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. JHM is an open access bi-annual journal sponsored by the Claremont Center for the Mathematical Sciences and published by the Claremont Colleges Library | ISSN 2159-8118 | http://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/ The editorial staff of JHM works hard to make sure the scholarship disseminated in JHM is accurate and upholds professional ethical guidelines. However the views and opinions expressed in each published manuscript belong exclusively to the individual contributor(s). The publisher and the editors do not endorse or accept responsibility for them. See https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/policies.html for more information. Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements Juan Matías Sepulcre Department of Mathematics, University of Alicante, Alicante, SPAIN [email protected] Synopsis This report aims to convince readers that there are clear indications that society is increasingly taking a greater interest in science and particularly in mathemat- ics, and thus society in general has come to recognise, through different awards, privileges, and distinctions, the work of many mathematicians. -
Hadiah Nobel & Kreativiti Sains
BAB 9 HADIAH NOBEL & KREATIVITI SAINS PENGENALAN Hadiah adalah salah satu kaedah yang boleh digunakan untuk mengiktiraf pencapaian seseorang. Hadiah adalah ganjaran yang diterima dalam pelbagai bentuk seperti wang tunai, aset tetap seperti rumah, tanah dan sebagainya. Konsep hadiah amat luas untk dibicarakan ia boleh mencakupi hal yang berkaitan dengan perkahwinan, pertandingan, perniagaan, peperiksaan dan sebagainya. Lazimnya, orang awam akan mengaitkan hadiah dengan suatu bentuk pertandingan. Pertandingan bertujuan mencari pemenang dalam sesuatu pertandingan yang diadakan. Hadiah adalah suatu bentuk ganjaran yang diberikan oleh pihak yang mengiktiraf pencapaian seseorang dalam sesuatu bidang seperti dalam bidang seni, muzik, pendidikan, penyelidikan, sukan, sains, teknologi dan sebaganya. Hadiah dianugerahkan kepada individu setelah individu itu berjaya melakukan sesuatu yang luarbiasa dan hebat. Hadiah adalah salah suatu tanda kecemerlangan yang dicapai oleh seseorang individu dalam hidupnya. Hadiah merupakan suatu ganjaran dan pengiktirafan terhadap hasil kerja yang bermutu tinggi yang telah dilakukan oleh seseorang. Hadiah akan diberikan sama ada semasa individu itu masih hidup atau pun telah meninggal dunia. Namun begitu, adalah lebih bermakna sekiranya hadiah dan ganjaran diberikan kepada individu ketika individu berkenaan masih hidup. Dengan ini, individu tersebut akan berasa idea, pemikiran dan usahanya diiktiraf oleh pihak lain. Sebelum seseorang itu diberikan hadiah sebagai pengiktirafan terhadap pencapainnya, terlebih dahulu akan ada pihak yang akan menilai hasil kerja yang telah dilakukannya. Bentuk dan metodologi penilaian yang dijalankan bergantung kepada jenis pertandingan yang diadakan. Semakin tinggi hadiah semakin rigid metodologi penilaian yang dibuat. Malah semakin ‘established’ reputasi sesuatu pertandingan itu, semakin ketat corak penilaian yang dijalankan. Selain itu, persaingan antara peserta sangat tinggi hinggakan sukar untuk pane penilai menentukan pemenangnya. -
Wlodek Rabinowicz Derek Parfit's Contributions to Philosophy
Wlodek Rabinowicz Derek Parfit's contributions to Philosophy Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Rabinowicz, Wlodek (2016) Derek Parfit's contributions to Philosophy. Theoria, 82 (2). pp. 104-109. ISSN 0040-5825 DOI: 10.1111/theo.12088 © 2016 Stiftelsen Theoria This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/66819/ Available in LSE Research Online: June 2016 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Derek Parfit’s Contributions to Philosophy Wlodek Rabinowicz In 2014, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Derek Parfit the Rolf Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy. In its motivation, the Academy stressed Parfit’s ground-breaking contributions to theory of personal identity, population ethics and analysis of the structure of moral theories. The list of philosophers and logicians who have received the Rolf Schock Prize is as yet relatively short. -
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String theorists win Dirac Medal P-2 Is string theory a theory or a framework? What impacts will the Large Hadron Collider experiments have on the field? ICTP Dirac Medallists Juan Martín Maldacena, Joseph Polchinski and Cumrun Vafa share their insights on this proposal for a unified description of fundamental interactions in nature, and also describe what they find most exciting about string theory • • • ICTP celebrates Year of Darwin P-5 The link between physics and human evolution may not seem immediately obvious. Yet, the tools of modern physics can date human evolution and dispersal accurately. The tools and techniques used to pinpoint the age of human bones and teeth were the subject of an ICTP exhibit and lecture series held in conjunction with UNESCO’s symposium on Darwin, Evolution and Science • • • Focus on Africa CENTREFOLD ICTP has a long tradition of scientific capacity-building in Africa. Registrazione presso il Tribunale di Trieste n. 1044 del 01.03.2002 | Contiene Inserto Redazionale n. 1044 del 01.03.2002 | Contiene Inserto di Trieste il Tribunale presso Registrazione Over the last few decades, ICTP has supported numerous activities throughout the continent, including training programmes, networks and the establishment of affiliate centres. In Trieste, ICTP has welcomed more than 10,000 African visitors since 1970, providing advanced research and NEWSNEWS training opportunities unavailable to scientists in their home countries • • • NEW SCIENCE FOR CLEAN ENERGY (P-6) | EXPERIMENTAL PLASMA PHYSICS n°127 AT ICTP (P-7) | SNO DIRECTOR VISITS ICTP (P-8) | RESEARCH NEWS BRIEFS Spring/Summer 2009 (P-12) | NEW STAFF (P-16) | ACHIEVEMENTS/PRIZES (P-17) from ICTP Poste Italiane S.p.A.