Patterns of Immigration and Absorption Aviva Zeltzer-Zubida Ph.D.
[email protected] Director of Research, Evaluation and Measurement, Strategy and Planning Unit The Jewish Agency for Israel Hani Zubida Ph.D.
[email protected] Department of Political Science The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College May 2012 1. Introduction Throughout the course of its modern history, Israel has been perceived as an immigration state. From the first days of the ―new Yishuv,‖ at the end of the nineteenth century, the development of the Jewish society in Palestine has been dependent on immigration, first from Eastern European countries, later from Central Europe and, immediately after the establishment of the state in 1948, from the Middle East. The centrality of immigration to the reality of Israel, to the nation, to the Israeli society, and to the Jews who came, can be appreciated from the Hebrew word coined to describe it, ―aliyah,‖ which means ascending, but this is much more than just verbal symbolism. Immigration to Israel, that is, aliyah, in effect implies rising above one‘s former status to assert one‘s Jewish citizenship and identity. Jewish ius sanguinis1 thus trumped all other issues of status and identity (Harper and Zubida, 2010). As such, there are never “immigrants” to Israel, but only Jews returning home, asserting their true identity and, as codified in Israel‘s right of return and citizenship laws, their legitimate claim to residence and citizenship. Thus, by this logic, Israel is not an immigration state, but is rather the homeland of the Jewish People. In this article we start with a survey of the major waves of immigration to Israel dating back to the pre-state era and review the characteristics of the various groups of immigrants based on earlier studies.