1111on1 ouu111 New Series Vol. XXXIV No. 2 • Whole Series Vol. LXlll No. 9 • October 1973

3 Mission Memo 7 Editorials 8 The Collins Fund : How Money Crows in Trees He len Kromer 15 Charlotte : A Chance for Racial Progress Frye Ga illard 20 The Biharis in Bangladesh V ictor Lamont 25 A Guest at an African Country Church Ruth Seitz 28 Coke Lambert of the Harris County Jail Jan Denni s 30 The Sudan Cathers Its Remnant 36 Teaching the One in Seven Ell en Clark 38 Special Report: World Methodists Discuss Mfasions Arthur J. Moore, Jr. 40 More Cooperation in Ecuador C. W inn Upchurch 43 Letters From Overseas 44 Books and Films 46 Letters 47 The Moving Finger Writes

COVER Bihari Refugee in Bangladesh Vic to r Lamont Photo

Editor, Arthur J. Moore, Jr. ; Managing Editor, Charles E. Brewster Planning and Coordination, Stanley J. Rowland, Jr. ; Associate Editor, Ellen Clark Art Director, Roger C. Sadler; Designer, Karen Tureck

47 5 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10027 Published Monthly (bimonthly, July-August) by the Board of Global Ministries of the United Methodist Church, Division of Education and Cultivation, in association with the United Presbyterian Church, USA.

Second-class Mail Privileges Authorized at New York, N.Y. Additional Entry at Nashville, Tennessee. Copyright 197 3 by Board of Global Mi nistries of the United Methodist Church. No part of New World Outlook may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the Ed itors. Printed in U.S.A.

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PHOTO CREDITS Pp. 8 , 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, Toge Fujihira, from United Methodist Missions; Pp. 16, 17, 18, 19, The Charlotte Observer; Pp. 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, Victor Lamont ; Pp. 25, 27 , Ruth Sei tz; P. 29 (bottom) Wide World Photos; Pp. 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, Margaret Murray ; P. 36, L.V.A.; Pp. 38, 39, Jim Long ; Pp. 40. 41 . 42. C. Winn Upchurch. MISSION MEMO News and Analysis of Developments in Christian Mission

October, 1973

Ecumenical Agencies. The search for new leadership for both the National Council of Churches and the New York office of the World Council of Churches seems to be coming to an end. At its October meeting in New York, the Governing Board of the NCC will receive nominations for the post of General Secretary (to succeed the retiring Edwin Espy) and Associate General Secretary for the Division of Church and Society (now vacant). The two candidates for the top job are reportedly both United Presbyterians, one a woman interdenominational executive, the other a man who was a Presbyterian mission executive. The Rev. Lucius Walker, executive director of the Interreligious Foundation for Com­ munity Organization (IFCO), will be nominated to head the DCS. Walker's naming to this position could signify a trend to bring such independent, interdenominational bodies as IFCO and JSAC (Joint Strategy and Action Committee) into closer re­ lationship with the NCC. Other vacant DCS staff jobs will not be filled at this time. On November 12, the executive committee of the U.S. Conference of the WCC will elect a successor to Dr. Eugene L. Smith, most likely an Episcopal clergyman.

Korea. Presbyterian pastor Park Hyong Kyu and evangelist Kwon Hyo Kyong, both of the First Seoul Presbyterian Church, have been sentenced to two years in jail after trial on charges growing out of the distribution of leaflets at an Easter sunrise service. Two others on trial received lesser sentences. The prosecutor had asked for five-year sentences and the charges could have led to long prison sentences. Protests by Christians in Korea and overseas are thought to have had an effect on the comparatively light sentences. It is not yet known whether the sentences might be commuted or time already spent in prison be counted as part of the sentence.

Latin America. At its recent General Assembly in Brazil, the Latin American Council of Evangelical Methodist Churches (CIEMAL) asked the UM Board of Global Ministries to allocate a larger portion of its shrinking budget to churches and their institutions. CIEMAL acknowledged that decreasing resources would result in a gradual reduction in missionary personnel and pledged to compensate by a sustained effort to prepare national leadership, preferably with assistance from the U.S. church. (The decrease is most notable in Bolivia, where the missionary force has declined from 68 to 32 in five years--through attrition and voluntary r elocation rather than recall. ) CIEMAL member churches committed themselves to collaborate with the Board in a "consciousness raising" effort to interpret the Latin American reality to U.S. church constituencies. Paul McCleary, World Division staff member, obser ves that the Methodist churches in Latin America are realizing that "their future depends on their ability as a community to assume responsibility for all their actions, " which he believes makes the financial crisis perhaps "less of a disaster and more of a blessing."

Japan. A s izable number of Japanese Christians believe Emperor Hirohito's proposed vis it to the United States will have adverse effects on both Japan-U. S. relations and Japan's domestic political situation, barring an unexpected apology to the American people for Japan's old militarism. An article in the Japan Christian Activity News speculates that in the event of a successful visit by the Emperor, Japan's governing Liberal Democratic Party would invoke the authority of the World War II "Generalissimo" to strengthen and enlarge the military--a touchy issue with all Japanese.

Relief. Famine in West Africa and reconstruction in Indochina remain priorities of Church World Service and the United Methodist Committee on Relief. Two mobile medical teams have been enlisted for service in the drought-stricken Sahel region of Africa. In Indochina, where monetary needs are substantial, Asian Christian Service, Vietnam Christian Service and the World Council of Churches' Indochina Fund for Reconstruction and Reconciliation require greater assistance for medical programs, especially outfitting with artificial limbs, community development, rural development and child care programs. At about the time of the November meeting of the WCC Fund's board meeting in Colombo, Sri Lanka, one of the members may visit Hanoi to discuss rehabilitation.

AMU and Farm Workers. Major financial requests relating to Alaska Methodist University and the United Farm Workers are expected to come before the National Division of the UM Board of Global Ministries when it meets later this month in New Orleans. The AMU request would ask the Division to make it possible for the Alaska university, which has faced a financial crisis for several years, to obtain a line of credit for $500, 000 for each of the next five years. AMU was founded by the National Division. The farm worker asking is also for making possible a line of credit for a $100, 000 loan for the hard-pressed UFW in its fight with the Teamsters Union for grower contracts. Protestant denom­ inations are being asked to put up $300, 000 for the UFW, with word that Roman Catholics already have committed $200, 000. The UFW would repay the loans with dues money, as new contracts are won.

Jews. Over one million Reform Jews in the U.S. are being asked to use the High Holidays to study the relationship between Watergate and their own personal and business ethics. A booklet, ''Watergate: A Moral Inquiry", pub­ lished by the group's Commission on Social Action, asks ten questions about ''Watergate and us. " Sample questions: "Do we have a right to insist upon absolute fidelity to truth from the government?", ''What is the relevance of the Commandment, 'Thou shalt have no other gods before me' to our situation?", "Do we still know the difference between right and wrong?" The booklet was written by Albert Vorspan, director of the Commission. In another development, an interdenominational group is exploring the possibility of setting up an office in the National Council of Churches on Christian-Jewish relations. Lack of such an office in Protestantism has been a sore point to some Jews. The main problem, as with everything else these days, is where to get funding for such an office. In

the meantime, various denominational ecumenical and interreligious offices are .I being asked to do what they can to cover the area.

I Southern Baptists. In an unusual move, the Christian Life Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention asked T. B. Matson, professor emeritus of Christian Ethics at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, to take a critical look at trends affecting the denomination. Describing the task as "personally painful", Matson pointed to such problems as "affluence" which can cause churches and agencies to have a "big business perspective" and "tend to have little sympathy or understanding of the ordinary working man and especially for the underprivileged, the poor and the needy", a "revival of ultra-conservatism which is almost fundament­ alism" and an allied "constantly latent anti-intellectualism" which "makes it difficult for the creative mind to find the freedom it must have to function most effectively" and which manifests itself in attempts to control state Baptist newspapers and pub­ lications by Broadman Press. Noting that the SBC is moving from a "sect" to a "church", Matson pointed out that such a move "tends to leave behind many of the common or poor people who do not have a big stake in the status quo."

Strip Mining. A resolution urging federal regulation of all strip mining will be considered by the UM Board of Global Ministries National Division at its annual meeting later this month. The UM resolution says that federal law should prohibit strip mining in areas where the slope of the land is above 15 degrees, and would allow stripping on flat land only under stringent reclamation requirements. Assert­ ing that the impact of strip mining on the environment and on people in affected areas is "a moral issue, " the UM statement maintains that strip mining for coal is "not essential" to meet the nation's energy needs.

Persons in Mission. The UM World Division will renew its appeal for increased support Ofmissionary personnel at the Board of Global Ministries meeting in New Orleans. The Board will also discuss a working paper called "Persons in Mission," which explores changing styles of missionary presence and involvement such as the gradual shift from career missionaries to short-term specialists and the emphasis on the internationalizing of the missionary force. The paper poses I some urgent questions about stewardship. For example, as newly autonomous but impoverished overseas churches affirm their own missionary vocation within and outside their own countries, should the U.S. church assist non-westerners to be in mission and, if so, how should this be done?

Mozambique. Nineteen of the fifty Mozambique Presbyterians arrested in June, 1972, are still in prison. Four of the five Presbyterian pastors have been released but were forced to sign self-accusatory statements which can be used against them when they are brought to trial. The fifth pastor committed suicide in prison,

; reportedly broken-hearted that so many of the people he knew had been forced to testify against him. The arrests are thought to stem from Portuguese (and particularly secret police) distrust and ignorance of Protestantism. Church meetings are often assumed to be political and subversive. A number of Methodists were arrested simply for being in a building waiting for a church meeting to begin; some laymen are still in prison.

Chile. Word reaching mission board offices in New York indicates no great personal difficulties as yet for most personnel since the takeover by the military regime. Two Methodist pastors have been arrested; eight college students living in a Methodist hostel in Concepcion were arrested and later released. No Prot­ estnat missionaries have been arrested (despite New York Times reports that arrested U.S. citizen Carol Nezzo was "a Methodist worker" she is unknown to Chilean Methodists); three U.S. Roman Catholic priests, including two Maryknoll missionaries, are under detention.

Moving. Transfer from one job to another seldom causes such regret as news that New York UMI director Leonard M. Perryman will move in November to Dayton, Ohio, to become an associate editor of The Interpreter. Perryman joined the former Board of Missions of the UMC in 1954 and has long been its press officer. Washington's Winston Taylor will temporarily take over the New York job; no permanent successor has yet been named.

Deaths. Kenneth R. Thompson, a photographer and film maker whose work was well-known to the readers of this magazine, died suddenly in September at the age of 32. Best known for his work chronicling the civil rights struggle of the 1960's for the NCC Commission on Religion and Race, Ken Thompson also did work for a number of church groups. He and photographer Bob Fitch created a photo environ­ ment for the 1970 Assembly of United Methodist Women .... British Methodist leader Eric Baker, 74, honorary president of the World Methodist Council, died in London September 19. For 19 years, he was secretary of the British Methodist Conference, its top executive post. Baker's death continues the string of illnesses and deaths among those who attended the recent WMC executive committee meeting in Mexico City. Houston's Bishop Kenneth Copeland became ill in Mexico City and died after being flown to Texas; Missions professor W. Richey Hogg and WMC staffer J. Robert Martin have both been hospitalized with heart attacks since the meeting. •

Darkness In Chile and many of the Christian Democratic Brezhnev who do not relish seeing their Party apparentl y lost faith in the consti­ grand international schemes founder on The smoke has not cleared enough tutional process and decided to help such emotional issues. fr om the violence of the military coup bring down the government. In truth, this government which sub­ that overthrew the Allende government Whether there was any direct U.S. sidizes repressive police forces in such in bile to make any fin al assessment involvement in the coup cannot yet be places as Vietnam and Greece is not in of what will develop in that country. determined. Millions around the world a particularly good position to lecture Sti ll, some preliminary comments can believe so, on the basis of past U.S. others on morality but maybe a little be ventured and they must all be history in other coups and its well­ consciousness raising by its citizenry gloomy. known hostility to the All ende govern­ would be beneficial all around. The end First, any military overthrow of a ment. Certainly, it is a fact that Wash­ of the Cold War should mean more than democraticall y elected government any­ ington knew about the coup in advance simply the removal of threats of destruc­ where can only be deplored. This is par­ and did nothing to warn Santiago. tion ; it should also mean more fr edom ticul arl y true in Chile which has had a Millions around the world are also fo r all. Support for Soviet human rights tradition of stable government, with the convinced that any attempt to change is part of that freedom. military serving as guarantors of consti­ the social system to favor the poor will tutional rul . Thi is no small thing to be met with steely resistance by the What Hope For the UN? violate, in any circumstances. haves. This will not qui t their discon­ The ci rcumstances in Chile, of course, tents but it may serve to convince them Simply to cite the cases of Chile and were not just any circumstances. Presi­ that bloody revolution is all that works. the Soviet dissidents is to indicate the dent Salvador Allende was elected as One of the alarming things about the legitimate ground for dissatisfaction the leader of a left-wing coalition military junta that is now ruli ng Chile with the United Nations. Politically, the pledged to bring Socialism to Chile. As is their reported treatment of political UN has been a disappointment. As Sec­ the first popularly elected Marxist gov­ refugees from such nati ons as Brazil and retary General Waldheim has said, "You ernment in the Americas, its progress Boli via who had taken refuge in their must not expect the UN to accomplish was eagerly watched by both well ­ country. Any attempt to deport these miracles. We are made up of sovereign wishers and opponents. persons back to the horn lands they fl ed nations. \/Ve can only accomplish what What its supporters saw was an at­ is nothing less than returning them to our member nations allow us to accom­ tempt to include the poor and the dis­ prison, torture and death. These are not plish." possessed as equal members of a society the acts of a civili zed regime. Let us What has really served the UN so far traditionally run for the ri ch and the hope that internati onal outcry will pre­ has been its solid accomplishments in middle cl ass and to do this democratic­ vent such deportations. such fi elds as health, refugee reli ef and all y, without coercion. What its oppo­ After such confrontations and polari­ agriculture. All those speciali zed agen­ nents saw was an attempt to deprive ?ation, the bitterness and hatred left be­ cies whose initials we keep forgetting hard-working citizens and businesses of hind in a nation are not pleasant to are much of the basis for the claim their fair share and to sys tematicall y contemplate and one cannot be opti­ that if the UN did not exist, it would favor the poor at their expense. What mistic about the future. But the dream have to be invented. · both sides saw was an experiment whose of justice and li berty in this world is Nevertheless, in the United States the success or failure would have great re­ one that is hard to kill. percentage of people who think that the percussions through Latin America. U is doing a good job has dropped Pressures from both inside and out­ Detente and Dissent from 87 percent to 35 percent in 14 side the counh·y were immense. The years. Granted that the organization was proposals by International Telephone In these days of troubles in Washing­ oversold in this country in the begin­ and Telegraph ( ITT ) to the U.S. gov­ ton, many a lawmaker must breathe a ning, this decline has a suspicious par­ ernment to prevent President All ende secret sigh of relief fo r the ham-handed all el to the numerical growth of the U taking office are well-known. Less pub­ repressiveness of the Soviet government. licized have been pressures to shut off Who else do we have to feel morally and the subsequent decline in U.S. in­ international credits to Chile. superior to these days? flu ence. These pressures were effecti ve but the Such grim humor of course is definite­ W hat we probably should reali ze is Allende regim e was coping for a time. ly not amusing to the courageous band that the growth of the U gives it the The decisive shift may have come after of Russian dissidents who are still fight­ possibility to transcend its earli r in­ the Congressional elections this years. ing for their li ves in order to say what carnati on as the world body of the vic­ The opposition had hoped to pick up they want. They reali ze that almos t the tors in World War II. The recent entry enough vo tes in order to be able to onl y weapon they have is world public of the two German states dramatize impeach Allende. To their dismay, the opinion and most particularl y, in this this change. Such a change to a h·uly government in creased the size of its vote time of detente between the U.S. and universal body could lend credence to and it became apparent that the govern­ the U.S.S.R., American public opinion. Waldheim's reminder that "If there were ment would fini sh out its term. At that This is perfectl y proper on their part a will to use the U as an instrument point, former president Eduardo Frei hut not very pleasing to either Nixon or of peace, it would work very well."

Helen Kromer up FROM THE GRAVEL RO ADS Here in the shadow of Mt. Lasse n, that wind through Almanor Fo re st one of the few active volca nos left along the Sierra Ca scades in north­ in th e United States, are.75 ,000 ac res ern California, climbs the big log­ of timber that belong partly to The ging power "cat," its tracks diggin g W orld D ivision of th e Board of in at a 45 degree angle to haul the Gl obal M inist ries. Eve ry tree, alive generator for the big saws through a and standing, belongs 54% to th e stand of white fir to one 90-foot World D ivision, as does every ac re. tree splashed with orange paint. Fo rty-six perce nt belongs to the Col­ " The faller," a burly man in heavy lins Family w hich made this gift. boots and plaid shirt, jumps down O nce the tree has been felled and from the tractor and se ts the power limbed, it belongs to the Collins saw to cut a wedge on the dow n­ Pine Compa ny, w hich hauls it to hill side of the tree. Flinging the its mill in nea rb y Ch es ter. Coll ins wedge free, he starts a small cut on Pin e ha s bought and logged these the back side. The tree quivers. A trees under co ntrac t to the Meth­ long warning cry sounds through the odists fo r the pas t 30 yea rs. forest, and the great trunk starts The money from these tree sa les, down in slow motion with a crack­ w hich has ave raged $500,000 a year, ing and splintering as the falling plus an o ri gi nal Collins fami ly gift of limbs take others to a shuddering $2 million in cas h, has grown to th e crash on the forest floor. A cloud of sum of $2 4,31 6,999 (market va lue, needles and twigs and bark dust and July 1973), and has been used main­ snow brush blossom fills the air. The ly to provide pensions fo r the th ou­ buckers and limbers move in to saw sand s of mi ss ionaries who have go ne and chop. out from the church in th e pas t 30 [429) 9 years. These bequests are the largest from any si ngle family in Methodist Church history. The legacies began with lumberman Truman Doud Col­ lins who- converted to Methodism at a revival meeting in Beaver Val­ ley, Pennsylvania, in the late 1850's - not only made outright cash grants, but helped build the Collins Institute in Calcutta, India, a missio n school in South China, a boys' home in North Africa and helped subsidize Bareilly Theological Seminary in In­ dia, Allegheny College in Pennsyl­ va nia, Ohio Wesleyan University and Boston University. Truman's son, Everell Stanton, named the Methodist Epsicopal Church in his will twelve times, giv­ ing everything from a $10,000 grant to the Salem, Oregon, Methodist Old Folks Home to massive percent­ ages of his timberlands to the Board of Foreign Missions. The third and fourth generations have managed the California, Pacific Northwest and Pennsylvania timber­ lands for the church free of charge, contributing as well to countless educational and church-related or­ ga nizations. And all members of the family have been church builders- from Truman Doud, who helped build seven churches in the neighborhood of Beaver Valley, to the present gen­ erations who have not only helped build Methodist churches in Port­ land, Oregon, and Chester, Cali­ fornia, but have also contributed sums to help build churches of other denominations and persuasions. The number of lives affected into the third and fourth generations by this one family alone must be as innumerable as the pine needles in one of their forests. But th ey do not dwell on this. " Sonny, I don't know what pro­ portion of my income I give away," T. D. Collins dryly told an inquiring reporter in 1911. "Last year it was $40,000; this year only $15,000, be­ cause I am buying some land." Land, trees, a quality product, and good use of excess wealth. The members of this family have been matter-of-fact, producing people who deal with realities. Alan Goudy, great grandson of Tr.uman Doud and vice president of Collins Pine whose central offices are located at Portland, Oregon, will tell you about the business : "Forest products today? We're one step away from gambling! The market is volatile-up, down, around. You have an elastic demand and an inelastic supply of material. We buy timber from both private and federal lands ; but with the eco­ logical crisis we can 't get in some places to cut-so you have less lum­ ber. Less lumber drives the price up. The interest rates tighten on mort­ gage money, and it costs more to borrow for building. The market drops off. Our money is devalued and the Japanese have 10% more on the dollar, so people from over­ seas can pay more on the open market. The price goes up . .. though the truth is we export the minimum -part philosophy, part the kind of products we make ... The country in general is still importing twice as much wood as we export ..." Elmer Goudy, president of Col­ lins Pine and grandson-in-law of T. D., says : " It's a feast or famine. It used to be that anybody with a little acumen could throw up a mill. When the market fell you shut down. Today it takes millions to build machinery. When employees worked for cash , they walked away when times were tough. Now a young man comes in down there at Chester and says ' I want a job'-they're looking at $10,000-over one-fdurth of it in benefits. So you keep pumping out the lumber and looking for cost sav­ ings. We've got one computer on a band saw, another on the green chain sorting lumber. The future is in advanced wood technology. We've gone into making particle board . . ." Particle board (or flakeboard) is a synthetic product compounded of wood chips, resin and wax, pressed into sheets under high heat and used to make furniture, door cores, underfloors. Alan Goudy moved to Chester in 1956 an d developed what was then one of only four such op­ erations in the country. The move would have pleased his great grandfather-a shrewd and inventive man-who was born in upstate New York, but moved to the All in the family tree (clockwise from bottom): Founder wilds of Pennsylvania in 1854 to be­ T. D. Collins, who converted to Methodism at a revival meeting; son E. S. Collins, who built seven churches in the gin a small sawmill with his brother area of his lather's conversion ; grandson Truman Collins, and two other partners. Within six who managed Collins Pine until his death in 1964; and years the mortgage had been paid, grandson-in-Jaw Elmer Goudy, who is current president of T.D. had bought out his partners the firm. [43 1] 11 and he and hi s brother had begun va nia. Each spring, up and down the to speculate in oil, buying land from Ti onesta Vall ey, thousands of acres Hi ckory to Oil City along the Alle­ ot hemlock were peeled, th eir bark gheny River and se tting up a ten­ used for tanning, th e trees left to barrel oil refinery along with th eir rot. The tanners knew that the tim­ timber and lumber operations. One ber was use less until a railroad was stretch along Walnut Bend so ld for built down the valley-and how $100,000 in 1865. many years would it be before that re At age 34, Truman Doud was happened! T.D. bargained for the hi wea lthy enough to retire. He took trees. He bought the timber for 10¢ hi s young wife, the forme·r Mary per thou sa nd boa rd fee t, agreeing El Stanton, a sc hoolteacher from the at the sa me time to deliver all the 0 Walnut Bend area, and went home hemlock bark from that timber for di to Cortland, New York. $2.50 per cord. When he died in bi Two years later he was bac k lum­ 1914, he was still delivering bark at VI berin g in Pennsylvania. " W as it the $2 .50 per co rd , though the going birth of a son or th e gravitational price was $7 .50, but he was charg­ Ii pull of the tall white pine trees" in g $10.00 per thousand for hem­ aj which brought him out of retire­ lock logs to his mills-the lumber fo ment? Everell Stanton, T.D.' s only going out on th e branch line he had cl child, would spend hi s first 14 years built on the Pennsylvania right-of­ A in Beaver Valley where his father way. b: rebuilt an o ld mill near Tionesta Everell Stanton Collins had gone cl Creek and bega n rafting and float­ West to live, originally beca use he in g timber to Pittsb urgh for barge had contracted tuberculosis while Stages in lumbering: heavy logs are bui lding. he was attending Allegheny Co llege Iii hauled from the forest ; then stored in But why should the barge builders and had spe nt a year camping out in fa the millpond; after skinning the fi sawyer cuts the timber into vario us take that extra profit, T.D. began to California and northern Mexico; but thicknesses; and finally the green ask himse lf. Soon the barge-building seco ndly becau se his father had Ji( lumber emerges from the mill shed originated in Ti onesta, along with backed several operations on the p1 riding down as many as twenty ramps fl at boats for New Orleans. But the West coast, one of them at Ostran­ VE and sorted by size and moisture operation had a new twist: the boats der, Washington, losing money. T.D. w content. were not towed bac k up the river offered E.S . one-half interest in the Sil for new ca rgo. They were the cargo. operation if he cou ld make a go of Th e timber and lumber were the it. ar boats th emse lves which were E.S. made more than a " go" of it. ra broken up and sold at their destina­ By the time his father died, the Os­ WI tion. trander Railway and Timber Com­ us With eq ual panache and imagina­ pany was a multimillion dollar busi­ Ii tion, he moved in on the tanning ness, which had become famous for fo operations in Sheffield, Pennsyl- the production of the longest and sh larges t timbers in the world. Ostran­ " Chester was a tough wide open given time. Cutting operations were der provided the 225 foot flagpole town in those days- a little Reno" to be on a fifteen-year cycle, the for the Lewi s and Clark Fair in 1905. says Waller Reed, forest manager trees picked on a " fl exible diameter E.S. also built one of the first rail ­ and liaiso n contact between the Col­ sca le, adjusted to forest and market roads in Washington and was the lins Pin e Company and th e World conditions." Samp le plots were set first lumberman in th e country to Division. aside to be studied for growth, for use tru cks, building a se ries of wide Today Ch es ter is a combination properties of se lf-seeding and se lf­ roads through his timberlands to upper middle class suburban, fron­ weeding, along w ith soi l, water and handle the 13 foot wide trucks. tier and resort town. Th e hunting, disease factors. Measurements were Today, Alton Collins, the eldest of fishing and sightsee ing in th e area taken every five yea rs for th e first Everell 's three children, manages th e are spectacular and Almanor Fo rest 25 years and are now taken every Ostrander Construction Company, has become a favorite ca mp spot ten- the information fed onto IBM desce ndent of the Railway and Tim­ for " flatlanders" who move their ca rd s to give a forest profile. ber firm, and helps administer th e trailers up onto the high ground the Through this " residual " kind of various Collins Trusts. minute the snow has melted suffi­ cutting w hi ch guarantees a per­ Another so n, Truman Wesley Col­ ciently for th em to get through. petual supply of timber, Truman lins, until his death in 1964, man­ Chester is also a stable family com­ Collins was ab le to fulfill and ex­ aged a m; mber of holdings in Cali­ munity. Hank Ritsch , woods foreman, tend the benevolences of hi s father fornia and the Pacific Northwest, in­ has now been with the firm 30 yea rs w ho gave this land and his gra nd­ cluding the Collins Pine Company. and is retiring this year. " I've logged father who bought it. After hi s death, Elmer Goudy, hus­ a billion feet of wood," he says; The greatest additional expense to band of Grace Collins, the third " enough to build 100,000 homes. " " sustained yield" is th e building of child of E.S. , became president of A number of seco nd generation road s, since the loggers return to the the firm. loggers and mill operators are stay­ " sta nds" on a regular basis. Th e Truman Collins was an innovator ing on these days to rear their chil­ company has built 750 miles of like his father and grandfather be­ dren in Chester. private road lea ding out to the fore him, but he moved into the When Truman Collins decided to "spurs" where the trucks are loaded. field of human relations. He be­ attempt the " sustained yield" year­ During good wea ther, as many as lieved that he could operate a forest round-job experiment, he took two 75 truckloads weighing up to 120,- property with trees grown and har­ years and the help of experts from 000 pounds each will make the trip vested in such a way that the supply various fields to solve the many busi­ to the millpond daily to dump their would be sustained and the jobs ness and technical problems in­ loads for storage so that the mill­ steady. volved. ing operation can continue through Lumberjacks living in bunk houses No longer could loggers cut the the winter. Th e only piece workers and handling the dangerous river land over clean or cut out only what left in the forest and mill are the rafting or open carriage mi ll saws they wanted, leaving the foresters to " fallers," so me of whom make $15,- were a lonely and transient crew­ make something of what was left. 000 or more a year, work nine usual ly single men or married men The foresters now selected from months and draw unemployment living away from their families and among two kinds of pine, three the other three. forced to move on when the mill kinds of fir and incense cedar-tak­ The re st of the 450 to 500 men shut down seasonally. ing one-third of a stand at any are year-round men-the plant working to capaci ty five days a week pensions fu ll y vested which means (two shifts and a clea n-up crew in that their pension will be there th e sawmill, three shifts and week­ when th ey are rea dy for it, though end maintenance in th e flakeboard). they have left th e miss ion field for A ll forest and mill men are mem­ another kind of work ; and there are bers of the Lumber and Saw Mill 920 active missionaries who will be Workers U nion today, but Truman ca lling on their pensions eventually. Collins set up a hea lth and welfare This money has also been used plan in the ea rly days of th e Collins for Medicare reimbursements, to pay Pin Company and subsequently premiums on endowment insurance es tab li shed a pension fund for all and to help in special hardship workers w hen the mill was con­ cases. It ha s also carried the Cali­ structed at Ch es ter. fornia property tax load and made " He was determined to eliminate ce rtai n actuarial studies possible that patern alism," says Waller Reed, wou ld guarantee its effective use. " and the feeling that the company Harry Greenberg, former associate controll ed everything." treasurer of the World Division, Land was made available to com­ points out that the sums invested pany workmen at low cost and most along with the actual earnings on people today own their own homes. stock w hich have been ploughed Only the bunkhouses which are now back into the fund, have produced duplexes and the gues t house are increases matching almost exactly still company property. Social Security increases. Both Mexicans and Indians are on Becau se inflation, dollar deprecia­ jobs and in supervi so ry positions. tion and reduced giving have pro­ Blacks have been hired, but few live duced a budget crunch so serious in the area and most move on. " It that so me miss ionaries may be is Collins policy to hire as many forced from the field this year, the Pine needles are the promise of a minorities as possible," says Leo Division has disc ussed using part of sustained yie ld for future forests . Oliver, personnel supervisor. this fund to retrain those withdrawn. Collins Pine buys lumber about Such a use of the fund wou ld be stewardship that manifests itself not equally from the Government and in the family tradition: " Collins In­ only in the use of thei r income, but Almanor Forest. stitute was doing very badly as I in the ways they earn that income­ This spring the logge rs have been remember it," says Grace Goudy, in a stewa rd ship of trees and land, cutting on three "sides" in Almanor " when someone from the board got of forest and mill, of workmen and Forest, and for the month of June, help from grandfather. I think products. Reed turned over a check to the Charles Welch the grapejuice man " Both Truman's father and his World Division for $246,000, which helped with thi s, too. After that it grandfather had the feeling that may take this year's amount in the became almost like a new school." their money was a trust," says Mrs. Collins Pens ion Fund to between T.D. Collins counted on the Board 1 Truman Collins, who has reared $1 /i million to $2 million. In addi­ to use his money in key situations th eir four children since her hus­ tion, the Division will receive ap­ where it was most needed. E.S . Col­ band's death. " I've felt that tradition proximately $25 ,000 from the Penn­ lins counted on its being used at the was there to be passed on." sylvania property, which is the usual point of greatest strategic effect. He " The money was always 'bor­ yearly sum, but may increase in the so understood the internal ma­ rowed' money to my father," says future. The 25 ,000 acres of land cut chinery of a large missionary enter­ Mrs. Goudy; and the Oregon Voter clean of timber some years ago of prize that he cut into his capital to wrote of E.S. : " ... there are those in which 70 % was willed to the Divi­ help during the depression, and be­ all parts of the world who cherish sion, has come back in hardwoods. fore his death he suggested that his memories of his good deeds." Seven years ago the Collins Pine bequests be used to pay all the op­ The more remarkable fact is that Company bought a small mill and erating expenses of the board. in all parts of ·the world, there are began making " Lo uisville Slugger" When it was determined that the those whose lives have bee n baseball bats, tool handles and other sum would not be sufficient for this, changed by persons of whom they hardwood products. The company is the Board met with the family after have no memory and not the slight­ buying additional property and will his death and suggested that the est knowledge. expand. money be used for a pension fund. And that would surely please men At the present time the pension The family liked the idea, though who lived and worked with trees, fund is paying in excess of $900,000 they made no limiting statement knowing that forests well tended re­ yea rly to 650 World Division mis­ concerning its use. seed themselves, and another gen­ sionaries for their pensions ($60 per They did not need to. Those who eration cuts the trees this generation person per yea r for each year of administer this fund do so with never sees. • service, which means a couple who discipline. They are well aware that He/en Kromer is a staff writer for the have se rved 40 years are receiving the money was given by committed United Methodist Board of Global Minis­ $4,800 a year) ; 1100 persons have Christians who practise a kind of tries. 14 [434) CHANCE FOR RACIAL PROGRESS by Frye Gaillard •••..11 , RELIGION IN U.S. CITIES On a chilly November day in lo tte native, and he st ill plays to they could do to help. They quickly 1972, the chief district judge in packed houses on hi s occas ional concluded that perh aps th e most Charlotte, North Carolina abruptly homecomings . But for the most part, productive thing wou ld be to raise ordered eight local welfare mothers the city's rel igious and moral climate money for the fines and lega l fees, thrown in jail. All of them-seven is more urbane and modern. It is a w hich most of the eight mothers had blacks and a white- had pleaded rather progress ive place by the no apparent mea ns of paying. " It guilty to welfare fraud, and the standards of the region, a young was a small thing," said the Rev. judge, William H. Abernathy, sa id executive's town, very transient, and Harcourt Wa ller, who heads the he wanted them to "get a ta ste of coin cidentall y ve ry Protestant. group, " and sca rce ly worthy of any jail" while they awaited sentencing. Cha rlotte's business man's con­ publicity. But sometimes a small Specifically, the women, who had serva ti sm is perhaps a bit less spite­ Christ ian ac t ca n be meani ngful in worked while receiving welfa re, ful than that which is found in the such situatio ns." w ere charged with failing to report deeper So uth (o r the more !mper­ If W aller is a little publicity-shy all their earnings. As a res ult, ac­ so nal North), but there is, neverthe­ th ese days, it ca n' t be too surprising cording to Charlotte's Department less, little public sympathy for the to th ose familiar with his back­ of Social Services, their welfare pay­ plight of welfare mothers-at least gro und. Th e 50-year-old Episcopal ments had been inflated by any­ under normal conditions. But Judge pries t is kn own in Charlotte as one where from $205 to $3,209 over a Abernathy's summary jailing of the of th e most ac ti vely liberal and out­ two-yea r period. Judge Abernathy eight women las t November see med spoken clergymen in the city. A nd fined each woman ten per ce nt of a little abn o rm al, and newspaper re ­ he ha s paid a persona l price for his her overpayment and se ntenced all porters descended in droves, gather­ commitments. of th em to two-year priso n term s, ing stories for exa mple o n the In 1969, Waller left his pos t as which he suspended on the condi­ women's children who were left chaplain at the University of Vir­ tion that they not engage in further crying and in so me cases unca red ginia, and ca me to Charl otte to take cheating and that th ey see k child for during their mothers' three-day over as re ctor of Christ Episcopa l support payments from the fathers stay in jail. Th e Charloue Observer, Church, one of the most afflu ent and of any more illeg itimate children to with help from seve ral sy mpathetic influential parishes in the city. Dur­ whom th ey might give birth. welfare officials, disc losed that even ing hi s sta y at Christ Epi scopal, he Th e marital affa irs of th e welfare by chea ting on th eir welfare, the addressed hi mse lf forcefu lly to mothers see med particularly to in­ eight women had no t managed to social issues ran ging from liquor­ trigue th e judge (who was separated esca pe federa l poverty standards, by-the-dri nk (which he favored) to from his own wife at the time), and and the res ult w as considerabl e pub­ th e war in Vietnam (which he op­ he ques tioned them intense ly about lic criticism of Abernathy's venom posed) . thei r sex lives . " When are you going and se lf- ri ghteousness. He was equa lly outspoken on to stop having all those illeg itimate A ll of it may have bro ught th e city what has been th e preeminent social ch ildren?" Abernathy asked one face to face with the confusions and iss ue on the Charlotte sce ne in the woman. And to another he sa id, contrad icti o ns in its welfare sys tem, pa st three yea rs-th e busing of " You do know what causes babies, but for the eight women themselves, schoo l children to ach ieve racial in­ don't you?" it didn' t help very much. The whole teg ration. Waller had arrived in When the trial was over, the judge ordeal had bee n a torturous and de­ confided to one reporter that he had mea ning experience, from their van­ Charlotte just as the controversy was felt uniquely qualified to handle the ta ge point, and there was really no about to pea k. U.S. Dist ri ct Judge case because, " I understand colored way to undo th eir pain. There was, Jam es B. M cMillan (himse lf a deacon people." however, one group of church men in a wealthy Pres byterian church) and women w ho took several small had ordered th e school board to use Very Protestant Town steps to help so ften the blow. bu sin g if necessa ry to eli minate pre­ A ll in all, it was a shocking and dominantly black and racially iden­ surprisingly controversial event in Helping Welfare Mothers tifiable schools in the Charlotte sys­ Charlotte, which is a growing, New Members of the group, w hi ch is tem. And in the summer of 1971, South city of some 300,000 peopl e. kn own as th e Community of the Fel­ the U .S. Supreme Court upheld Mc­ There is a strong eva nge lica l tradi­ lowship of Jesus, contacted the Millan's ruling, in one of the land­ tion here-Bill y Graham is a Char- women to find out what, if anything, mark decisions of the last decade. (435] 15 The preeminent social issue has been b the busing of school children to achieve 0 racial integration. IT C1 0 fi

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ol Tl lo VE . Pl ea for Reconci li ation As anti-busing furor began to build, amid talk of school boycotts and rumors of violence, Waller was on of a handful of clergymen who mount d th ir pulpits to pl ad for aim, r on iliation and acceptance of int gration. And when raci al fighting did erupt on high sc hool campuses, Waller and a black min­ is ter, th e Rev. Smith Turner of the AME Zion Church, o rganized a ta sk force of clergymen to ci rculate among the troubled ca mpuses and talk with students. A inno uous as it sounds, eve n th at latter move proved controver- ial. One anti-busing school board m mber, for example, accus d Wal­ ler of era ing the se paration be­ twe n hurch and sta te by tamper­ in g with the operation of sc hools. nea rl y as issue-oriented as I would priced houses . It is a new develop­ A nd other irate citizens correctly like us to be," cond des Cecil My­ ment, pointedly middle class , with per eiv d that Waller's emphasis ri ck, the urban affairs coordinator neatly manicured lawns, and two was at all times on making integra­ for Charlotte's United Methodist cars in most driveways. Ministering tion work. There were- and stil l are Church. " In a way, you just can ' t to su ch an area had se emed like a -many people in Charlotte whose afford to be or you' ll lose your base rather routine assignment for Howle, goa l were precisely the opposite. of upport and your financial back­ but in 1970, blacks began to move In Jan uary of 1972, ten of th e ing." into Hidden Valley, and in the three twelve ves trymen of Waller's church As a resul t, Myrick, who has his years that followed, his mission took ca lled upon him to resign. Wh n he co unterparts in most other denomi­ on an entirely different cast. refuse d, the ten urged the Epi so pal nations, pu shes ahead dogged ly on a Neighborhood Stability bi hop of North Carolina to " sever variety of more traditional fronts. th e pastoral relationship" between Among o th er things, United Meth­ His paramount concern became W aller and Christ Episcopal. Th odists in th e Charlo tte area operate the stability of his congregation, and bishop, in a move th at stunned child development ce nters in im­ by extension, the stability of the Charlotte clergymen of al l denomi­ poverished neighborhoods, provide whole Hidden Valley community. nation , ag reed to do so. re creation and tutorial help for low The neighborhood had quickly Following w hat he describes as his income children, seek to coordinate fou nd itself beset by block-busting, " bu shw hacking," W al ler founded services fo r the el derly, and main­ unfavorable newspaper publicity the Community of the Fellowship of tai n a program to rel ate to local and by the inescapable reality that Je u -a no n-deno minational gath­ priso n inmates on a one-to-one despite its integrated character, chi l­ erin g of Christians, some of them basis. dren in Hidden Valley were bused members of established churches, Myri ck points ou t that al l of that ac ross town for eight of their 12 so me of th em not, but all of them i indeed worthw hile- that it does years of schooling. intere ted in applying Christianity contribute to the alleviation of hu­ A ll of these things became inter­ to a modern urban se tting. The ma n misery, and to the enlargement mingled with traces of outright rac­ group now ha s task forces seeking of human potential. But he also ism , and the combin ation produced to influence public policy on gun makes it clear that he wou ld like to a steady out-m igrati on of whites. control, welfare and housing, an d see United Methodists do a great Howle and a handful of community plans to take on o ther issues in the dea l more. leaders tried desperately to stem the future. It ha s no church building, And yet, if most denominations flow, while at the same time making and Waller makes hi s livi ng not on have fai led to seek head-on confron­ blacks welcome, both at the church a prie t's sa lary, but by working for a tations w ith the socia l real ities of and in the neighborhood. local real estate company. It is an Cha rl o tte, there are times w hen es­ Hidden Valley remained a pleas­ innovative approach, he says, that ca pe is simply impossible. Th ere is, ant, middle class area and except he ha s wanted to try for some time. for exa mple, the case of Richard for the in ordinate number of for Howle, who, until las t summer, was sale signs, it is indistinguishable to­ Inward-looking Churches minister at Charlotte's Hidden Valley day from a host of other new-middle Th e Community of the Fellowship United Meth odist Church. class communities that dot the Char­ of Jesu s is an exception in Ch arlotte. Hidden Valley is one of those un­ lotte landscape. But blacks now The pattern in most churches is to remarkable suburban subdivisions, comprise more than 50 per cent of look inward and to avoid con tro­ composed of winding, tree-lined the Hidden Valley population, and versy when possible. " We are not streets and attractive, moderately- the resulting problems for Howle [437) 17 have ca used United M ethodist lead ­ even grea ter problems for th e city neatly drawn between anti-busing ers to close the Hidden Valley as a w hole- parti cul arl y as rega rd s an d pro-integration forces. There is chu rc h- at leas t in its prese nt form . its deseg rega ti on plan. Sch ool inte­ an emerging consensus now, almost " We simply were no t able to at­ grati on in Charlotte is accomplished, populist in character, that busing tract black members, " Howle re­ fo r th e mos t part, by pairing white and integration are inevitable and cou nted philosophica ll y. " It was not and black elementary schools, and that the thing to do, therefore, is to any anti-white-church feeling; it was se nding all children in the pair to a develop the fairest possible plan. simply th at th ey remained dedi ca ted w hite sc hool for grades 1-4, and to The day seems to be passing when to their own churches. They didn't a black school for grades 5 and 6. cl ergymen such as Harcourt Waller have the desi re to break those ti es ." A ll of th ese students are th en se nt are called upon to fight the good W hites , on th e other hand, con­ to the sa me junior high and high fight, like characters out of Camus, tinued to move away, so that in schools. against apparently hopeless odds. M arch th e church.' s membership had When th e sys tem was first devi sed And several Charlotte ministers­ decl ined from 300 families to in 1971, Hidden Valley was still al­ most notably a Presbyterian named around 40, and o nl y about 18 of mos t all w hite, and it was paired David Frye and a United Methodist those w ere w illing to commit them­ with th e neighboring Druid Hills named Tom Sigmon-are respond­ se lves to continued support of Hid­ area, which w as and is nearly all ing aggressively to the changing den Valley M ethodist. " My personal black. O bviously, when Hidden Val­ realities. fee ling, " Howle concluded, " is one ley becam e heavily black, it pushed Busing Patterns of sad ness to see th e church reach a number o f schools toward resegre­ this point. And ye t, I have a se nse of ga tion, and th e Charlotte sc hool sys­ The problem in Charlotte is that pride in these people who stayed tem this spring found itself out of the southeastern section of the city with the church through all of this. compliance with a federal court pro­ - a wealthy area inhabited by six of They made every effort to stabilize hibition against the operation of any nine school board members, five of the community." predominantly or identifiably black seven city councilmen, 80 per cent The United Methodists, mean­ schools. of the school system 's central staff, while, have appointed one of their Seeking to rectify the situation, and nearly al l of Charlotte's most few blac k ministers in Charlotte, the the local school board dissolved the influential businessmen-is largely Rev. Belvin Je ss up, to work part­ Hidden Valley-Druid Hills pairing, unaffected by busing. Blacks are time at Hidden Valley trying to build and as a re sult of the new pairings bused into the southeast, but very a blac k church. It is, they say, not a that were created, more than 2,000 few white children from that area very sa ti sfying solution to a very dif­ Charlotte area school children found are bused away from their neighbor­ fi cult problem. themselves assigned to different hoods to schools in the black part schools for the coming year. of town. Desegregation Plan Thus, the city is caught once again The whites who are assigned to But if the transformation of Hid­ in the grip of a busing furor, but the formerly black schools are generally den Valley ha s caused problems for drama today is taking a slightly dif­ drawn instead from the newer, less the United Methodists, it has cau sed ferent form. The lines are no longer established middle class neighbor- Principals in the integration furor are (left to right) Rev. David Frye , United Presbyterian minister, and Judge James D . McMillan, who ordered the school board to bus students.

hoods in the northern sections of been bu se d far mo re even th an the parent changes in Charl o tte's publ ic the city. The result ha s been per­ people of Devonshire, and they have mood. He po ints out th at the city sistent white flight to the southeast ac ti vel y supported blacks who " has attai ned a higher degree of de­ and an inherently unstable desegre­ wanted their own bu sing burdens segregati o n th an any other th at I gation plan. reduced. But they have also argued kn ow of, " and he see ms proud, not Tom Sigmon and David Frye both implicitly that middle class whites, of himself, but of the citize ns. " If live in a northern neighborhood such as their neighbors, have a right we ca n just ge t a pl an with mo re known as Devonshire, where for the to be concerned about the stability promise of stability," he adds, " I past three years, students have been of their neighborhoods, and th ey think we ca n ge t th e courts out of bused into a formerly black sc hool have supported su ch concern w hole­ th e field of educatio n, and no one only for the fifth and si xth grades. heartedly. would be any happier about . thi s But in tinkering with its deseg·re ga­ They have, in addition, done their th an I." tion plan for next year, the Charlotte homework. And th e sc hool board M any peopl e in Charl o tte are school board picked the Devon­ now finds itself confronted with a starting to beli eve him, and in recent shire area to supply many of the well-prepared, thoroughly informed months th ere has been a perceptible whites for West Charlotte High coalition of blacks and whites from upsw in g in public respect for the School, which is located in the heart throughout the northern sections of judge-no t simply respect fo r hi s of the city's most populous black Charlotte, demanding not that the dogged determination, which in a community. city resist the integration of schoo ls, grudgin g way has bee n there fo r There wa s an immediate and bit­ but that the school board devise an so me time, but also a respect for ter outcry from Devonshire, and equitable, stable and las ting plan. his se nse of fa ir pl ay. And though clearly enough it was prompted in M cM illan is a modest man, it must Change in Public Mood part by racism . But there was also be terribl y sa ti sfyi ng to hea r Bru ce a feeling that the people in the All of thi s must be a source of Patterson, a constru ction w orke r northern part of town were already quiet satisfaction to Judge Jam es from Devonshire, proclaim at a doing their share to make integra­ McMillan, who earlier this year w as sc hoo l boa rd mee ting: " Ju dge Mc­ tion work, that in addition they were not re-elected to a Presbyterian dea­ Millan is the last and only hope of farther away from W est Charlotte con's post that meant a great deal to sanity in our sc hools." than were several w ealthier neigh­ him. McMillan, whose unenviable How it w ill end, of course , is un­ borhoods whose children are not duty it was to order th e integratio n cl ea r at this w riting. Charl otte, li ke bused at all, and that the responsi­ of schools througl:i busi ng, is an es ­ any oth er city, has its undertones of bility for desegregation should be tablished Charlottean who has felt rac ism and res istance, and pe rh aps shared throughout the county. the sting of ostracism and rejection in th e end they w ill triumph. But in the years sin ce his order w as fo r now, there is more reason th an Pressuring School Board handed down. eve r before to be lieve th ere is a David Frye, Tom Sigmon and a He is a soft-spoken, se nsitive man chan ce-at least a ch ance-th at host of other Devonshire leaders - anything but immune to th e fee l­ sc hool integ rati on w ill ac hieve w ide­ have sought to channel these latter ings of his fellow citizens. And ye t sp read publ ic acceptance . Fo r the feelings, to appeal to the better in­ from all outward indications, he has first time, large numbers of people stincts of the Devonshire people, no regrets. " I would love to gradu­ se em to have made up thei r minds and by doing so to bring enough ate from the school business, " he that maybe it ca n be made to work pressure on the school board to per­ says with a smile. " But I will not after all. And that, for a Southern suade it to spread the burden abdicate my duty to enforce th e City, is progress. • around. Frye and the rest have been constitution." Mr. Gaillard is a staH w riter for Th e Ch ar­ careful to point out that blacks have Clearly, he is heartened by th e ap- lotte Observer. [439] 19 M ahatm a Gandhi once declared that civilization is to be judged by its treatment of minorities. In Bangla­ des h at this time the last of the Biharis are so sick of hunge r, disease, hatred and persecution that th~y have stopped begging for money or food. " Give us poison," so me of them say, " for nobody wants us."

But how did this problem ari se? Most of the people w ho constitute the Bihari community in Bangladesh ca me from th e state of Bihar in India. They were a Moslem minority of four million out of a population of thirty million. Problems began as the British pre­ pared to lea ve India and between O ctober 30th and November 7th , 1946, the first communal massacres took place. Hindu killed Moslem and Moslem killed Hindu. Foll owing the mass acres the first exodus to Ea st Benga l bega n. Soon this was followed by other M os lems from th e vario us states in India who also made th eir way to Eas t Bengal. And it is this group of people- M os lems from various parts of India but large ly from Bihar- w ho make up the Bihari commu­ nity in Banglades h.

Over one million people were killed following the departure of th e British from India. One million refu­ gees moved from India to Paki stan and a similar number- mainly Hindus and Sikhs-moved from Pak­ istan to India.

Most of th e Bihari Moslems arrived in Paki stan in 1947 but o th ers foll owed in 1950 and after the war of 1965 . Eas t Benga l is one of th e most heavily populated areas in th e world. Th ere w as no land for this stream of new refugees but soon th ey fo und jobs as clerks, small traders, doctors, on th e railwa y, and on the [441] 21 docks. They worked hard due poss ibly to th e insec urity of their situation but, because of their allegiance to the Pakistan administrators, th ey suffered great un­ popularity. At that time the Bengali nationali st move­ ment, the Awami League, was beginning to develop. And in the 1970 elections, although most Bihari s sup­ ported the Moslem League, th e Awami League swept the polls. Th e Bihari community still maintained a loya lty to Pakistan in the west, and they worked and hoped for the continuati on of a united Paki stan .

In March, 1971 , Pres ident Yahya Khan postponed the long-promised National Assembly and, in frustration and anger, the Bengalis turned with fury on the Biharis, w ho represe nted the Urdu-speaking Paki stan domina­ tion of Bengal. On that day in March, 300 Biharis were killed at Chittagong on the coast, and this was fol­ lowed by atta cks in all the principal towns- Jesso re, Khulna, Rangpur and Saidpur. The Biharis claim that many thousa nds (figures are difficult to obtain) were killed prior to the Paki stan army intervention on March 25th, 1971. The Bihari s suffered further when Sheikh Mujib was arrested and th e Awami League banned. In order to obtain local support, the Paki sta n army ~~::;.;;;.-=~~~: ~~".:~jjj);;;~'/fi;~~~~ cre ated a loca l army-the Razakars (mainly Biharis). ~r-%'//_,, ,.. ~u//mi- · =~a:; 4 Thu s, w hen civil disorder reigned, the Razakars sought ~ · " : 1r.ra~-'"" to take their revenge on the Bengalis. They slaugh­ tered, raped and looted-just as the Paki sta n army had done. Without doubt, the Biharis played a large part in the brutalities that flowed through Bengal. Mil­ lions died and millions still suffer from the cruel after­ effects of the war.

After the war the West Pakistan civi lians were evac­ uated to India but the Biharis were left behind. Most people thought that there would be a general massacre but this had not happened. Many of the Bihari leaders are st ill in prison, their shops and factories have been taken over, they have been thrown o ut of their houses, their property looted-and there is st ill widespread hatred toward them.

At present most of them are living in the .sa me make­ shift camps set up after the war ended in 1971. India does not wa nt them. Pakistan has grudgingly agreed to accept a number but fewer than want to emigrate. Bangladesh does not want them. How is a constructive so lution to be born? What is to happen to them-these million people nobody wants, waiting to die?

Victor Lamont is a British Methodist photo-journalist w ho has worked in India and Ken ya. In three towns in Bangladesh a few complaints that the Biharis livi ng relative. group of English youth calli ng them­ worked for food while the Ben ga lis Gordon reported that there were se lves OMEGA may be the only got money) but, according to Gor­ signs that the animosity existing be­ group working exclusively with the don " o nly two tend to show up." tween Biharis and Bengalis has ap­ Biharis. They have received support The supervisor of the building pro­ parently diminished, with the Ben­ from several well-known British and gram, a man named Shahid Bhai , ga lis regularly playing frisbie with German relief groups, such as se emed proudest of the eight pits, the Biharis in some places. OMEGA's OXFAM and Bread for the World, or " drums," built for latrines. It Haji House in Rangpur provides a and have also received $10,000 from takes four labo rers seven days to dig meeting point. Church World Service and $20,000 them to a depth of 18 feet. For the OMEGA volunteers there from the United Methodist Commit­ At Ran gpur a clinic and scabies is a certain amount of healthy ques­ tee on Relief. ce nter was see ing 500 people a day tioning and doubting about their According to a report from James in late sp rin g. A Bihari nurse is go­ work, although Gordon is the first Gordon, one of the Eng lish volun­ ing out into the co lony seeing pa­ to say that could be detrimental if teers, by late March of this yea r tients w ho ca nnot come to the clinic, it stops them from doing the work Biharis in Bogra, Ran gpur and Said­ and also doing midwifery. There they should be doing. But self criti­ pur seemed to be showing more were also plan s then to begin several cis m is necessary in any sensitive confidence and hope and were, as co-operati ves in such things as sew­ area of relief, especially when the he sai d, prepared to face the issues ing, bakery, carpet weaving, ca r­ possibility exists that a false sense of their existence squarely. pentry, and soap manufacture. of security could be induced in the In Bogra a clinic and scabies cen­ At Saidpur the feeding is being Biharis. Nevertheless, he notes that ter has a woman Bengali doctor and handled by a local organization there is a new sense of trust and a nurse. Scabies is a co mmon ski n ca lled Ban gla Jyoti, with which lack of deception at both Bogra and disease whose one cure see ms to be OMEGA has worked . The population Rangpur, and " especially at Bogra lots of soap or an ointment called of Saidpur is 205 ,000, about three­ something human is going on, so me­ Tetmozol. One problem is that the fourths Bihari. Gordon reported that thing which has to be experienced Biharis tend to demand injections, the latrine and general sa nitation rather than written about ... men, fee ling that these are a panacea. situation was very bad and there was just few perhaps in the first instance, There is also a feedi ng program, a chronic food situation. Biharis have becoming full perso ns ." This is all reaching some 1800 children a day, left as word got around that better happening, he says, despite the mis­ of w hom 400 were Bengali and the food distribution was available else­ takes, inefficiency and weakness in­ re st Bihari. A ho usi ng program is in w here or that so me towns were now evitable among those outsiders such operation-anyone who gets a new safe for Biharis to return to. At that as the English volunteers w ho seek house ha s to volunteer 10 days free time there were 12,500 widowed to do so mething positive about a labor on another one. Four Bengalis women in Sai dpur and 300 com­ great human tragedy. were reported employed (there were pletely orphaned children w ith no

24 [444) Vigo r of Beli ef I had see n red crosses mbroid­ ered on th eir st reet dress. I had heard about th eir thorough use of Christian symbols in worship. I had read about th e sta tu s given to wom­ en in their community- uncommon in traditional Africa. But only when I visited the African Church of the Holy Spirit one Sun­ day did I feel the vigor of their belief in God's supreme power. At this East African independent church in the Mount Ken ya foothills, I was warmly accepted- I, a stran ge r to their I ifestyle. Our Kombi climbed along a track - packed hard by feet- up to the compound of th e church near Chuka. We stopped near th e main entrance beside the pastor's maize hamba. My eyes took in the land- lush and crisp from th e night rain. Th e pink coffee berries were almost ripe. Nea r the pa stor's fa mily kitchen maize hung, already creaking with dryness. We were at th e top of o ur loca le. Down over the hillsides crops were laid out in ho rizontal and ve rti ca l rows. All was still except for floating conversations, occasional chicken sq uawks and the bells of moving ca ttl e. The M eru people hold to the New Tes tam ent Sa bbath . Two Spiritual Kin gdoms Th e grounds of the church were marked off with rough wooden ros e . To enter the plot, I went under a horizontal pole structure lined with a row of cro sses- three upright an d two inverted. The mem­ bers strongly believe in th e existence of two spi ritual kingdo ms- that of the Holy Spirit and the one of wick d forces. Th e upsid e- down crosses sy mboli ze the " down" or evil kingdom. fil ••llllT filT filR fil'BllJllfilR

•••t1Tlil1f ••••••.,.", ... u, Peopl e in long white robes and coll ec tion to tal ed 85 Kenyan ce nts, moved in a kicking-up-your-heels turbans were milling about. Th ey a va lue of thirtee n U.S. pennies . jump. Their expression was not os­ dressed in church garb in a two­ Only that w hich is spiritually pure tentatious or uncontrolled, but spon­ room sto rage bui lding with a wood­ ca n be ta ken into th e church, the taneous and joyful. holy of holi es . Not only was the root en cross on the door. A Cold-Fished Observer My eyes wandered to a wooden of all evil collected and kept out­ platform heaped with items cast off side; latecomers propped their gifts joined in the clapping, hoping by the sick w ho had depended on outside aga inst the ch urch wall. to feel a bit more involved. Their them for magica l healing: coins, We all slipped out of our shoes words were foreign ; their tones bottles, cow horns, cans, leather and and reverently fol lowed th e lea ders without melody. These moments ropes. I was stunned by thi s literal into the mud-walled church. The were very private for them, linked reminder of the Christian li fe as a low-thatched roof dwarfed me. In to many previous individual and way that demands leavi ng behind the dimness I noticed that men were communal spiritual experiences. I any deterrents to fa ith . seated on the right, and I was waved was a cold-fished observer of their There was a path from the to one of th e narrow benches on praisings, not turned off but aloof. tras h pile to a bench where th e sick th e left with the women. The young Th e song moved in circuits, and wait for hea ling of body or mind. girls eage rl y moved closer to give after each round, the prophet picked Th ere is no distinction betwee n me a choice sea t. The mud-packed up the cadence again. Th e only physical and mental illness. Heal ing floor fe lt cool and so lid like marble; fa miliar sy llables were occasional may involve withdrawal of a fever my feet were consp icuous without Hallelujahs. Someone occasionally or release from disturbing drea ms; a cloistering robe. let out a piercing yelp that moved it is th e defeat of evi l that is robbing Our bench was very close to a down to a trill at a lower frequency. a man of a free sp irit. mud platform; three wooden crosses Finally, the song slowed, and after stood watchfu lly in th e ground. sighings and grunts of delight, every­ Red Flags and Crosse$ From the pulpit area the evangelist one sa t down. The smooth-skinned The members were now quietly was giving announce ments in the baby in front of me was asleep, assembling near a spot of ground to Meru tongue. Th e secretary, a tur­ rocked by her mpther's praisings. the right of the ch urch-bare from baned young adu lt, was making The minister's meditation was dancing. Non-members stayed to­ notes in En gli sh in a little spira l based on Psalm. 15-an emphasis ward th e left near th e bench for th e notebook. Red crosses facing up and that sincere holy living is a require­ sick, a possible se paratio~ of the down marched across the chest of ment for being sheltered in the sheep from th e goats. Men were his robe. Lord's tabernacle. He spoke directly carrying red .crosses and women red and kindly, often pausing to make No Symbol for God fla gs w ith J.H.S.T. (Jes us Holy Spirit sure that we understood. He moved Treatment) appliqued ori them. Behind th e pulpit three cloth easi ly throughout the scriptures, giv­ Th e embroidered symbols on the banners stretched overhead- red, ing evidence of a well-rounded the­ robes varied somewhat-each be­ blue and purple. M y eyes traced the ology. liever had received his message and uneven handstitches of the symbols Ritual Sayings design in revelation. John, the lead­ spaced across them- JHST and ing prophet, wore a red cape with arrows facing each other depicting Several ritual sayings were re­ elaborate sy mbols and carried a the war between good and evil. peated by the group. One was the shield in addition to a cross. St ran ge ly enough , there was no sy m­ Lord's Prayer; another was given in The drummer began a rhythm, bol for God. English, ending with " power for­ leading the members in so rrn. One I looked for Prophet John in th e ever." Some words were oddly by one as the spirit moved, individ­ audience because he was missi ng stressed, as though the meaning of uals joined, dancing with the group. from the other leaders. He was the words was clear, but not in In the center, John the Prophet standing at the side wall facing the English. circled, moving his shield and cross middle of the room. He held his I grasped that the visitors were be­ in a way that suggested he was driv­ shield-blue on one side to symbol­ ing welcomed. Several people ing away evil spirits. The cross was ize heaven and red on the other for turned with friendliness. If you are a used for purification of the believers Holy Spirit power. guest at an African country church, before entering the church. And then we were all standir.ig, it is customary to bring greetings Without announcement, people and they were si nging with full from your own church and to " say quietl y moved toward the eighteen­ voices. The women sa ng freely, with­ a piece." As we spoke simply, for inch wooden offeri ng box. Gifts out so ngbooks, and so me were easy translation by our friend Felix, were given freely-as gratitude for clapping and li fting hands, led by we felt their welcoming warmth. cleansing. A few dropped coi ns, but the loud voice of the prophet. Th e Wrapped tightly in his headpiece, most gave produce-ears of maize choir, wearing ye llow cotton shawls, John's brown cheeks shone as he or a gourd. I fe lt very rich with two carried a syncopated part. Th e goat­ ex plained that they wanted to sing shi llings (30 cents) in my purse . sk in drum, painted with Holy Spirit me a so ng, perhaps because I was Power, rolled out a stea dy beat be­ the only new visitor. The song An Average Collection hind iron triangles and tambourines moved from their hearts, very spir­ The evangelist later showed us the lined with bottle caps. Th e unity of itedly. I listened, receiving their gift. church offering record ; an average the group swelled, and their feet I was no longe r isolated. 26 [446] Th en it was my turn to si ng. Th e Western view of the world did so with pretended co nfidence ; would disrega rd that an ungodly singi ng in public is a se ldom fo r me. power had anything to do with such Th e pastor spoke briefl y of my an incident. name-Ruth and the Bibli ca l woman This power is also ava ilable to w ho loved her God and her fa mily non-members. A neighbor of an ­ so firmly. In their eyes, she was a other faith ca me to find out the heroine to model, and I was very significance of a re curring drea m. honored to be her namesa ke . Later As age nts for th e Holy Spirit who as I talked w ith Mary, th e prophet­ brings w holeness to anyone, the ess, I learned of her specia l role in prophets received interpretation. th e church co mmunity. Sunday afternoons people co me on foot and bicycle to be hea led. Healing Services Th e Afri ca n Church of the Holy Eve n though each person is in Spi rit is known throughout th e direct co ntact with the Holy Spirit mountains as a place of comfort. and ca n expre ss himse lf in prayer, I was impressed by these be­ Mary ass ists women who are trou­ li eve rs' warmth and authenticity. bl ed by pray ing quietly with them. With love fo r outsi ders like myself, She also receives reve lations when they are courageous enough to guidan ce is needed and helps in apply Bible truths to their African hea ling se rvi ces . view of the world . • Women have a res pectful position in th e eyes of male members. They pray together, which is not typical in so me mission churches. They can become spiritual lead ers, but men The African Church of the Holy are the overt leaders in worship. Spirit in Kenya is one of over 5,000 During prayer women expressed in Independent Christian Churches in various languages a desire for th e sub-Sahara Africa. The Independent Holy Spirit to come. Se veral women Churches either broke away from spoke in English, almost as though mission churches or simply started on this European tongue had holy va lue their own, clustering around a certain for worship. leader or issue. The Spirit was obviously present; Their worship is characterized by we went outside into the blinding African forms and rituals and a Bible­ sun, at peace and together. based theology. They are authentic in But it was in the interaction out­ that they are applying Christian ten­ side that their freedom was most ets to their own culture. strongly felt. They seek the move­ However, the churches are very ment of the Spirit; they don't try to localized and are thus liable to hereti­ control it. Their openness in receiv­ cal wanderings and extinction. Only ing me was not a sham. It grew out three Kenyan Independent Churches of their belief that the power of the are members of the National Christian Spirit is available to anyone. Its ab­ Council. One of the largest and bes t­ stra ct doctrinal aspect is foreign to known independent churches, the them. Kimbanguists in Zaire, has joined the World Council of Churches, but this Power of the Spirit is exceptional. Western Christianity It is the power of the Holy Spirit and the Independent Church Move­ that makes its freedom possible. ment will be richer if dialogue and While people are influenced by evil understanding are cultivated. forces, the Spirit of God is the real To get to know the African Chqrch supreme power. God's Spirit, if re­ of the Holy Spirit, I studied unpub­ ceived by a man, protects him and lished research on it by Dr. D . R. gives him freedom from worldly Jacobs, Salunga, Pennsylvania, and forces and fear. the Rev. Sam Turner, Thika, Kenya. The interior of the church. Note If a child is crying because of And I became the guest of the African the crosses and banners. Arrows in the nightmares, they accept that an evil Church of the Holy Spirit one Sunday banner behind the pulpit area indicate spirit is causing them. This is in aft ernoon. the conflict of good and evil. keeping with the traditional African world-view. As Christians, they call on the power of the Holy Spirit to defeat evil's grip on the child. [ 447) 27 The letter wa s written in pencil on floor office in the jail is small and ru led yellow paper. There w as no sparsely fu rni shed . Copies of the envelope, just a printed line on the Bibi in En gli sh and Spa nish as well blank side of th e fo lded sheet di­ as New Testa ments and Sc ripture recting th e page to Ch aplain Lam­ portions are stacked on and under bert. Th e mess age read in part: " I chairs, and on and under an old COKE have talk to a lot of fel lows about church pew that rests aga inst one the Bible, because the Bible ha s told wa ll. With no public funds avai lable me if I keep going against the things for his work, Lambert must rely on LIMBERT it says, I would w ind up dead or in donations to obtain Bibles and other the pen for li fe. Yet I saw all these reli gious rea ding matter. He paid things com ing before and wouldn' t special tribute to Mrs. William Kelly Ollhe heed what the Bible had to say . So at the American Bible Society's loca l I stop to think. One day I pick up Sc ripture Courtesy Center for pro­ this book 'Good News for M odern viding him with th e Scriptures. Man' and the first page I rea d was " We give the Bible to keep. We HARRIS 287 Jes us and Th omas and it help don' t sca tter them, but we do give me to have a better understanding. th em to keep. And we don' t have I have gone the limit with this life nea rly enough," he added reg ret­ COUNTY Ji ii of being a thief an d it's time I gave fully. God th e chance he gave me . ... " Chaplain Lambert maintains that by Jan Dennis Coke Lambert, the United Method­ he ha s never talked to any inmate ist minister w ho se rves as a full-time w ho hadn't been in a church or chaplain at th e Harri s County jail in kn own a little about th e Bibl e. Houston, Texas, found nothing par­ At the Harris County ja il, the most Robert Torres, a Spanish-speaking ti cularly unusual in this communica­ popular edition among th e prisoners volunteer worker w ho always car­ tion from a prisoner. Experiences is the vest pocket New Testam ent. ries both a Spani sh and Engli sh Bi­ like this during the pa st nine years It is about the size of a pack of ble with him when visiting priso n­ have convinced him that the county ciga rettes and is in demand because ers, related his experience with a jail is opportunity place, and th e first it takes so little space. Crowded con­ man w ho was awaiting tria l for ag­ 24 hours are th e time to reach a law­ ditions prevail in mos t county jails, gravated assa ult. In talking with the brea ker with th e Gospel. and th e one in Houston is no ex­ offender, the volunteer had been " Here th ey are," he sa id in a re­ ce ption. Th e six men who occupy impressed with the man's concern cent tour of th e cel ls. " Now what a " tank" (a ce ll too small to accom­ for his fa mily, and when Mr. Torres kind of people are they going to be modate that number properl y) wear offered a New Testament, the man when they ge t out? I'm not con­ minimal clothing. Th ei r few posses­ took it. O n a later visit the accused ce rned with why they're in jail. My sions are often kept under a mat­ asked Mr. Torres please to contact real concern is how to ke ep them tress , and so metimes even that is hi s fami ly to make sure they were all from coming back." rolled to provide more standing ri ght. He also said he was reading Texas- born-and-bred Lambert is room. When there aren' t enough " Good News." When the prisoner tall, white-haired, and dynamic. Hi s mattresses, prisoners sleep on the was finally rel eased, he requested energy and enthusiasm belie his 78 fl oor with a blanket, if one is avai l­ that Mr. Torres kee p in touch with years. When he began his priso n able. him, which the volunteer gladly did. ministry in 1963, it was on a part­ Many inmates confess that they Eventually he visited the former in­ time ba sis . The following year he don't understand th e Bible. They mate in his home and met his wife res igned as a pas tor at M emorial feel their grea te st need is for so me­ and children. Drive Pres byterian church, where he one to explain it to them. Often After a few minutes of conversa­ had gone " to help out" five years th e men disc uss among themse lves ti on and a brief praye r, the released previously, to devote himse lf fully to different passages and what they man sa id: " Something wonderful th e reli gious and personal nee ds of might mea n. happened to me in jail when you gave me that New Testament. I read the 1,000 men then housed in th e " This is not a place to preach," it all through, and it's made me see Harris County jail. Chaplain Lambert exp lai ned in his things differently. I think it's " When I first ca me here, " he sa id, strongly inflected Southwestern chan ged my attitude, and I have a " I found out that in so me ways there draw l. " W e have chapel se rvices better relationship with my family." is very little diffe rence between a most every Sunday afternoon if we Mr. Torres reflected that the man jail and a hospital. For a good many have enough guard s, but this defi­ had had plenty of time to rea d in years I was on the staff of th e First nitely is not a place to preach. This prison and that he also had had a Methodist Church in Housto n and is a place of acceptance, just like number of books and magazines I vi sited in hospitals and homes for you are, non-judgmental. W e try to from which to choose. " But so me­ th e sick. Here, I found the sa me tell them that God loves, God under­ thing inspired him to read the New situation. People in jail are sick, but stands, God ca res . But God also Tes tament. That to me is very mean­ in a different way. Th ere's a pain, a wants to correct and lead out. W e ingful," he concluded. deep down hurt." try to help the men here find a bet­ When Coke Lambert first began Th e Houston ministe r's fourth- ter way of life." his ministry at the jail, he discovered 28 [448] the help one inmate can give an­ The uncertainty is one of the things other is often more effective than that bothers prisoners most. the programmed treatment of a cor­ It is during this period of uncer­ rectional institution. He phrases an tainty that Lambert feels he has the idea that has been tugging at him best chan ce of reaching a man and lately as-Work through the men in influencing his future. Before there jai l to help the men in jai l to keep can be a change of behavior, there from coming back to jail. has to be a change of attitude. When As an illustration he told a story an offender says that he doesn't of a man who, w hile serving 11 yea rs know why he broke the law, that in Leavenworth, became acquainted he knew better, that he never wants w ith the notorious " Machine-gun to find himself in such a situation Kel ly." More than once Kelly ad­ again, it's a green light for the ~i~­ vised the other man to " get a lunch ister. He is, however, realistic bucket" when he was released. The enough to know that many of these expression stuck, and w hen th e man conversions are short-lived, particu­ got out he went to work, but soon larly when there is no follow-up or realized he needed a better educa­ encouragement from the Christian tion in order to move from the bot­ community. tom economic level. So he fini shed One of Coke Lambert's goals is to high school, went on to co llege and persuade church people to involve eventually secured an advanced de­ themselves with an offender's fam­ gree. After yea rs of work, study, and ily. Do they need help, legal advice, setbacks, he obtained a teaching access to community services? Does that prisoners just sat. That disturbed position in the sociology department the ex-prisoner need a straight him greatly so he asked the officers of a Midwestern university. Kel ly's friend? Someone who will listen, if it would be all right to give out advice had carri ed him far beyond who will care, who will not sit in magazines. Consent was obtained anything he had anticipated. judgment, but who will not be and the chaplain began to solicit Whi le the chaplain does not un­ duped? Lambert fee ls such concern every person and organization he derestimate the importance of a job is not foolish idealism but a sensible, knew for old magazines. Once a that provides se lf-respect and a liv­ practical and ultimately money-sav­ steady supply of reading matter was ing wage, he fee ls that the peniten­ ing approach. A released man who ass ured , he began to campaign for tiary rather than the cou nty jail is the stays out of trouble and out of jail o ld radi os and television sets . place to teach a man a trade or obviously contributes to the social " Pretty soon," he related with a ski ll. One reason is that no one and economic stability of the com­ ch uckle, " the gua rd s in charge came knows how long a man will be in munity. to realize that the men in the tanks county jail. It may be a few days, A strong advocate of pre-trial re­ with the TV sets weren' t giving near­ it may be weeks, it may be months. lease on the prisoner's own recogni­ ly as much trouble as they had." zance, well-supervised probation, Whether it's Bibles, magazines, and half-way houses for the adjust­ TVs, or letter paper and stamps, ment period between jail and the everything Lambert uses in his out­ resumption of daily life " outside," reach plus his sala ry comes from Lambert and his associates seek op­ donations by interested individuals portunities to speak at churches, and chu rches. Diminishing support ci vic organizations, clubs, and to the has led to the recent formation of a press. Citizens' Jail Chaplaincy Committee Knowing that some ex-prisoners of Harris County to try to under­ can and do become good and use­ write the cost for chapla in cy ser­ fu I members of society, the chaplain vices to all the county jails. A secu lar works patiently to keep men from organization, it will ask for contri­ coming back to jail and to keep the butions from every congregation in community, especially the Christian the co unty, with the avowed pur­ community, aware of its responsi­ pose of implementing some of the bilities. Long ago he read in St. programs Lambert has conceived but Paul 's letter to the Galatians : " So ha sn 't been able to begin for lack of let us not become tired of doing funds. good; for if we do not give up, the Years of listening, observing and time will come when we will reap counseling men confined to ce ll s the harvest" (6 :9, Today's English and tanks, as well as contact with Version) . inmates' fami lies, have led the ven­ Coke Lambert's prison ministry is erable pastor to many of the same a faithful testimony to these words. opinions that leading penologists throughout the country are express­ Jan D ennis is a writer fo r the America n ing. He believes, for example, that Bible Society. [449) 29 IFIESU THE RS PHOTO S BY MARGARET MURRAY

Since the sixteen-year civil war in the Sudan came to an end in March, 1972 there has been slow but steady progress in relief and reconstruction of the war-torn South. Thousands of Sudanese who fled during th e war are now returning to rebuild their land.

Over 60 percent of the building program undertaken by the Suda n Council of Churches with funds raised through the World Council of Churches has been completed. The World Council re­ quested $2.5 million, of which over $1.5 million has been spent. There are shortages of materials, foodstuffs and fuel (but the Sudan is of course not unique in that).

It is natural that the churches have played a significant role in rehabilitation. Negotiations to end the conflict were made possible through the mediation of the World Council of Churches and the All Africa Council of Churches. The World Council was able to play a role because it had "credibility" with both the government forces, through its relief work, and with the rebel forces, through its grants to African nationalist organizations in the southern part of the continent. Also, large percentages of the former rebel forces are Christians.

The Sudan Council of Churches was one the earliest groups to re spond to the Sudan government's re ­ quest for help. The S.C.C. made available a wide range of personnel, including nurses, doctors, public health workers, mechanics, secretaries and pilots. Church World Service has contributed twelve per­ so ns to the S.C.C. effort. Unlike relief operations in some other parts of the world, there is what one CWS worker calls " a most happy arrangement" with the government. Top priority has been the rebui ld­ ing of schools and dispensaries.

Problems in relief work in the south Sudan are numerous. There are no paved roads, no telecom­ munications faci lities, fuel for diesel trucks is con­ stantly in short supply. There ha s been a critical need for sewing machines, hand tools and medi­ cines. One fortunate aspect is that so far the Sudan ha s not been directly affected by the famine that ha s plagued the six West African countries of the Sahel area (so uth of the Sahara), but there has been a need for food.

30 [450) ITS REM Dr. Anthanasius Adnoga (right), the medical doctor at Kajo Kaji, treats about 6,000 patients a month. (Below) A rebuilding team at Loka Secondary School.

(Opposite page) A remarkable "do-it-yourself" home building program has played a significant part in the rehabilitation program. The people use traditional material, such as this elephant grass, to reroof their homes.

32 [452]

t

(Above) The remnants of a f 111111 1 • congregation return to their ruined '•• ...... - church after the war. Government officials are now pressing for the reconstruction and development of the church buildings. (Right) At the Kajo Kaji dispensary the wells were damaged during the war and all water has to be carried a half mile from the nearest river. (far right) A young returnee at an empty church at Rejaf settlement camp near Juba.

(Opposite page) The ferry linking Juba with the main road to Kenya is a bad bottleneck. Essential supplies such as petrol must cross here.

34 [454] eacH1nG THe one 1n seven by Ellen Clark

When Ruth Colvin of Sy racuse, New Yo rk, read in th e new spaper th at her county had mo re th an 11 ,- 000 functi onal illiterates, she was in­ credulous. " Th at may be true in Miss issippi," she thought, " but surely not here!" A clerk at th e Board o f Edu cation told Mrs. Colvin the rea l figure was p robably higher. " But th ere are 500 pe rso ns in our adult educa ti on pro­ gra m," the clerk ass ured her. Pl eased but still curious, Mrs. Colvin visited the adult educa ti on class rooms. She found less than 25 students lea rning to read, and so me of th em were retarded. Convince d th at no one was meet­ ing a rea l need, Mrs. Co lvin, member of Erw in M eth od is t Church in Sy ra­ cuse , invited community lea ders to her home to discuss th e problem. As a res ult of the mee ting, Church Women United agreed to sponsor a read ing program . That was 11 yea rs ago. In th e years since , Mrs. Colvin, an energeti c, w hite- haired homemaker who had never taught sch ool, ha s lea rn ed a good dea l about illiteracy, w ritten th ree books for reading tuto rs, and Mrs. Ruth Colvin, founder of Literacy fo unded a non-profit nati onal or­ Volunteers of America, tutors a ganiza ti on ca ll ed Literacy Voluntee rs student in Syracuse, what she calls of America , w hi ch has over 2,400 " putting Christianity into action." voluntee rs. Extent of Ill iteracy In her travels and spea king en­ gagements to rec ruit voluntee rs and so li cit funds, Mrs. Colvin prese nts a so bering pi cture of the extent of illiteracy. " O ne in eve ry seve n Ameri ca ns is functionall y illiterate, un abl e to read and comprehend wa nt ads, applica­ tions for jobs o r Medicare, social security forms, leases and credit fo rm s," she says . " What th at mea ns in social term s," she continues, " is th at twenty-one "One in every seven Americans is unable to read want ads, social security forms, leases and credit forms."

million Americans lack survival skills brains in the field of reading." She One of Mrs. Calvin's stu dents is and endure dead-end jobs, eco­ collaborated with a reading special­ a foundry worker, a 33-yea r-old nomic hardships, vulnerability in ist on the writing of an easy-to-read father of seven who never had the business dealings and family diffi­ handbook on teaching techniques chance to go to school in his native culties." and a reading test. She also wrote a Mississippi because his disabled par­ Illiteracy is far more widespread handbook for volunteers interested ents needed his labor on the farm . than statistics indicate, Mrs. Colvin in establishing a literacy program. With Mrs. Calvin's help, he has ad­ explains. The 1970 census uncovered Her books and her teaching ap­ va nced to the third-grade level. over six million persons 25 years or proaches, which emphasize phonics, older who had completed less than are basic tools of Literacy Volunteers Inmate Tutors five years of school. of America. Tutors come from every walk of But millions of others who have Literacy Volunteers of America to­ life as well; few are teachers by pro­ gone beyond the fifth grade cannot day has affiliates in 50 cities, pri­ fession. In Lewiston, Maine, 14 high read at the fifth grade level. Some marily in the Northeast. The affi li ates school students-all Literacy Volun­ of them have even graduated from raise their own operating expenses, teers-are successfully tutoring jun­ high school, " socia l promoted" year recruit volunteers and support those ior high students. At the Somers after year, without having to prove volunteers with professional teacher Correctional Institute, a maximum competency. Illiterate, but not nec­ training and supervision. security faci lity in Connecticut, 20 essarily ignorant, they go to great inmates trained in an LVA workshop Ads for Students lengths to hide their handicap. A tutor other inmates-rehabilitation 1970 Loui s Harris poll put the num­ The affiliates also seek out st u­ for both teachers and students; the ber of functional illiterates at 15 dents. The Syracuse LVA has adver­ inmate-tutors have gone on to pro­ percent of the population. tised on donated radio and tele­ vide leadership for a second literacy One-to-one · tutoring by trained vis ion prime time. In a typical workshop at Somers. volunteers is more effective than the television spot, an illiterate woman Progress is moderate, Mrs. Colvin school structure for helping the adult stares bewilderedly at he label on says matter-of-factly. " Success" is an illiterate, who has experienced fail­ the medicine her doctor has pre­ advance of two or more years in ure too many times in the classroom , scribed for her sick child. " How reading levels. More significant, she Mrs. Colvin argues. much did the doctor say I shou ld says, are the less measu rabl e rewards give her?" the woman wonders. of literacy : the new confidence, the Right to Read " Was it one teaspoon or two? How on-the-job pronwtions, the satisfac­ Besides, she says, there are too many would be fatal? " An an­ tion a mother experi ences when she many illiterates and not enough nouncer says, " If this is your prob­ can read a recipe or her daughter's money to pay reading specialists. lem, contact Literacy Volunteers of report card . Volunteer tutors are the only prac­ America " and supplies a telephone Mrs. Colvin is proud of one of her tical way to give everyone " the right number. successes, Sam , w hom she began to read ." Th e 2,500 students whom literacy tutoring when he was a 14-year-old When Mrs. Colvin decided to do volunteers are tutoring for an hour, junior high student reading at the something about illiteracy 11 years twice a week, usually in churches, first grad e level. ago, she knew she needed profes­ libraries or other public buildings, " After three years, he had ad­ sional training. " My first impulse fit no stereotype. Some are the vanced to the senior high reading was to go back to school and get a fo reign born learning English as a level," she re ca l Is. " He joined the Ph .D. in ed ucation," she said. " But second language. Some are potential Army before finishing school but I checked myself. I wanted vo lun­ school dropouts. Others are public earned his high school equivalency teers to relate to me as a home­ employees. Some are students in certificate while in service. maker, to be able to look at me and Adult Basic Education Centers who " And he's not finished with his say, ' If she can teach, so can I. '" are having trouble keeping up w ith education yet," beams Mrs. Colvin, Mrs. Colvin learned the ABC's of their classwork. A number of them who has followed Sam 's career over illiteracy without getting that doctor­ are industrial workers released by the years. " He has his sights set on ate and went on to " tap the best their employers for tutoring sessions. becoming a sergeant." • [457] 37 by Arthur J. Moore, Jr.

spEciAL REpORT: I WORld METltodisTS discuss MissioNS When the proposal was made at naturally prevailed during much of was the mixture of people attending. the Denver Assembly of the World its existence. Probably none of the ideas expressed Methodist Council that a consultation As a first, the Council can be in Mexico City were new, certainly on missions be held, the reaction of pleased by the quality of the Con­ not to people involved in "mission many observers was mixed. Was this sultation and many of the sceptics activities." But part of the problem an attempt to reassert control of can breathe a bit more easily. The of the contemporary church is the newly-autonomous Third World eight papers presented were of con­ amount of specialization that has in­ churches by the parent bodies from sistently high calibre and represented evitabl y crept in so that various sets whom independence had been so re­ a healthy mix of areas and concerns of church members have widely dif­ cently wrested? Was this an attempt to stimulate lively discussion. En­ fering assumptions and preoccupa­ by the British and Americans so long gland's Maldwyn Edwards led off tions. dominant in World Methodist Coun­ with a look at "Mission in Wesley's Following a day of discussion cil affairs to retain their control of the Day and Our Day," which managed groups, the remaining five papers body in the face of a growing clamor to sound the obligatory note of an­ were presented. Tracey K. Jones, gen­ from others to share their power? cestor worship and yet relate to pres­ eral secretary of the Board of Global Was this the first step of a campaign ent-day problems. Ministries of the United Methodist to set up an international denomina­ Following this, two papers outlined Chmch, outlined "A Theology for tional mission board? What would two of the approaches to mission often Mission for the Poor and the Prosper­ be the relationship of the seminar to felt to be in opposition to another ous." Bolivia's Bishop Mortimer Arias the growing ecumenical emphasis in one. Elmer E. Parsons, a Free Meth­ discussed "New Patterns for Mission"; mission today? odist missionary who is president of Aush·alia's Jean Skuse "Motivation With such suspicions as a back­ Osaka Christian College in Japan, for Mission"; Church of North India's ground, some 135 persons gathered spoke on "Mission, Evangelism and Bishop Eric Nasir "Dialogue With in Mexico City July 29-August 2 for Salvation Today" from what would be Other Faiths"; and All Africa Council labelled a conservative evangelical the Mission Consultation held in con­ of Churches' executive Canon Burgess standpoint; Emilio Castro, the Uru­ Carr "Internationalization of Mission." junction with the meeting of the exec­ guayan Methodist who is now direc­ Perhaps Dr. Jones' careful attempt utive committee of the WMC. The tor of the Commission on World to put together perspectives from site was chosen to help the Methodist Mission and Evangelism of the World various groups and areas disarmed Church of Mexico celebrate its hun­ Council of Churches spoke on "Mis­ his listeners ; perhaps there was re­ dredth anniversary. sion Today" from the more ecumen­ luctance to disagree with so prestigi­ From the side of the Council itself, ical viewpoint. ous a fi gure but the papers that drew the Consultation was something of a These speeches were not delivered the lightning of wrath were those by first. While its Assemblies have al­ in opposition to each other and clearly Miss Skuse and Canon Carr. (Both ways featured a variety of papers from they would overlap in some ways, Bishop Arias and Bishop Nasir were various parts of the world, most of its but between them they set up the unable to be present and their ongoing activities such as pulpit ex­ range of issues. speeches were read by others, a sure changes and theological conferences The value of this approach was if unintended way to turn aside have leaned heavily to the Anglo­ demonstrated when the meeting anger.) American bilateralism which sparked broke into discussion groups. One of More likely, it was the vigorous the formation of the Council and quite the great virtues of the Consultation way in which Miss SJ...'Use and Canon 38 (458] Opening procession during service at the Cante Church (above). John Schaeffer (center, opposite page) was chairman of the Con­ sultation; speakers included Tracey K. Jones (left, opposite page) and Emilio Castro (right, opposite page).

Carr challenged presuppositions that God at work in hi story" become a How well these understandings and led to the (genteel ) fir eworks. somewhat useful excuse for not ex­ others li ke them penetrated the con­ From an African standpoint, Canon amining what really m ti vates church sciousness of the participants at Carr attacked mission boards as "ex­ members and church leaders? I'm Mexico City remains to be seen. How ploitative structures" and asked West­ onl y asking, you understand.) well can Methodist desire for tidyness erners, "Why should I be portrayed Given the group, one surprising and order combine with the plurality as a perpetuall y helpless nobody, in area of agreement emerged without of patterns for mission existing today? order to reinforce the racial and dissent. Mi ssion is by nature ecumen­ As Dr. Jones put it in his speech, spiritual arrogance of people in ical. As Bishop Arias put it, "But " o matter how carefully we plan for Europe and orth America? Why world mission is no other than ecu­ the future, the future remains mys­ should you have the monopoly on menical mission . . .. I see no logic teri ous, incomprehensible and beyond being the Good Samaritan?'' or purpose in this (a Methodist con­ human manipulation. Any claim to Similarly, Miss Skuse reminded the sultation on missions) unless we are human omnipotence over nature and audience that "the Commission of thinking in terms of how to imple­ history is as ludicrous today as it was Christ can be something very different ment, as Methodists, our ecumenical in the p ast. The coming of the King­ from our own zeals and enthusias ms commitment to mission." This point dom of God remains a mystery." -it may prohibit us from teaching was stressed again and again. The findings of the Consultation in any particular area; it may mean Equall y stressed was the worldwide were not any formall y adopted blue­ acknowledgin g that the decrease of nature of the mission. E milio Castro prints but they will be available to mi ssionaries could mean the increase reaffirm ed his Bangkok statement that the churches for study and any of Christianity in any one place; and "an era of international mission was possible individual action. it may mean a recognition that the over and that we were going in to a It would be pleasant to end on this Christian Church is in need of sal­ new era of world mission." As he put note of congratulation to the World vation most of all." it, "Paradox icall y, the distinction be­ Methodist Council for the Consulta­ All of this was hard fare to many tween the home and th foreign mis­ tion. Unfortunately, a reporter must people who were brought up with sion disappear in this approach ... note that the Consultation took place quite a different set of assumptions. ( My favori tc overheard comment was There are new possibilities for in­ alongside the meeting of the exec­ by a U.S. bishop who remarked, after corporating local parishes to the world uti ve committee of the World Meth­ Miss Skuse very accmately pointed mission through receiving, giving, and odi st Council and that body displayed out that even love as conventionall y basicall y being a servant commun.ity." all its customary vices of old-boy used is a very W estern concept, "Sh e How this will be achieved was not network cronyism and affection for does n't even have a kind word for decided at Mexico City. It was part the past. The attempt by some Asians love, bless her heart.") of the maturity of the enterprise that to get a serious discussion of the The ensuing discussion was lively no attempt was made to decide such effects of an affl uent, white-dominated and useful in that people became ques ti ons. A vi tal part of the whole W 1C Assembly in Singapore on poor aware of each other's approaches. ethos of the current mission under­ Asians was brushed aside in favor of There was, as always, a certain slid­ standing is that solutions are not nec­ a discussion of how to raise funds ing off the hard issues. ( Ques tion : essaril y those of structures or of pro­ to restore Wesley's Chapel in Lon­ Has the argument about "naming the gram and that decisions are made in don. Perhaps the WMC should have name of Jes us" as against "perceiving a variety of places. attended its own mission consultation. [459] 39 Too OFTEN PROTESTANT MIS­ the tribe. They have already trans­ s10NAR1Es working with tribes-peo­ lated Matthew, Luke and part of ple have found themselves opposed John into a written language for the in Latin America by the national jungle Indians. They expect to com­ Catholic church. Nor have the Prot­ plete the translation of the New estants themselves always worked Testament in another eight years. very well together in this field. But The two families work very closely now all that appears to be changing together. This year, to better coordi­ for the better. nate their efforts, the Moores moved from a rented house in Santo Do­ fo;~;;·~;;~: to~~ a~f~~~i,ti~~""~'. mingo to a bungalow that Bruce RE as in the case of Dr. William Douce, built on the Villarreal's property. medical miss ionary of the Oriental Since balsa wood grows plentiful Missionary Society who operates a in the nea rby jungle, Moore had no m trouble getting all the lumber he needed. " When I first came here I met great opposition from the national COOPERATIOn church," Mrs. Villarreal said, " and it ha s persisted over the years. How­ ever, there has been a gradual les­ sening ever since the Vatican Coun­ cil met in the early 1960s." In ECUADOR In February 1973 the Villarreals clinic at Cuenca, Ecuador, high in started a little school for Ecuadorian the Andes. children in the village. Enrollment Just a few years ago Dr. and Mrs. was 35 . A few days later the village Winn Upchurch Douce and their children had to bar­ by C. priest opened a school and the Vil­ ricade themselves in their home larreals' enrollment dropped to five. from a rock-throwing mob led by " It was terribly frustrating," Mrs. the village priest. Villarreal recalled, " and I really did But since Vatican II opposition has a lot of praying over it." softened and there is increasing co­ The prayers evidentally worked operation. First, the ·Protestant mis­ for just a few weeks later the priest sions have begun to work together. invited Susie, the Villarreals' 18-year­ The chief example of Protestant co­ old daughter, to teach English in his operation is the United Evangelical school. Church of Ecuador (see box, p. 42). Meanwhile, the enrollment in the But even conservative m1ss1on Villarreals' school increased and by groups not related to that church are beginning to work together. One such instance is in the Ecua­ dorian jungle town of Santo Do­ mingo de los Colorados, 90 miles northwest of Quito, the capital. Here two different Protestant groups are working closely together with the unique Colorado Indians. They are the Wycliffe Bible Trans­ lators, represented by Bruce Moore and his wife, and Christian Missions to Many Lands in the persons of Mr. and Mrs. Abdon E. Villarreal, med­ ical missionaries. CMML has long been based in England but recently opened an American branch at Spring Lake, N.J. Doreen Villarreal is the veteran of the four. She left her native Bir­ mingham, England, 25 years ago to work among the Colorados. She and Abdon, an Ecuadorian, were mar­ ried 19 years ago. The Moores are in the eighteenth year of their translation work among The distinctive appearance of the Colorada Indians is shown by the dress and marking of this man (bottom) and woman (top). The woman is shown boiling bananas, the principal diet of the tribe which are never eaten raw .

(Opposite page) The Bruce Moores are translating the Bible into Colorada ; they expect to complete the New Testament in another eight years. summer they had twenty pupils in bered in the many thousa nds. their class . Today, ce nsus shows a population While Bruce Moore is engaged of 1,000, which is increas in g all the primarily in linguistic work, both he time. and his wife pinch-hit for Dooreen " I ca n' t take all th e credit," Mrs. and Abdon when the latter go into Villarreal sa id, " for God gave them the jungle for several days at a time an immunity to their big enemy, the to reach remote tribes . On those oc­ common co ld which formerly killed casions the Moores conduct worship them off in epidemics. " se rvi ces in the little church on the M eas les, once another grea t killer premises, and give medical attention of th e Colorados, has large ly been to Indians who visit the clinic which controlled through inoculati ons. was bui lt on the property this year. Rece ntly, with th e help of towns­ Medical missionaries, whi le en­ people and Colorados, the mission­ gaged primari ly in bringing God's aries built a concrete block clinic word to forgotten people, have to where medical servi ces are rendered minister to th e physical as well as around the clock. So m etimes Indian th e spiritual side of their adopted patients arrive in the wee hours after tribespeople. traveling many miles thro ugh the The miss ionaries are sa ddened by jungle. the sight of too many Colorado men Miss ionari es, after yea rs in th e and women sitting i11 drunken stu­ field, become jacks-of-a 11 trades. Th e pors in the gutters of Santo Do­ bunga low that Bruce Moore built mingo on week-ends. would do credit to mos t any com­ One of the most amazing gains munity in th e United States . It's a made by the missionary efforts well-built, attra ctive structure. among th ese Indians, is that of pop­ But he was and is faced with a big ulation. problem-termites. When Mrs. Villarreal first went " Seems Ii ke eve ry ti me I turn among the tribe 25 years ago, there around I see a new mud column were but a handful remaining, an climbing up a jo ist," he lamented. estimated 500. Diseases, many M oore ha s four loves: His Sav io r, brought by the white man, had deci­ his fa mily, the Colorados- and mated their ranks which once num- word s. [461] 4 1 ca nce r, an ulcerated so re, th at was Th e Ecuador government allots cured by a witch doctor's concoc­ each Colorado family 75 acres in the tion of jungle ingredients. She also jungle but many unsc rupul9us w itnessed a witch doctor cure an w hites try to stea l the Indians' land. advanced case of diabetes in an In­ More and more Villarreal finds his dian woman. time taken up representing Indians The ora l contraceptive, or Pill , in court, protecting their interes ts. used in th e civilized world ca me For this he re ce ives nothing, al­ from a formu la of th e Ji va ro Indians though occasionally a grateful client who live in th e eas tern jungles of will give him a scrawny chicken or a Ecuador. couple of eggs. Th e Colorados also have an o ral Mrs. Villarreal returned from a co ntraceptive but Mrs. Villarreal has year's furlough in England with 2,000 ca utioned th e Indian wives from us­ aspirin she had packed in her bag­ ing it as it cau ses internal injury, she gage. After only a few months with sa id. her beloved Colorados her aspirin Most of the witch doctors are supply had dwindled to a few hun­ fri endly with the missionaries at dred. When this writer visited the Santo Domingo an d so me have be­ Villarreals he brought along 4,000 Abdon and Doreen Vi llareal and their come Christians. But one has never additional aspirin which should last daughter, Suzie, w ith their spoken to Mrs. Villarreal ever si nce eleven-year-old Jeep. her until the year is out. she cured him of smallpox 10 years The writer's visit was a continu­ ago. It's true, perhaps, of linguistic ex­ ation of an ill-fated journey he made " He was covered with festering perts. to Santo Domingo in 1967. On that sores from head to feet and su rely Mrs. Moore explains her hus­ occasion a slip in th e muddy, slip­ would have died if I hadn' t treated band's obsession with word s this pery jungle res ulted in a broken him," she related. " I was finally able way : " If he had the time, he'd be a ankle, a 90-mile ta xi ride to Quito to cu re him but he ha sn't spoken to nut on cross word puzzles." over the Andes, a five-day stay in the me since. I ca n' t understand why." In o rd er to translate the Colo­ Voz of the Andes Hospital, a flight One of the witch doctors has be­ rados' strange guttural lan guage the back to Florida and three months in come wealthy by Ecuadorian stan­ a leg cast. translator ha s to be an expert on dards and lives in a huge house atop words. It is a monumental task to On this latest visit we walked with a hill overlooking a river, sur­ tra nslate th e New Testament, one great care, avoiding slippery spots rounded by smaller houses in which that w ill take the Moores a quarter as though they were land mines. Not his servants live. of a ce ntury to accomplish. even the witch doctors can cure a His wealth comes from both witch Th e Colorados are one of the broken leg. • doctoring (his patients include both most unique Indian tribes in South Indians and Ecuadoria ns) and from C. Winn Upchurch is a newsman and writer America. They are aristocratic-look­ ' in St. Petersburg, Florida, who uses his va­ ing, proud, friendly, and for some his banana plants in the jungle, ca tions to visit missionaries in Latin Amer­ odd rea son anthropologists have worked by his servants. ica . never been able to figure out, they have a European appearance. Even to th e tint of their skin, which is almost white. They have prominent noses that were characteristic of the The United Evangelical Church of Ecuador carvings that the Mayas of Central America put on their temples. (United Andean Indian Mission) Mrs. Villarreal believes the Col­ rados intermarried with visitors from The United Evangelical Church of port city of Guayaquil. afar-Germans, French, Spanish, En­ Ecuador wa s organized in 1965 and The work has endeavored to relate glish-no one knows, but it is be­ now has eighteen congregations and the Gospel to the highland Indians. lieved to have occurred hundreds of 530 adult members. The church brings A Swiss Mennonite translator of the years ago. The mystery of the tribe together highland Indians, Spanish­ UAIM, Gunther Schultze, has recently extends to some of the strange cures spea king villagers and urban dwellers. finished the New Te stament translation of th eir witch doctors. Thi s new national church is the result into Quechua and is now writing basic of the efforts of seve ral United States leadership training materials in Que­ Although Mrs. Villarreal ha s had denominations (United Methodist, chua as a part of the total program of nurses' training and looks with dis­ United Presbyterian, Presbyterian the Evangelical Theological Community favor on the witch doctors' treat­ Church U.S., and the United Church in Quito. A former UAIM couple, the ment of blowing smoke on a pa­ of Christ) si nce 1945. Presently there Reverend and Mrs. Paul Streich, are ti ent's mise ry, she does re spect so me are no U. S. missionaries serving there working with a national committee of of their medicines made from herbs, but a Pre sbyterian Church U. S. mis­ Ecuadorians to bring the problems of roots and leaves found in the jun­ sionary couple is in lan guage study dialect-speaking Ecuadorians before gle. now preparing for service in the great the nation. She sai d she knows of a case of 42 [462] near the center of the village. For the first week they crowded around read­ ing, looking at pictures, and as an added dividend, the members of the LETTERS OVERSEAS defunct youth group gathering to look and read, talked about meeting ger and thirst that is there, a hunger again and they have done so. and thirst rarely satisfi ed in the slight­ The books fo r that gift and my re­ est bit. Sometimes my samples, which cent project came from three sources, I also sold, were spoiled by too many a large publishing house, a leader in I THAILAND children's literature as well as imagi­ r children handling them, especiall y the You may call it a "swan song," a colorful children's picture books done native ( relatively so) text books, fin al project b fo re leaving Thailand. by a Bangkok fo undation fo r chil­ where I purchased many translations It's an exciting one, viewing the pur­ dren's literature, which tiny children of world classics as well as attractive pose and the possible effects, but the had to put on the floor to look at. local creations. At a large educati onal I process was boring and tiring. I have Slowly in my mind began the idea of supply house I purchased some at­ I just completed purchasing, wrapping, establishing children's libraries. If, as tractive supplemental readers ( in­ boxing, and sending by our effi cient realism would predict, they were not cluding "Ferdinand and the Bull" in I I railway express organization, twenty properl y maintained and replenished, translation ), which are not extensive­ identical packages of children's books, there would be an experience of joy­ ly used, and other books, and fr om in about eight boxes, to fi ve of our ful reading, reasonably long lasting, our department a large supply in­ northern church districts. Letters to otherwise entirely denied them. Here cluding stories of Christian fa ith and either the moderators or the district I must say that school books for pri­ courage, novels about Joseph and secretaries, and letters pas ted to each mary children have become much Moses, and what is a popular book, package to the recipient church or more interesting with many colored our translation of "A King obody leader suggested how to set up a pictures so that school can be more Wanted". I could send to each place I simple, functional church children's pleasurable than in the pas t and read­ a total of fifty books, some quite thin, library. Suggestions on ways to rotate ing perhaps less the drudgery it was. but most providing many hours .o f the books to other churches would al­ Nevertheless, the need is still there reading. low for other children to read these and the potentially immense value of Harry Norlander books. even a "on e shot" library intrigued He has been a United Presby_terian fraternal Rural children finish school after me and I found many agreeing to its worke r. grade four, with a small portion near worth. provincial cities and large market Well last year I had a chance to towns going thro ugh the total seven h·y it out. 1 had been invited by a primary years and a tiny portion go very capable and creative pas tor, a higher. Extremely rarely do they see former leprosy patient (graduate of a book they can read with under­ our lower level seminary courses, fo r NIGERIA standing and pleasure after leaving a form of ministry somewhat lower school, and most face the eventual than an ordained minister of the tra­ slipping back to functional illiteracy ditional form ) to lead stewardship The rains have come and with as the once gained reading skill is lessons in his church quite fa r to the them cool night air and refreshment. unused. The problem is more serious north from Chiengmai. It was a vil­ The land turns green and the garden in some areas where crowded classes, lage of fonner McKean leprosy pa­ is sprouting. Everyone is busy plant­ seventy-five in a class, mean that chil­ tients now engaged in woodcarving ing and going about the Lord's work. dren leaving fourth grade have less for the tourist trade. Returning by Our little Mission Hospital (Guin­ reading ability than did their parents bus to Chiengmai I opened a package ter Memorial at Bambur ) continues to I when they left school. given me and found a small teak rab­ thrive because people know we care. Of course in our Christian churches, bit and an envelope with two hun­ One old man fa r over behind the with weekly hymn singing and scrip­ dred baht ( $10 ) for my travel, the Lankaviri Hills told me "we walk to ture reading, literacy is maintained at first time ever in my travels this had the Mission Hospital because if we're a higher level, which is perhaps one occurred. I decided to purchase books starving you'll give us food, if we're reason that in many areas Christians for the children, who fortunately have sick yo u give us medicine even if we are village leaders, but even here the a school going to grade seven, sup­ can't bring all the money yet." love for reading is not encouraged. ported by a foundation sponsored by In the area of Public Health we are Few see the reason for spending the Princess Mother. The money, with in a giving position also. In a busi­ I scarce money on books for children a little supplement, could purchase ness way we are losing money but in I whether it be fa mily or church funds. about forty good books. I bought a Clu·istian way we are caring fo r (I've seen some praiseworthy excep­ them and sent them, and the pas tor, our brothers. tions to this generalization.) now moved to work with leper After about a year and a half of I But let children get near books, as churches under the McKean program, traveling I've gained a lot: the love I I have seen them when I visited reported that the children were vir­ of the people, a beginning of insight churches with books from our depart­ tually glued to the benches near the into customs and practices and a real­ I ment, and you will see the deep hun- house where the books were placed ization of my own inadequacies. Can I [463] 43 - - - I do such a big job in such a huge - - ~ ~~ schoolchildren · had Guardian Angels di trict? - hovering at their sides or wrote the Public health is such a wide and special code letters JMJ- for Jesus, Mary, Jose varied fi eld! In a typical village visit .... _llemlt:s ph-at the tops of their papers? ~ ~ Who else would savor the threat of per­ I usually stay at the Chief's home if secution and debate endlessly whether he a ks me. I try to find· out his con­ it . were better to be martyred at the cerns, and his p eople's p rob! ms. I ...... - ...__ stake or thrown to the lions? give advice on everything from farm­ Most delicious was the sense of su­ ing and animal husbandry to disease .... peri ority that came from belonging to pr vention, hygi ne and sanitation. the One True Church. "We were never Sometimes I give geography lessons taught in school to hate non-Catholics ," to the village eld rs and discuss boil­ APHRODITE AT MID-CENTURY, Ms. Rivers recalls. "There were no Growing Up Female and Catholic in ing water b fore drinking it. I show stori es of evil Jews eating babies or Bap­ Postwar America, by Caryl Rivers, tists worshiping the devil in unspeakable filmstrips and pictures and give pup­ New York, 1973: Doubleday, 283 rites . The proper attitude toward non­ pet shows. I become a master refer­ pages, $6.95. Catholics was a combination of pity and ral syst m : the Hospital for this, to The latest entry in the nostalgia derby suspicion. They were nice people but the Disp nser for that, to the market is a hilarious recollection of Catholic you wouldn't want your daughter to for soap, mosquito net or shoes. gi rlhood which affectionately and with marry one. I'm caught up in the business of some bitterness pokes fun at the cere­ "Everyone who was not Catholic was preventing sickness and promoting monies of the pre-Vati can II Roman to be pitied because they had not re­ th physical, mental, and spiritual Catholic Church. In tone and style it is ceived the Gift of Faith. God poured health of the p eople. Yet I regret that closer to self-defl ating Jewish humor his bounties over Catholic heads and gave us a system of insurance as wide­ I can stay such a short time to apply than to the angry, anguished memoirs of recent Catholic critics of the institution. ranging as the Travelers' umbrella .. Sister on little band age, so to speak, or Daniel outlined all the benefits in de­ change one opinion or open one per­ "Growing up Catholic in mid-century America was both absurd and marvel­ tail in Freshman religion. Going to Mass son's eyes to the realization that tl1 ere ous," writes Ms. Rivers, a 36-year-old and Communion for the First Fridays of is One more p owerful than the Sun. journalist. "Absurd, because as I look nine consecutive months was a positive My big questions came: what can back from a distance of some twenty guarantee of dying in the state of Grace. I do to increase my services? How years, I see a world of changeless truth, The wearing of the miraculous medal, can I reach more villagers? H ow can simple moral choices, and nodding as­ attending novenas at church, even I intensify my work to meet all these sent that seems as distant from con­ simply carrying a rosary in your pocket needs? temporary reality as the age when - all these carried guarantees of a lesser degree but helpful nonetheless. Various ~1y answer came as a request from cross-breasted crusaders whacked hea­ then skulls in the name of Jesus Christ. indulgences were available on a sliding the women, "Teach u s about public scale for heroic efforts like fasting during health and how to care for our chil­ I cannot imagine that it has vanished so utterl y; it seemed so durable. The Lent to quickie efforts like genuflecting dren." And from many village jut-jaw of John Foster Dulles loomed and muttering, 'Sacred Heart of Jesus, leaders came the request, "Come to from the cover of Time, immutable as I Adore Thee.' Grace, it seemed, was a teach us-come." I talked with many Gibraltar. Fulton Sheen surely should fluid commodity that could be stored up p eople. We planned together. There have outlasted Ed Sullivan, with his in jars and hoarded away for some emerged a committee of women lead­ laser-beam eyes and that small, pleased future time when it might be needed. ers who started planning a village smile that crept across his fin ely cut fa ce Non-Catholics did not have such easy access to the Grace-tap. All they could course for primary-level health edu­ when he made a point particul arly well . do was lead Good Lives, a commendable cators. The course w ill include child And now brave Dulles is merely a but cl ~,a rl y inferior way to get to care, nutrition, sanitation, hygiene, crusty curmudgeon of a memory, the pronouncements so admired now ex­ heaven. crafts, Bible and Christian family life tinct as the Brontosaurus. Fulton Sheen, Ms. Rivers rightly takes the Church classes. We hope that the graduates so daring then, seems small potatoes. to task for its chauvinism and supersti­ will return to tl1 eir own villages and Today's pries ts get hunted by the FBI, tions. She also has sobering comments teach others about a healthy life. agitate to get married and disagree with about the narrowness and unreality of Classes will be practical; we will be the Pope. convent life in the old days and the learning together in "classroom "No thing like that happened at mid­ las ting guilts produced by the harsh huts" very much like their own century. It was a time when priests went moral teachings of the nuns and priests. It is on the rare occasions when she homes. to Wednesday ni ght bingo, nuns wore dulls her humor with moralizing that the Pray for our pilot project. I see it their skirts to the floor, rock and jazz were for bars, not churches, and the reader looks in vain for some balance in as a great way to witness to the com­ Godless Atheistic Communists were ex­ this assessment of the Church. munity- pagans, Muslims and Chris­ cori ated from the pulpit Sunday after Growing up in mid-century America tians, and a great way to strengthen Sunday after Sunday." was more than just marching in colorful the women of Muri who will have a It was marvelous too , she writes, be­ Ma y processions to crown the Virgin major part in planning and prep aring, cause of the Catholic Church's sense of Mary and hearing endless propaganda and a great way to raise the physical, style; what could be more thrilling, she for religious vocations and against yield­ mental, and above all spiritual health asks, than the sensation of incense ("the ing to Impure Thoughts. Aphrodite is of God's p eop le in Muri, Nigeria. physical manifestation of the grace of the remembrance of John Wayne and shooting rubber bands at the celluloid Billie Jean Rydberg God" ) running up one's nose as you sang, "Holy God, We Praise Thy Name"? screen at the Saturday afternoon movies, Then there were the delights of cate­ of Wonder Woman and other comic She is a United Methodist Miss ionary. chism theology. Who else but Catholic book adventures, of girls' basketball, of infatuation with baseball players, of on loneliness, humiliation, death, faith, Jesus the Christ in Jesus Christ Super­ danci ng school and other rites of puber­ hope and love. The first joyful mystery, star is a thoroughly modern American ty, of the everl as ting concern with Bein g th angel's Annunciation to Mary that citizen-gutless facile, even infa ntile­ Popular, of the spate of Ladies Home she would become the mother of Cod, and has no noticeable similarity to the Journal articles on how to be "The becomes a meditation on the importance Jesus-born-in-Bethlehem that men, wom­ P rfect Wife." You don't have to be of listening to Cod. The mys tery of en, and children have praised, emulated Catholic to chuckl e at these memories . Christ's scourging at the pillar provides and died for over twenty centuries. But fo r the better half of the book occasion to reflect on pain , fear and Certainly there have been howls from Aphrodite is a saga of parochial school hos tility and the meaning of Christian all sides about Superstar's depiction of days. atholic in its appeal nonetheless. trust. the Pass ion, and understandably so. In the fin al chapter, interestingly, Ms. One of the most difficult mysteries for Since this muscular, blonde, suntanned Rivers leaps from her days at Trinity non-Catholics to swallow is the Assump­ Jes us (a tenor) wanders around unable all ege, a atholic women's school, to tion of the Virgin Mary. Ward interprets to communicate without harmoni zi ng, the present, revealing how far she has the meaning of this "mystery" as the unable to speak without being joined come in her thinking from the days of need for transform ation of our natures. by Andre Previn and what sounds like her atholic girlhood. In fa ct, having "The mystery of the Assumption, like all 12 pick-up symphony orches tras and one married "outside the Church" and hav­ Christian imagery of eternity, is not to pick-up rock band, we viewers wonder ing abandoned many of the dogmas of be understood merely or primarily how this man ever said what is so assidu­ the "One True Faith" she is, in the old chronologically, as referring to a life ously recorded in the gospels. But this is jargon, a "lapsed" or "fall en away Cath­ infinitely beyond this life, but ex isten­ just one of hundreds of silly ideas in olic"-though she continues to think of tially, as involving us in responsibilities Superstar. herself as Catholic. Briefl y surveying and decisions now and providing a con­ Director Jewison had a simple enough some of the changes in theology and fid ence and tranquility in which to ful­ problem: translate a garish stage show practi ces of the Catholic Church over fill responsibilities and make decisions." into a wide-screen, technological enter­ the past decade, Ms. Rivers concludes \i\Thether or not one takes up the tainment-and make a lot of money in "the spirit of renewal that now sends its Rosary, this book is a helpful series of the bargain . His solution was to take his wind through the Church has shaken refl ections which will enrich one's prayer whole company to Israel to shoot all the the stolid, stagnant institution I knew to life. scenes among Roman ruins against a its very foundations." I think she over­ E.C. back drop of sun-baked, sterile hills. The estimates the degree of change, just as set, bes ides being boring, makes me A phrodite exaggerates the ridiculous­ wonder whether Jewison realized he was ness of the "insulated and insular" pre­ telling one of the most pregnant life­ Vatican II Church. But, taken with a affirming stories ever in surroundings grain of salt, the book is a perceptive that suggested the aftermath of an and special way of seeing the Catholic atomic attack. Church in the Fifties. Superstar opens with the acting com­ E. C. pany- singers, dancers, extras, costumes, props-pulling up before the ruins in FIVE FOR SORROW TEN FOR JOY, a school bus, es tablishing that these are D DC! a cc c tJ 0 D DD'C d'C c a·c t:n:' by J. Neville Ward. New York, 1973: a bunch of kids about to act out some­ Doubleday, 164 pages, $4.95. thing they are several years from fa thom­ It i perhaps a sign of our ecumenical ing. They then leap and shout through times that no sooner have Catholics in song and dance vignettes covering, more droves discarded the practice of saying aopaacofil111s ODIooao 0000 a or mostly less, the last week in Jerusa­ their beads as antiquated and a distrac­ lem. Theologically, Superstar is a vulgar tion from Christ-centered worship than disaster. If Superstar ·is anti-Semitic along comes a Methodist minister elo­ wit its singing and dancing Sadducees, quently urging everyone to recite the it is also anti-Christian, anti-black, anti­ Rosary. white, anti-Arab, anti-Israel, and ante­ J. eville Ward, a member of the deluvian. I do wish the writers, espe­ Faith and Order Committee of the cially Tim Rice, the lyricist, had paid British Methodis t Church, offers two more attention in Sunday school. reasons for using the Rosary: the stimu­ Superstar ends, fin ally, with the same lus to one's faith that comes from pray­ eager, young company-the men : ing in a new way and a love of the bearded, muscular, vitamized; the wom­ JESUS CHRIST SUPERSTAR, a Uni­ ~! o th e r of Jesus, whom Ward fe els en : long-haired, bosomy, intensely Methodists have neglected for fear of versal Pictures release. Directed by casual (all California dreamers to the being trapped in certain forms of Marian Norman Jewison; Screenplay by nth )- shuffling back onto the bus. They devotion. Jewison and Melvyn Bragg; Rated G. have acted the script as far as it cares In his prefa ce, Ward explains the tra­ This is a Jesus that Richard Nixon can to go : Christ is crucified naturalistically, ditional program of prayer known as the live with, this is a Jesus that Henry but most definitely not risen or ascended. Ro ary and lists its fifteen subjects or Ford II and the other corporation presi­ Apparently, transfiguration is just a "mysteries" for meditation-five joyful dents could risk inviting to their cock­ long word to the filmmakers. (the Annunciation, the ativity, etc.) , tail parties and society balls as an As they board, the company seems to fi ve sorrowful (Crowning with thorns, excell ent conversation piece, this is a stare back over their peeling shoulders , Crucifixion, etc.) , fi ve glorious ( Resur­ Jesus that could pay his taxes and keep as if they had forgotten something. I'd rection, Ascension, etc.) -hence the his tongue while the 500 pounders fell like to think that their quizzical looks title. on Hanoi's largest hospital on His birth­ mean they have forgotten why they The remainder of the book consists of day eve and those "tough" men in the bothered to make Superstar in the fi rs t fifteen chapters on each of the themes, White House made those "tough" de­ place. providing fresh and beautiful insights cisions over a cup of egg nog. In brief, J OHN C. B ATCHELOR (465] 45 l~cttcrs IS THEIR GOD SOCIALISM? Testament-the evidence in the New Testa­ Your observations in "A Forum for Straight ment for quite another interpretation of the Talk about Latin Ameri ca" ( May) set me to Jesus of the first cen tury in Palestine than that wondering. left by the Rev. Troy Perry? Should your If the CICOP-types have received a revela­ readership not have the opportunity to know ti on that the devil is capitalism, "particularly something of Semitic custom in that time, and in its North Ameri can variation ," might we not Practicall y every two months found us the relation of a disciple to his Rabbi? Should conclude that their god is socialism, particularly wending our way out to Kum Pook Church. not some indication be given of the austerity of of the Marxist variation? We watched it grow from a tiny home fell ow­ Jewish moral standard, as vi ewed by Greeks Is not there a relationship between such ship to a tent church- hot solar-heated in the and Romans, in that time, and the evidence idolatry and the tate of our denomin ations? summer and cold air-conditioned in the winter. for the continuance of that same standard OLSON PEMBERTON, JR. The fai th and sacrifices of those people in that among those labeled as Christians in the Patrocinio, M.G., Brazil slu m area have been and are most inspiring. Graeco-Roman Empire of the first century? By 1971 the average attendance in the morn­ What is the implication here. of the very hard VEXED BY PRUDENTE ARTICLE ing services was 90 to 120 people. Membership sayi ng of Jesus in Matt. 19: 12, a statement I was extremely dismayed, angered and ter­ is now several hundred. that could only with great difficulty be at­ ribly annoyed by the article in the May issue, We are happy to say that the church now tributed to later scholarship? "Is Democracy Dead in the Philippines?" by is a flourishing, active, cement-block church But far more importantly, do we not have Nemes io Prudente. I, as an American living and has a beautiful altar, two small oil stoves, a responsibility to help readers see that the in the Philippines, must refute most of it. electricity, a small reed organ and a choir. whole thrust of Jesus' teaching-and life!-as The pictures alone are so insulting that I The people are still poor but let no one say we know them from the records of primitive have carefully hidden this magazine so as not that a sincere personal life-changi ng Gospel has Christianity is that of a single passion to live to offend my Filipino visitors-the article was no social impli cati on . Slowly but surely the out the will of God and a "moving" compas­ first shown to me by a tearful student who acci­ community is changing and the faces of the sion for all God's children-which is in strong dentally came across it in my studio. people show that Christ changes all of life. antithesis to the self-preoccupied romantic So, according to the good Dr. Prudente, HILDA E. WEISS longings of the homosexual. democracy is dead. Interestin g. Along with Methodist Mission This brings us to the third point. As yet democracy being dead, other "minor annoy­ Seoul , Korea there is too little evidence, but it looks clear ances" since martial law are also dead: being enough, in the case of some people with strong mugged, beaten and robbed in the back streets HOMOSEXUALITY AND THE CHURCH homosexual tendencies, that in infancy or early of any Filipino city while the police stand by The May issue contain an article which ap­ childhood when maternal affection was with­ watching ( they get a cut of the profits) . pears to approve of homosexuali ty even to held or tensi on between parents made life un­ Prostitution is dead. Slums in Manila's North accepting unchanged such persons in member­ bearable there developed the strong urge to Harbor ( page 14 ) have been torn down and, ship and ministry! escape from normal seinial relations that might contrary to the article's statement, the dwellers I could tell you of the many perverted acts bring about more of such suffering. Could it have been relocated and jobs, under the New of such people which we could prove. The not be that the individual would then seek ful­ Society, have been provided. As for the picture excuse, "not wrong among consentin g adults," fi ll ment in some other than normal way? If showing arn1ed girls guarding a bank: where is a laugh. How many small boys "consented" there is true sublimation this is something else; did this Hollywood creation come from! No­ and if so were they aware? but if the individual grows to adulthood still where in the Philippines can one see such a The Church is sickening many of our fin e full of himself and his longing to be loved ridiculous sight! The guards are men who dis­ young families who are leaving the Methodist above all else, then no amount of proclaiming cretely stand to one side, are polite and cour­ Church. Don't any of you read your Bibles to the world that he is "gay" will remove from teous and, with me, on a first-name basis. anymore? Isn't it enough we must fi ght this him the dreadful burden of his illness-his No one is secure in his home? Really? No horrible perversion outside the Church-but obsession wi th himself. No matter how much or one ever bothered me nor do I personall y know inside? Read Romans 2 as well as other refer­ how many he '1oves" in this way, and no of anyone who was hauled away except at the ences in Old and New Testaments. matter how much he may be willing to "give beginning of martial law. But, you see, the ( MRS. ) CHRISTINE ARNOLD himself to be burned" for causes he espouses, article appeared in May and is written in the Cedar Rapids, Iowa he sti ll cannot receive the wonderful love of present tense giving the reader the impression God that fills and heals the whole person, be­ that these measures are still going on. Not so. ANOTHER VIEW OF "GAY LIFE" cause he has not yet faced his need. Karl No academic freedom? No one at this uni­ We should be grateful for the expanded so­ Barth's sermons to the prisoners whom he met versity has ever told me what to say to my cial concern evidenced in New World Outlook. Sunday after Sunday make this wonderfully students. I am here to teach music and my And that should certainly include the pointing clear. When we dare to stand exposed in the students learn music. out of the over-weening and damning con­ li ght that Christ gives and face ourselves as On page 14 we have this gem: We do hope demnation poured out by "respectable", often the sinners that we are and know that there that the liberty-loving and progressive-minded devout, Christians upon sexual deviates. Per­ is no health in us and ask for help-then His Americans will support the Filipino people's haps, as is possibly indicated in John 8, the amazin g tenderness floods our being, fillin g up struggle for liberation . . . Struggle? Practicall y thrust of judgment is sharpened to the point with an ineffable joy the aching chasms of everyone here supports the New Society! Lib­ of cruel attack, in the effort--consciously or loneliness within and overflowing from our eration to what-slums, crime, drugs, pornog­ unconsciously-to all eviate one's own inner lives into genuine tenderness for and helpful­ raphy-this is what democracy means to me moral frustration, of perhaps quite another ness to others. and, to be quite honest, you can have it. I sort. So-"let him that is without sin cast the Unless we share this Good News with our left America for good and have found a new first stone." "gay" fri ends and brothers we have, as I see it, land where order, peace and true love for fel­ Secondly, it is good, I think, that churches sinned against them by shutting them out of lowman is left-all this through the "harsh have become willing to bring such tabooed the Kingdom in an even subtler way than did dictatorship" of President Marcos. topics out into the open ai r of honest, humble, the self-righteous group; because we have not JOSEPH HALPIN searching discussion. I am glad that you have even shown them that there was such a king­ Silliman University published the section of the Report on Sexual­ dom-and we have denied the Master whom Dumaguete City, Philippines ity and the Human Community received for we profess to serve. study by the General Assembly of the United CECILIA SHEPPARD WE ACCEPTED THE INVITATION .. . Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. Paine College Early in 1968 we were begged to attend a On the other hand, it seems to me, your Augusta, Georgia church service in the outskirts of Seoul. We magazine going out to give information and felt as if we were already bogged down with insight to concerned-and unconcernedl­ CORRECTION too many obligations but could hardly refuse Methodism must, if we are to be true to our Due to an error in transmission, Bishops Rev. C's invitation to go for just one time. Lord and to all His people, address itself to Cornelio M. Ferrer and Paul Locke A. Gra­ Finally we went there and found more than other aspects of this matter. nadosin of the United Methodist Church of twenty-five sitting on the floor of Rev. C's two For one thing, should you not give readers the Philippines were mistakenly identified as pyung living-bedroom, a space of twelve feet -particularly, those without the opportunity bishops of The United Church of Christ in the by six feet. for seminary or graduate study of the New Philippines on th e letters page in September. 46 [ 466] Tiie ,\\n\'iHH Pi1191er \\'rites 00000000000 ~ 000 STUDY OF VIOLENCE TOPS FULL wee COMMITTEE AGENDA Fresh theological insights on "the mul­ ti-fac ted nature of violence," return to a Christ-centered theme for its Fifth Assembly in Jakarta, Indonesia, and ac­ e ptancc of four new member churches engaged the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches at its annual meeting in Geneva in late August. After lengthy debate the Central Committee settled on "Jesus Christ Frees and Unites" as the theme for the 1975 Assembly, which is expected to draw some 3,000 persons. Earlier Assemblies in 1954 and 1961 mentioned Jesus Christ but the most recent ( Uppsala, Sweden 1968) focused on "Behold, I Make All Things New." An 11-page WCC study on "Violence, Non-Violence and The SbL1ggle for So­ cial Justice" will be broadened as a result of Central Committee action. As expected, the report on the study was the most controversial item on the agenda of the 120-member policy-mak­ ing body-though the point of conten­ tion surfaced, rather surprisingly, not around the theological declarations in the report but on a section included for illustrative purposes. Debate centered on the question as to whether "Eastern Europe" should be named among the areas where "Chris­ tians agonize over questions of violence today." The report named South Africa, Latin America, Northern Ireland, the Middle East and the United States as such areas. John Ta.ylor Photo Ultimately accepted was a re-drafted wee MARKS ITS FIRST QUARTER CENTURY response document that acknowledged GENEVA-The 25th anniversary celebration of the World Council of Churches reaches an "imbalance" in the listing of areas a climax with a formal service of worship and thanksgiving in Geneva's St. Pierre Cathedral. while also urging that the illustrations More than 1,400 worshippers-Protestant, Orthodox and Roman Catholic-filled the not be seen as "accusations" but as chal­ centuries-old cathedral that towers over Geneva's central Old Town area, while thousands lenges to Christians to be more sensitive more watched elsewhere as the service was beamed to many countries via ten agencies linked to the Ettrovision Network. to "the violence in which they-witting­ ly or unwittingly-are involved." How­ ever, General Secretary Philip A. Potter current world situation. retary, was authorized to secure re­ was asked to prepare for a fuller discus­ World Council units were urged by sources to assist Churches "as they seek sion at a later meeting. the Central Committee to "develop fresh to become more effectively engaged in There was little argument over the initiatives" in assisting Churches "to nonviolent action for justice and recon­ basic thrust of both the study report and make more careful study of, and more ciliation" and to explore possibilities of the response paper-a clear call to courageous engagement in, nonviolent developing "new kinds of crisis inter­ Churches to give attention to the "new action in support of the oppressed." vention ministries, in close relationship context" of questions of violence in the Dr. Philip Potter, WCC General Sec- with Churches in such crisis areas." [467) 47 The new churches accepted into WCC nity, which has 23,000 members. membership, making the total 267, were In Zaire, most Protestant denomina­ the Japanese Orthodox Church, with tions are related to the Church of Christ, around 25,000 members; the Gereja which is a combined denomination-coun­ Kristen Protestant Simalungen, a Lu­ cil of churches. The Community of theran denomination in Indonesia with Light is an indigenous group, governed 110,000 members; two communities along lines similar to the large Kim­ within the Church of Christ in Zaire: banguist Church. Established in 1962, it the Community of Light, with 100,000 is most active in Kasai Province, Katanga members, and the Mennonite Commu- and Kinshasa. A new associate member of the WCC is the Baptist Episcopal Community of the Church of Christ in Zaire. Formed ENHANCE CHARISMATIC LEADERS in 1956 through the work of Belgian THE BEAUTY OF CHRISTMA! Send today for FREE catalog C-149 {C hoi ON CASSETTE TAPES missionaries, it is now autonomous and Robes); )-149 (Children's Robes); P-149 (Pulp1 Inspirational Tape Club offers you the has 12,000 members. Robes); F-149 (Fund Raising with Collegial Candies) . opportunity to buy hundreds of never­ In another development, the Holy before available tapes. No obligation to Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate COLLEGIATE CAP & GOWN CO buy any tapes . .. but you' re kept up CHAMPAIGN Ill 1000 N MARKET ST of Constantinople sent a declaration to OkUHOMA CITY 011.lA UN NUYS CU l0M6 ISl CITY N Y to date with reviews of new ones 901 H Westun Au 15525 C11lr 1t o Rd 41 25 l 6 t lt St which become ava ilable each month. the General Committee urging the World Council to strike a balance be­ If you do not desire to purchase any tape after you review your monthly tween socio-political concerns and theo­ bulletin, you merely return the order logical discussion. The declaration label properly marked. 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L.1 or trade with South Africa, Namibia 41 East Main St., Mesa, Ariz. 85201 (Southwest Africa) , Zimbabwe (Rho­ desia), Angola, Mozambique and TOUCH A SWITCH .,. recline to any position, Guinea-Bissau, and to urge member footrest outomot ic olly elevates feet and legs as you relax. TOUCH A SWITCH ... return to churches and Christians to use stock­ sitting position. TOUCH A SWITCH ... the soft INTRODUCING: holder action to influence corporations luxurious seat raises gently standing you on doing business in Southern Africa-; your feet. Nlssiology* an International Review Write for o free color brochure and informat ion -heard that the WCC's Fund for Re­ on the Burke's "TRY BEFOREYOU BU\"' plan. (continuing Practical Anthropology) construction and Reconciliation in Indo­ An inter-d1sc1 phnary journal for study china has received so far $2,400,000 of BURKE ENTERPRISES of the Christia n world m1 ss1o n P.O. Bo x 101 1, Dept. NW0-6 actual pledges towards its $5 million Published quarterly by Mission, Kansas 66202 goal, and that the Fund's work in Indo­ be 913-722-0004 the American Society of M1ss1ology china "is hampered by the continuing military activities"; H a nd-colol'ed photogl'aph Edltorlel Board -adopted an Aid Program for "Up­ of your church 0 1· any Alan A Tippen Editor scene on pretty 10 %-inch rooted" Portuguese, particularly con­ gold-rim plates. Orders Gerald H Anderson scientious objectors and army deserters fiJl ed fol' one dozen or A Pierce Beaver more plates. Also church Janet C Carroll M M fleeing from Portugal's three African note paper in quantity. Charles W Forman Write for free informs· tion. DEPT. WO Cal Guy colonies, for which $100,000 annually is Eugene Hillman C S Sp to be raised; FERRELL'S ART WARE Kathanne B Hockin Appomattox, '- irt lnla 24522 W1 Jo Kang -called for greater efforts for peace in Louis Luzbetak. S v D Gottfned Oosterwal the Middle East and an end to the frat- George W Peters ricidal strife in Burundi; , and Dr. Konrad Raiser, a German Lu­ James A Scherer Jack F Shepherd -decided to appeal for an initial $250,- theran who has been Secretary of the Wilham A Smalley Volume I. No. 1 Thomas F Stransky C S P 000 in flood relief aid for Pakistan, India Faith and Order Secretariat; Charles A Taber January 1973 and Bangladesh; - approved a 1974 general budget of -appointed two Deputy General Sec­ $2,217,000, or roughly 10 percent more Price $8 00 per year retaries: Dr. Alan A. Brash, a New Zea­ than its current budget, heard that due Send subscriptions to M1ss1ology. P 0 Box 1041 . land Presbyterian who has been direct­ to inflation and the world monetary New Canaan Conn 06840 ing the WCC's Commission on Inter­ crisis an increase of 50 percent in con­ church Aid, Refugee and World Service, tributions \vill be needed within three 48 (468] years, and listened to the suggestion that North American and German churches raise their support by one-third and churches in other countries double their GOOD donations to bring about "a more just sharing of the responsibility for support." THINGS UNITED PRESBYTERIAN AGENCY TO APPEAL BUDGET REDUCTION The Program Agency of the United Presbyterian Church has voted to appeal a denominational decision which would cut its 1974 budget by 35 per cent. Such a reduction, according to the agency, would endanger many familiar mission activities and mean the total abandonment of some. Overseas mis­ sionaries are supported by the unit. ~~~~J The Program Agencies will ask the Church's policy-making General Assem­ SHARE THE JOY OF bly to consider a small percentage cut, and it will present alternate plans for CHRISTMAS EVERY funding mission work. DAY OF THE YEAR . Last May, the 1973 General Assembly A gift subscription ordered its Mission Council, which en­ to The Upper Room compasses the denominational national and international work, to keep the 1974 costs only $1 .50. budget within $32 million, down from WRITE DEPT. N-13 "Where $39.6 million in 1973. the world The Mission Council directed all THE UPPER ROOM units, including the Program Agency, to 1908 Grand Avenue began" trim 1974 budgets to 65 per cent of the Nashville , Tenn . 37203 1973 figure. Budgeting beyond that point It's the ancient land of Byblos will depend upon priority given to which gave its name to the Bible particular activities in light of available -the oldest town in the world, funds. where 7 civilizations spanned 7 The Program Agency approved guide­ NUTTY IDEA centuries lines for reducing its budget but also ~ k- ... of Baal beck, with its great said the General Assembly should re­ temple that was one of the won­ consider and not apply the entire 35 ders of the world per cent reduction to it. . .. of Tyre, the "Metropol is of While total United Pr e~by terian con­ Phoenicia" in ages past. tributions reached an all-time high in 1972, gifts for work now under the Mis­ It's the modern land of Beirut, Thames selects, shells, and packages the sion Council were down $1,846,000 meatiest, freshest and . tastiest pecans. where the hotels are more luxu­ from 1971. They're great for pies, pralines, fudge, or rious but the rates less expensive. for eating right out of the package .. . This fo llows a general trend among perfect for personal and business gifts .. . It's the port of the Holy Lands. members in mainline Protestant or no matter what "nutty" ideas you have! Make sure your pilgrimage in­ Churches, of giving more but making • ideal for fund-raising projects cludes at least three days in Leb­ less available for national and interna­ • available in l ·lb. or 12-oz. packages, gifts and in bulk anon ... ' 'where the world began''. tional operations. ( R S) WRITE : H. M. THAMES PECAN CO., INC. ~------, Please send me information HEAD OF NANKING SEMINARY Dept. 19 on the modern-ancient world HAS GOVERNMENT POST TOO P. 0. Box 2206 , Mobile, Ala . 36601 of Lebanon. The head of the Nanking Seminary (or Theological College) in the People's traveled for two weeks in China with Republic of China, Bishop Ting Kwang­ Address ______their wives recently. Mr. Pettis, a Hsun, is also a member of the "revolu­ City ______tionary governing body" in Nanking, Seventh-day Adventist, spent a total of State Zip ____ "which means that he had reached some about three hours talking with "Profes­ kind of accommodation with the govern­ sor" Ting at different times during the ~ LEbANON~ ment to occupy these two positions." visit. Visit Lebanon ... "where the worla This observation was made in his Bishop Ting, 58, an ordained priest began" ... end is still thriving! Capitol Hill office in Washington, D .C. at the Holy Catholic Church in China Lebanon Tourist & Information Office (Anglican), studied at Columbia Uni­ 527 Madison Ave ., N.Y. , N.Y. 10022 by Rep. Jerry L. Pettis (R-Calif.), one L ------~ of eight senators and congressmen who versity and Union Theological Seminary [ 469] 49 in New York, and worked for a time in Geneva before returning to mainland China. He told Mr. Pettis that "Christian re­ ligions were being asked to get together (in China) and coordinate all of their You are requests of the government so that they might have a better and larger voice in what they wanted to do and accom­ using less plish," the congressman said. "This is a very poor thing to advocate as a national order," Mr. Pettis con­ tinued, "because people who believe than 10% differently, denominationally and from the standpoint of dogma, are not likely HolN to unlock all the to accept this kind of suggestion as a of your potentlal In )'Ollr llfe through the mlracle of POWER-FAITH solution to their problems of worship. LIVING So I didn't see in this any answer to problems of Christians of all denomina­ potential! by Daniel C. Steere tions in China today." Asked if the Chinese priest had indi­ cated how many Christians there are in ·- ··- ·-·-----·- China today, Mr. Pettis said "he was Faith is the most powerful force in the universe! Through this free to say there are many. The problem undeniable fact, Daniel C. Steere shows how you can use the power of faith to realize life's limitless opportunities. Blending sound psychology and Christian truths, the POWER-FAITH tech­ nique will help you become a self-confident, whole person .. . an achiever! $3.95 EARN AT YOUR BOOKSTORE all you need to Fl eming H. Reve ll Company • Old Tappan, N.J. 07675 fill your treasury • (If ordering by mail, add 15¢ for handling). effortlessly! He causeth the grass to grow for the call le. arises, as he explained it to me, in these "When I was a girl, I remember think­ and herb for the service of man: thal he many religious people being able to ing that our pastor's wife was rather ... ma) l.trin.t!: forth food o ul of the earth : Psalms 104:14 worship and to be what they would like well . . . formidable," recalled Mrs. to be totally without having some of Hoover Grimsby, wife of the senior these goals be in conflict with the goals minister at Central Lutheran church. of the state. He (Bishop Ting) used as "Maybe it was true then, but they an illustration that many people are not (members) certainly don't put us in a able to worship at a precise hour on a box anymore." certain day because the goal of the state Most women interviewed agreed that for them is in conflict with that so there­ 10 or 20 years ago, a clergyman's wife fore the state comes first." ( RNS ) was expected to be attractive but no raving beauty, well-dressed but not too WIVES OF MINISTERS STATE well-dressed, poised but not sophisti­ Sell these beautiful permanent plastic LIFE IN FISHBOWL IS OVER cated, educated but keen on common INSPIRATIONAL PLACEMATS. A "fishbowl" existence for ministers' sense and sympathetic without being Six beautiful full color scenes of Amen ca with a relaled wives seems to be a thing of the past, emotional. vel'le from the scriptures such as the one shown he1e • fllJ11ll'h"rli~"mah . at least for women married to clergy­ Today, the wives place more emphasis • Het>t> r11blt> matc·hinj( bt1clu ··dam,.J J!'""" 1/PSIJl"' men in the Minneapolis area. on being themselves. "I try not to even * U 0.(habJe und rPu.aab/;• * (;1/I fmJ:PiJ * (,'rPa l fur frunun/l 11nd dP1 ·nra1 1ng An informal survey conducted by the think of myself specifically as a min­ Send for FREE brochure and samples. .Minneapolis Star came up with a con­ ister's wife," said Mrs. Carl J. Johansson,

Brighi of America· clusion similar to that found earlier this wife of the pastor at Trinity Lutheran 300 GtMr'b'w Rold, 5'.nwnerMle, 'Nest Vrginia 26651 ~ fQoo.,-~O.C...-~,._..IOh--., · year by the Albuquerque ( N.M.) Jour­ church, Minnehaha Falls. nal: Women married to ministers are Few find that congregations feel they r------1 ------, not now pressured to fit a preconceived should be permanent fixtures in par­ I ~g,:,~:br~~~G!~. ~ u~r:,;~~~I~. W. Va. 26651 : 0 Yes, we are interested. so without mold or to set an example for congrega­ sonages or manses. I obligation, please send free catalog and tions. "I think the atttiude that we should I samples. : Your Name ______Only one of the women interviewed stay in our homes has gone by the way­

IA~ress ______could remember when she or her family side," said Mrs. Frank Watkins, wife of : City State ___Zip __ was criticized for "unsuitable" behavior, the minister of the First Church of the I Organization 2031 which involved a teen-age daughter at­ Nazarene. L---·-•••••••••••••• •• • •~ tending a dance. (RNS) so [470] ET THE CHURCH SAY AMEN

A film experience of the Black church ••. its vitality and diversity • . . its stirring rhythms.

A free-wheeling, in-depth portrait of the Black preacher feeling his way between traditional worship and the new Black theology.

Here is the Black church, alive with contradic­ tions, but clearly unified in the Black struggle ••• a film that focuses on the spirit and life force that leads to the liberation of a people. BLAIR SEITZ PHOTO Cross on Door, African Church of the Holy Spirit, Kenya

This simple wooden cross on the door of the building used for putting on robes for religious cere­ monies is an example of simple folk art in the indigenous African churches.