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Études Pontiques Histoire, Historiographie Et Sites Archéologiques Du Bassin De La Mer Noire Études de lettres 1-2 | 2012 Études pontiques Histoire, historiographie et sites archéologiques du bassin de la mer Noire Pascal Burgunder (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/edl/283 DOI : 10.4000/edl.283 ISSN : 2296-5084 Éditeur Université de Lausanne Édition imprimée Date de publication : 15 mai 2012 ISBN : 978-2-940331-27-7 ISSN : 0014-2026 Référence électronique Pascal Burgunder (dir.), Études de lettres, 1-2 | 2012, « Études pontiques » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 15 mai 2015, consulté le 18 décembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/edl/283 ; DOI : https:// doi.org/10.4000/edl.283 © Études de lettres Etudes pontiques Histoire, historiographie et sites archéologiques du bassin de la mer Noire ETUDES DE LETTRES no 290 Revue de la Faculté des lettres de l’Université de Lausanne fondée en 1926 par la Société des Etudes de Lettres Comité de rédaction Alain Corbellari, président Martine Hennard Dutheil de la Rochère Simone Albonico Dave Lüthi Danielle Chaperon François Vallotton Ute Heidmann Rédaction Administration Florence Bertholet Etudes de Lettres Catherine Chène Secrétariat Revue Etudes de Lettres de la Faculté des lettres Bâtiment Anthropole Bâtiment Anthropole CH-1015 Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Tél. +41 (21) 692 29 07 Tél. +41 (21) 692 29 09 Courriel : [email protected] Fax. +41 (21) 692 29 05 Site web : www.unil.ch/edl Courriel : [email protected] Abonnement annuel (4 numéros) Frais de port Plein tarif : 60 CHF Suisse : 9 CHF Allemagne : 18 CHF Tarif étudiant : 45 CHF Europe : 21 CHF Autres pays : 26 CHF Prix des volumes Volume simple : 22 CHF (plein tarif) / 20 CHF (prix étudiant) Volume double : 30 CHF (plein tarif) / 26 CHF (prix étudiant) Les volumes de plus de dix ans sont vendus 5 CHF. Pour les frais de port, voir www.unil.ch/edl, rubrique « commander » Moyens de paiement Par carte de crédit : voir www.unil.ch/edl, rubrique « commander » Par virement : CCP : Université de Lausanne 10-13575-3, avec la mention 2603010000/751 Compte bancaire : 710.09.14, avec la mention 2603010000/751, BCV, Lausanne. IBAN : CH9100767001S07100914 Code SWIFT (RIB ou BIC) : BCVLCH2L Prix de vente de ce numéro : 30 CHF Prochaine parution 2012/3 Romain Rolland et la Suisse 22 CHF Dernières parutions 2011/3-4 Des Fata aux fées : regards croisés de l’Antiquité à nos jours 26 CHF 2011/1-2 Theatra et spectacula. Les grands monuments des jeux dans l’Antiquité 26 CHF 2010/4 Le client de l’architecte 18 CHF Etudes pontiques Histoire, historiographie et sites archéologiques du bassin de la mer Noire Volume édité par Pascal Burgunder Revue Etudes de lettres Comité éditorial et scientifique de ce numéro Pascal Burgunder, Université de Lausanne Heinz Heinen, Université de Trèves Askold Ivantchik, Université de Bordeaux 3 Couverture Photographie d’archives mise aimablement à disposition par l’Institut d’histoire de la culture matérielle, Saint-Pétersbourg. Fouilles en Crimée dans les années d’après-guerre. ФА ИИМК О 1720 -7. Ce volume des Etudes de Lettres a été réalisé dans le cadre des activités du pôle de recherche « Etudes Bosporanes » grâce au soutien du Consulat honoraire de la Fédération de Russie à Lausanne, de la Fondation du 450e anniversaire de l’Université de Lausanne et de la Fondation Gandur pour l’Art. Rédaction et mise en pages : Florence Bertholet et Catherine Chène Graphisme de la couverture : Christophe Vieillard, Ange Créations Sàrl Achevé d’imprimer en « computer to plate » sur les presses de Ange Créations Sàrl à Lausanne en mai 2012 ISBN 978-2-940331-27-7 ISSN 0014-2026 © Université de Lausanne, Revue Etudes de Lettres, Lausanne 2012. Bâtiment Anthropole, CH-1015 Lausanne www.unil.ch/edl [email protected] Tous droits réservés. Réimpression ou reproduction interdite par n�importe quel procédé, notamment par microfilm, xérographie, microfiche, microcarte, offset, etc. Imprimé en Suisse TABLE DES MATIÈRES Pascal Burgunder Introduction 7 Histoire du royaume du Bosphore Cimmérien Pascal Burgunder Une introduction à l’archéologie du royaume du Bosphore Cimmérien 17 Jurij Alekseevič Vinogradov La colonisation grecque du Bosphore Cimmérien 57 Aleksandr Vasil’evič Podosinov Le royaume du Bosphore Cimmérien aux époques grecque et romaine : un aperçu 87 Ecriture de l’histoire antique en Russie et en Asie centrale Igor L’vovič Tikhonov L’archéologie classique à l’Université de Saint-Pétersbourg du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours 113 Caspar Meyer Le sacrement scythe. Rostovtseff, son interprétation de l’art gréco-scythe et l’étude de l’interaction culturelle dans le royaume du Bosphore 151 Svetlana Gorshenina L’archéologie russe en Asie centrale en situation coloniale : quelques approches 183 Sites archéologiques du bassin pontique Dmitrij Efimovič Čistov La Borysthène archaïque (site de l’île de Bérézan). Première colonie grecque du nord de la mer Noire, d’après le matériel des fouilles récentes du Musée d’Etat de l’Ermitage menées dans la partie orientale de l’île 223 Valentina Vladimirovna Krapivina Olbia Pontica. Principaux résultats des fouilles menées de 2006 à 2010 261 Alexandru Avram et Iulian Bîrzescu Fouilles récentes dans la zone sacrée d’Istros 279 Vladimir Fjodorovič Stolba La vie rurale en Crimée antique : Panskoe et ses environs 311 Adresses des auteurs 365 INTRODUCTION Le XIXe siècle passe pour être le « grand siècle » de la Russie impériale. C’est aussi le siècle d’une intensification remarquable des relations tissées entre les cantons suisses nouvellement investis, au lendemain du Traité de Vienne, du statut de neutralité, et l’immense Empire de Russie. La présence helvétique appose son sceau aux pages les plus somptueuses de l’histoire russe : des précepteurs romands, et vaudois en particulier, sont investis de la tâche enviée d’instruire et d’édifier la noblesse russe et jusqu’aux rejetons de la famille impériale. Frédéric-César de La Harpe sera chargé de l’instruction du futur Alexandre Ier, le vainqueur de Napoléon, et de son frère Constantin, tandis que Pierre Gilliard ensei- gnera français et mathématiques aux enfants de Nicolas II 1. Du règne de Catherine la Grande à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale, ce sont des hommes de toutes origines qui nouent des liens avec la Russie et qui font, à proprement parler, l’histoire des relations entre les cantons suisses et la Russie tsariste 2. La chute de la maison des Romanov suivie du coup d’Etat orchestré par les Bolcheviks en 1919 met fin brutalement au charme qu’exer- çait la Russie sur les Suisses, amenés alors à quitter leur terre d’ac- cueil. Le cortège de malheurs qui accompagne la guerre civile, puis la . 1 Outre La Harpe et Gilliard, acquis au rang des célébrités, Contantin Lovis (1807- 1887) ou Jacques-Alexis Lambert (1863-1942) ont également exercé en qualité d’ensei- gnant, pour ne citer que ceux qui ont fait récemment l’objet d’une étude biographique. 2. Officiers, fromagers, marchands ou vignerons, l’émigration helvétique en Russie est riche de mille facettes que l’on peut découvrir, notamment, dans le recueil d’articles édité par E. Maeder, P. Niederhäuser, Käser, Künstler, Kommunisten ; voir également l’article de C. Goehrke, « Die Auswanderung aus der Schweiz nach Russland und die Russlandschweizer ». 8 ÉTUDES DE LETTRES dékoulakisation stalinienne entreprise dès 1928 convainc les derniers récalcitrants à rejoindre leur petite patrie. Les relations diplomatiques entre la Suisse et l’URSS sont rompues en 1923. A partir de cette date et jusqu’à l’avènement de la Perestroïka, en 1985, les deux pays n’entretien- nent de relations politiques et économiques que limitées et conditionnées par les aléas de la Guerre froide ; les échanges académiques, autant que nous le sachions, sont réduits à portion congrue. C’est a fortiori le cas des sciences de l’Antiquité. Les liens qui unissent la Russie, soviétique puis affranchie du communisme d’Etat, aux antiquisants de l’Université de Lausanne résultent de l’initiative de quelques professeurs dotés chacun de suffi- samment de curiosité et d’audace pour endosser un rôle de pionniers. Le premier d’entre eux, André Bonnard, incarne sans doute un phéno- mène unique dans les annales des belles-lettres lausannoises, d’ordinaire peu enclines à s’enticher de discours révolutionnaires. Issu d’une famille libérale que l’on ne saurait suspecter de sympathie pour l’URSS, le pro- fesseur de langue et littérature grecque croit en effet reconnaître dans « l’homme nouveau », que proclame vouloir fonder le parti communiste placé sous la férule de Staline, un prototype prométhéen de l’huma- nisme athée qu’il appelle de ses vœux. Bonnard est soucieux de tolérance et animé du désir sincère de promouvoir la paix. A l’instar de nombreux intellectuels français auxquels il se lie dans un compagnonnage idéolo- gique, mais sans s’y être jamais rendu, le professeur lausannois verra dans l’Union soviétique le refuge de l’humanisme nouveau. Il sera inquiété et jugé pour trahison en pleine Guerre froide. Prix Staline de la Paix en 1955, son chef-d’œuvre, La civilisation grecque, sera traduit et publié en russe dès 1958 3. Il faut attendre une trentaine d’années pour que le dégel s’amorce entre les deux pays et que les Universités puissent envisager des rap- prochements. Investi de ses prérogatives de recteur de l’Université de Lausanne, Pierre Ducrey se rendra plusieurs fois en URSS à la faveur de la Perestroïka. Le professeur d’histoire ancienne y nouera des liens solides avec l’Université d’Etat de Leningrad et son recteur, ainsi qu’avec la chaire d’histoire ancienne dirigée déjà par Èduard Frolov. Les premiers échanges d’étudiants ont lieu dès 1991 et s’instituent au . 3 On doit à Yves Gerhard, lui-même helléniste, d’avoir fait revivre quelques traits de la personnalité d’André Bonnard dans une biographie récemment sortie de presse.
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