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PROYECTO FIN DE CARRERA Presentado a LA UNIVERSIDAD PROYECTO FIN DE CARRERA Presentado a LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE INGENIER´IA DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIER´IA ELECTRICA´ Y ELECTRONICA´ Para obtener el t´ıtulode INGENIERO ELECTRONICO´ por Jos´eFrancisco Molano Pulido IMPLEMENTACION´ DE UNA RED DE SENSADO INTRA-INSTITUCIONAL PARA LA MEDICION´ DE VARIABLES RELACIONADAS CON DESEMPENO~ ACADEMICO´ DE ESTUDIANTES DE PREGRADO Sustentado el 9 de diciembre de 2015 frente al jurado: Composici´ondel jurado - Asesor: Fredy Enrique Segura-Quijano PhD, Profesor Asociado, Universidad de Los Andes - Jurado: Juan Carlos Boh´orquez Reyes PhD, Profesor Asociado, Universidad de Los Andes JFMP A mis Padres, por su apoyo y amor incondicional... Agradecimientos En primer lugar, agradezco al profesor Fredy Enrique Segura-Quijano por su asesor´ıay apoyo a lo largo de mi proyecto de grado y a lo largo de mi formaci´onprofesional. Agradezco a la Decanatura de Estudiantes de la Universidad de los Andes por sus muestras de inter´esen el proyecto realizado. Agradezco al Departamento de Servicios de Informaci´ony Tecnolog´ıa(DSIT) de la Universidad de los Andes por su comprensi´ony asesor´ıaen aspectos t´ecnicosrelacionados con la infraestructura de comunicaciones del campus. Agradezco a todos los profesores que en alg´unmomento contribuyeron en mi formaci´oncomo ingeniero y aportaron los conocimientos necesarios para la realizaci´ondel proyecto de grado. Finalmente, deseo hacer una menci´onmuy especial a todos los amigos y compa~nerosque prestaron sus dispositivos m´ovilespara la instalaci´onde la aplicaci´ondesarrollada. Presento a ellos mis m´assinceros agradecimientos por su comprensi´ony paciencia. i Tabla de contenido 1 Introducci´on 1 1.1 Descripci´onde la problem´aticay justificaci´ondel trabajo . .1 1.2 Objetivos . .2 1.2.1 Objetivo General . .2 1.2.2 Objetivos Espec´ıficos. .2 1.3 Alcance y productos finales . .2 2 Marco te´orico,conceptual e hist´orico 3 2.1 Marco Te´orico. .3 2.1.1 Internet de las Cosas (IoT) . .3 2.1.2 El Curr´ıculoSilencioso . .3 2.1.3 Sensado Participativo . .4 2.2 Marco Conceptual . .4 2.2.1 Ecosistema M´ovil. .4 2.2.2 Cl´ustering. .5 2.3 Marco Hist´orico. .5 3 Definici´ony especificaci´ondel trabajo 6 3.1 Definici´on . .6 3.2 Especificaciones . .7 3.3 Restricciones . .7 4 Metodolog´ıadel trabajo 8 4.1 Plan de trabajo . .8 4.2 B´usquedade informaci´on . .9 4.3 Alternativas de desarrollo . .9 4.3.1 Selecci´onde tecnolog´ıapara nodo de sensado . .9 4.3.2 Selecci´onde sistema operativo m´ovil . 11 4.3.3 Selecci´onde protocolo de comunicaci´on . 11 4.3.4 Selecci´onde herramienta de an´alisisde datos . 11 5 Trabajo realizado 12 5.1 Descripci´ondel Resultado Final . 12 5.1.1 Desarrollo de aplicaci´onm´ovil . 12 5.1.2 Desarrollo del centro de recopilaci´onde datos . 16 5.1.3 Desarrollo de la plataforma como producto . 16 5.1.4 Despliegue de aplicaci´on e implementaci´onde nodos . 16 5.1.5 Proceso de an´alisisde datos . 17 ii TABLA DE CONTENIDO iii 6 Validaci´ondel trabajo 18 6.1 Metodolog´ıade prueba . 18 6.2 Validaci´onde los resultados del trabajo . 18 6.2.1 An´alisisde desempe~noacad´emicovs variables de entorno . 18 6.2.2 An´alisisde g´enerovs variables de entorno . 19 6.3 Evaluaci´ondel plan de trabajo . 21 7 Discusi´on 22 8 Conclusiones y trabajos futuros 23 8.1 Conclusiones . 23 8.2 Trabajo Futuros . 23 Referencias 24 A Resumen Ejecutivo 28 A.1 Objetivos . 28 A.1.1 Objetivo General . 28 A.1.2 Objetivos Espec´ıficos. 28 A.1.3 Sistema desarrollado . 28 A.1.4 Resultados . 29 B Propuesta inicial 31 ´Indice de figuras 2.1 An´alisisde temperatura contra desempe~no. .4 3.1 Diagrama funcional del sistema . .6 4.1 Diagrama de Gantt de activides generales de proyecto de grado . .8 5.1 Prueba de precisi´onde GPS . 13 5.2 Caracterizaci´onde sistema de medici´onde ruido . 14 5.3 Interfaz gr´aficade la aplicaci´ondesarrollada . 15 5.4 Diagrama de flujo de la aplicaci´on . 15 5.5 Logotipo del producto Time'sApp . 16 6.1 Ruido promedio por d´ıade la semana despu´esde las 5:00 PM seg´ung´enero . 20 6.2 Consumo de datos promedio de la aplicaci´onInstagram seg´ung´enero. 20 6.3 Consumo de datos promedio de la aplicaci´onWhatsApp seg´ung´enero . 20 6.4 Consumo de datos promedio de la aplicaci´onFacebook seg´ung´enero . 21 6.5 Consumo de datos promedio de la aplicaci´onSpotify seg´ung´enero . 21 8.1 Nivel de ruido en ML026 d´ıaslunes . 24 8.2 Nivel de ruido en ML026 d´ıasmartes . 24 A.1 Diagrama funcional del sistema . 29 A.2 Consumo de datos promedio de la aplicaci´onFacebook, g´enerosFemenino(F) y Mas- culino(M) . 30 iv ´Indice de tablas 3.1 Especificaciones de trabajo . .7 6.1 Consumo Facebook vs. promedio acad´emico. 19 6.2 Consumo Snapchat vs. promedio acad´emico. 19 6.3 Tiempo libre en espacios de estudio grupal vs. promedio acad´emico. 19 6.4 Promedio de ruido promedio en d´ıass´abadosdespu´esde las 5:00 PM vs. promedio acad´emico. 19 A.1 Tiempo libre en espacios de estudio grupal vs. promedio acad´emico. 30 v Cap´ıtulo1 Introducci´on El proceso de sensado participativo es descrito brevemente como la actividad realizada por individuos y comunidades para la recolecci´onsistem´aticade datos a trav´esde dispositivos con acceso a la red. [22] En particular, permite a los individuos comunicar y compartir el estado del contexto en el que se encuentran en un tiempo y lugar dados. Esta actividad, fundamentada en el concepto de Internet de las Cosas (IoT), est´arevolucionando la forma de percibir el entorno en el que se desenvuelven las sociedades. Aplicaciones como Foursquare, Instagram, Weddar y Waze son ejemplos claros de c´omo sistemas de sensado participativo pueden proveer informaci´onen tiempo real de aspectos como el tr´afico,condiciones clim´aticasy eventos sociales, entre otros. [40] En el futuro, las aplicaciones de sensado participativo jugar´anun papel clave por su relevancia en el estudio de campos como la salud p´ublica,el manejo de recursos naturales, el planeamiento urbano [1] y la educaci´on. El presente proyecto de grado pretende realizar un acercamiento al ´ultimo aspecto mencionado al desarrollar una herramienta que permita a las directivas de instituciones acad´emicas evaluar qu´efactores o variables de entorno afectan el desempe~noacad´emicode los estudiantes. 1.1 Descripci´onde la problem´aticay justificaci´ondel trabajo La iniciativa de este proyecto surge como respuesta a una problem´aticaplanteada por la Decanatura de Estudiantes de la Universidad de los Andes relacionada con el an´alisisdel desempe~noacad´emico y manejo de tiempo de la poblaci´onde pregrado en la instituci´on. Usualmente, los estudiantes que requieren los servicios de asesor´ıaacad´emicason sujetos a encuestas acerca de sus h´abitospersonales. Esto se hace con la finalidad de evaluar posibles causas de deficiencias relacionadas con factores como lugares y horarios inapropiados de estudio. La problem´aticaprincipal de este proceso radica en los potenciales errores de observaci´onasociados a encuestas y sondeos, principalmente en los que son realizados a trav´es de medios electr´onicos. En particular, se ha logrado identificar que los individuos que contestan este tipo de cuestionarios no responden con el mismo nivel de cuidado que a cuestionarios realizados por otros medios. Adicional- mente, tambi´eninfluyen en este proceso una serie de factores secundarios como el efecto visual de primac´ıa. Este fen´omenogenera una tendencia en el individuo a preferir las primeras opciones en un conjunto extenso de respuestas, incluso a pesar de que existan opciones m´asacertadas al final. [46] Estas problem´aticas se ven particularmente potencializadas si se tiene en cuenta que uno de los prin- cipales grupos de inter´espara el estudio por parte de la Decanatura corresponde a los estudiantes en riesgo. Esta poblaci´onse caracteriza particularmente por factores como el d´eficit de atenci´on,lo cual 1 CAP´ITULO 1. INTRODUCCION´ 2 genera un grado de dificultad adicional que aumenta la probabilidad de obtener errores de observaci´on. De esta manera surge la necesidad de un mecanismo que permita obtener informaci´onsobre los h´abitos de estudio de estudiantes de forma precisa y sin requerir la intervenci´ondel usuario. As´ı,se reducir´a al m´ınimoel error de observaci´onmencionado previamente. Finalmente se destaca que, en caso de masificar el sistema hacia un n´umerorepresentativo de estudiantes, ser´aposible realizar un an´alisis de correlaci´oncon la finalidad de evaluar tendencias globales en el comportamiento del desempe~no acad´emicode los grupos estudiados en relaci´ona las variables de entorno. 1.2 Objetivos 1.2.1 Objetivo General Implementar una red de sensado intra-institucional para la medici´onde variables relacionadas con rendimiento acad´emicode estudiantes de pregrado. 1.2.2 Objetivos Espec´ıficos • Implementar una plataforma m´ovilpara la medici´on,recopilaci´ony env´ıode datos relacionados con desempe~noacad´emico(lugar, ruido, entre otros). • Implementar una estructura de red de sensores y centro de recopilaci´onpara almacenamiento de datos obtenidos. • Realizar un estudio de correlaci´onentre los datos obtenidos en el proceso de sensado y desempe~no acad´emicode estudiantes de prueba. 1.3 Alcance y productos finales En particular se establece el siguiente alcance del proyecto: • Se desarrollar´auna plataforma m´ovilpara la adquisici´ony env´ıode informaci´onde variables relacionadas con aspectos como presencia y niveles de ruido a trav´esde Internet.
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