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Bab Iv Hasil Penelitian Dan Pembahasan BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN A. Hasil Penelitian Tahap I (Komposisi Keanekaragaman Vegetasi Mangrove Cengkrong Trenggalek) 1. Komposisi Keanekeragaman vegetasi Mangrove Hutan mangrove cengkrong Trenggalek terletak di desa Karanggandu, kecamatan Watulimo. Hutan mangrove merupakan sebuah hutan yang didalamnya terdapat aliran air laut, selain itu juga terdapat vegetasi mangrove yang sangat lebat. Vegetasi mangrove ini di pengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor abiotik, diantaranya adalah suhu, pH, salinitas, tipe substrat dan kelembapan. Jenis tipe substrat pada lokasi penelitian ada 2 yaitu, tipe substrat lumpur berair, dan tipe substrat kering. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.1. (a) (b) Gambar 4.1 Tipe Substat Lokasi Penelitian: (a) Lumpur berair, (b) Lumpur kering (Dokumen Pribadi) Hasil pengukuran faktor abiotik yang terdapat di lokasi penelitian dapat dijelaskan dalam tabel 4.1. 75 76 Tabel 4.1 Hasil pengukuran faktor abiotik Stasiun Plot Faktor Abiotik Suhu pH Salinitas Kelembapan Tipe (°C) (°C) Substrat 1 1 30 7,9 4,2 27,8 Lumpur berair 2 32 7,8 4,1 27,3 Lumpur berair 3 32 7,7 4,2 27,1 Lumpur berair 2 1 30 7,5 4,0 29,9 Lumpur berair 2 32 7,8 4,6 29,6 Lumpur kering 3 31 7,9 4,5 28,2 Lumpur kering 3 1 32 7,6 4,4 28,5 Lumpur berair 2 32 7,8 4,8 26,7 Lumpur berair 3 31 7,7 4,7 26,9 Lumpur berair Rata-rata 31,3 7,7 4,3 28 Lumpur berair Dari hasil pengukuran faktor abiotik diatas diketahui bahwa suhu rata-rata adalah 31,3ºC, suhu sekian dapat membantu proses pertumbuhan mangrove dengan baik. Hal ini sesuai dengan Mamung yang menyatakan bahwa tumbuhan mangrove dapat tumbuh baik pada temperature minimal lebih dari 23ºC.44 Hasil pengukuran rata-rata pH di lokasi penelitian adalah 7,7, pH tersebut sangat membantu untuk proses pertumbuhan mangrove khususnya untuk proses produktifitasnya. Hal ini selaras dengan pernyataan bahwa pH yang berada pada kisaran 7,5-8,8 menunjukkan bahwa perairan tersebut merupakan daerah sangat 44Mamung, Ekosistem mangrove, dalam htttp://muhamaze.wordpress.com/2008/09/02/ catatan-tentang-ekosistem-mangrove/., diakses pada 12 Maret 2020 77 produktif.45 Sedangkan hasil pengukuran rata-rata salinitas dilokasi penelitian adalah 4,3. Salinitas tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pada lokasi penelitian cukup subur untuk pertumbuhan mangrove, hal tersebut sesuai bahwa tumbuhan mangrove tumbuh subur di daerah dengan salinitas 10-30 ppt.46 Selain itu, salinitas dapat mempengaruhi laju pertumbuhan dan zonasi mangrove. Salinitas air akan meningkat jika pada siang hari suaca panas dalam keadaan pasang.47 Kondisi salinitas sangat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan mangrove. Apabila kadar salinitas tinggi akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan vegetasi tersebut seperti perubahan struktur bentuk pohon menjadi kerdil, kemampuan untuk menghasilkan buah menghilang. Hasil rata-rata pengukuran kelembapan adalah 28. Menurut Suhu dan kelembapan udara sangat berpengaruh terhadap keanekaragaman spesies di suatu habitat. Suhu substrat yang ideal untuk syarat tumbubmangrove berkisar antara 27-31ºC.48 Tipe substrat yang berada dalam lokasi penelitian yaitu berlumpur, substrat tersebut sangat baik untuk pertumbuhan mangrove. Hal ini selaras dengan tumbuhan mangrove tumbuh di atas dataran berlumpur yang digenangi oleh air sepanjang hari.49Tingkat pertumbuhan keanekaragaman vegetasi di Hutan Mangrove Cengkrong Trenggalek cukup baik karena beberapa faktor abiotik belum sesuai dengan pertumbuhan mangrove yang baik. Hal ini 45Yudista. Dinamika Ekosistem Mangrove, dalam http://www.tnlkepulauanseribu.net/ index.php?which=49. 2011, diakses pada 13 Maret 2020 46Kusmana. Ekologi Mangrove. (Bogor: Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2002), hal. 18 47Anonim. Ekologi Laut Tropis, dalam http://web.ipb.ac.id/-dedi_s, diakses pada 13 Maret 2020 48Ng, dan Sivasothi. A Guide to Mangroves of Singapore Volume 1 The Ecosystem and Plant Diversity and Volume 2. (Singapore: Science Centre, 2001) 49Fachrul, F Melati. Metode Sampling Bioekologi. (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2007), hal. 56 78 sesuai dengan bahwa, tingkat pertumbuhan mangrove yang baik dipengaruhi oleh suplai air tawar, salinitas, kelembapan dan intensitas cahaya.50 2. Tingkat Keanekeragaman Vegetasi Mangrove Cengkrong Trenggalek Tumbuhan mangrove yang ditemukan pada kawasan hutan mangrove cengkrong Trenggalek terdapat 9 spesies mangrove yang berhasil ditemukan. Jumlah keseluruhan spesies yang ditemukan pada kawasan hutan mangrove cengkrong Trenggalek adalah 308. Data selanjutnya akan disajikan dengan tabel 4.2. Tabel 4.2 Hasil Penelitian Vegetasi Mangrove Cengkrong Trenggalek No. Stasiun Plot Nama Spesies Jumlah 1 1 1 Rhizophora apiculata (BI.) 20 Avicennia alba (BI.) 10 Excoecaria agallocha L. (Engl) 12 2 2 Rhizopora mucronata Lmk. 20 Rhizophora apiculata (BI.) 25 3 3 Excoecaria agallocha L. (Engl) 14 4 2 1 Rhizopora mucronata Lmk. 20 Excoecaria agallocha L. (Engl) 15 5 2 Excoecaria agallocha L. (Engl) 35 6 3 Rhizopora mucronata Lmk. 22 7 3 1 Agieceras corniculum L. (Blanco) 20 Achantus ilicifious L. 13 Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith 16 8 2 Excoecaria agallocha L. (Engl) 5 Avicennia alba (BI.) 15 9 3 Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob. 15 Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou 16 Rhizopora mucronata Lmk. 15 Total Keseluruhan 308 50Dahuri. Keanekaragaman Hayati Laut: Aset Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Indonesia. (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2003), hal. 34 79 Rhizophora apiculata (BI.) ditemukan dengan jumlah keseluruhanya adalah 45. Rhizophora mucronata Lmk. juga dapat ditemukan di kawasan penelitian dengan jumlah adalah 77. Avicennia alba (BI.) dapat ditemukan dengan keseluruhan vegetasi mangrove berjumlah 25 individu. Aegiceras corniculatum L. (Blanco) juga dapat ditemukan dengan jumlah 20 individu. Acanthus ilicifolius L. ditemukan dengan jumlah yang sangat sedikit dengan jumlah keseluruhan adalah 13 individu. Sonneratia alba J.E Smith ditemukan dengan keseluruhan jumlah adalah 16. Excoecaria agallocha L. (Engl) ditemukan dengan jumlah keseluruhan vegetasi mangrove paling banyak ditemukan yaitu 81. Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob. dapat ditemukan dengan jumlah keseluruhan adalah 15.Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou vegetasi yang dapat ditemukan dengan keseluruhan total adalah 16. Excoecaria agallocha L. (Engl) adalah tumbuhan yang paling banyak ditemukan di kawasan hutan mangrove cengkrong Trenggalek. Excoearia agallocha L. (Engl) vegetasi mangrove tempat yang cocok untuk berkembang biak berada di lumpur berair, dan kering dengan suhu 30-32°serta kelembapan udara antara 75,3-77,9°C. Sedangkan Acanthus Ilicifolius L. adalah tumbuhan yang sedikit ditemui di mangrove Cengkrong Trenggalek. Acanthus ilicifolius L. berada di suhu 32°C, susbtratnya lumpur dengan kelembapan 78°C. Hasil dari yang saya dapatkan dalam penelitian ini jenis mangrove yang berada di kawasan Hutan Mangrove Cengkrong Trenggalek adalah mangrove sejati. 80 3. Deskripsi Spesies Vegetasi Mangrove Cengkrong Trenggalek Keanakaragaman vegetasi mangrove yang berhasil ditemukan dengan metode line transect, 3 stasiun serta setiap stasiun terdapat 3 plot besar yang berada di Kawasan Hutan Mangrove Cengkrong Trenggalek terdiri dari 9 spesies mangrove. a. Avicennia alba (BI.) (a) (b) (c) Gambar 4.2 (a) bunga, (b) buah, (c) daun (Dokumen Pribadi) Taksonomi Avicennia alba (BI.) adalah sebagai berikut:51 Kingdom : Plantae Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Acanthaceae Genus : Avicennia Species : Avicennia alba (BI.) Hasil dari penemuan peneliti Avicennia alba (BI.) merupakan pohon dengan ketinggian mencapai 10 m dengan akarnya bercabang, sedangkan pada daun berwaran hijau lancing atau merucing ujung daun berukuran 10x4 cm, 51 GBIF, Aviennia alba, (Online) https://www.gbif.org/species/6413459, diakses pada 10 Maret 2020 81 akarnya bercabang-cabang dengan kuat menancapkan di tanah. Bunga hasil penelitian berwarna kuning dengan jumlah yang di dapat ada 2 bunga dengan ukuran sama yaitu 3 mm dan ditemukan di daerah mangrove cengkrong Trenggalek dengan kesuaian jumlah data asli di lapangan yang ditemukan berjumlah 25 Avicennia alba (BI.) Manfaat dari tumbuhan mangrove spesies Avicennia alba (BI.) bisa digunakan sebagai bahan bangunan bermutu rendah, getah dapat digunakan untuk mencegah kehamilan serta buahnya dapat dimakan. Avicennia alba (BI.) merupakan belukar atau pohon yang tumbuh menyebar dengan ketinggian mencapai 25m. Kumpulan pohon membentuk perakaran horizontal dan akar nafas yang bercabang-cabang. akar nafas tipis berbentuk jari (atau seperti asparagus) yang ditutupi oleh lentisel. kulit kayu uar berwarna keabu-abuan atau gelap kecoklatan, beberapa ditumbuhi tonjolan kecil, sementara yang lain kadang-kadang memiliki permukaan yang halus, Pada bagian batang yang tua kadang-kadang ditemukan sebuk tipis.Avicennia alba (BI.) memilki daun, bunga dan buah masing-masing memiliki karakteristik sendiri. Daun permukannya halus, bagian atas hijau mengkilat, bawahnya pucat. unit dan letak sederhana dan berlawanan arah. Bentuk lanset ujungnya meruncing dengan ukuran 16x5 cm.Bunga pada Avicennia alba (BI.) yaitu seperti trisula dengan gerombolan bunga berwana kuning. daun mahkota berjumlah 4 kuning cerah dengan ukuran 3-4 mm.52 52Kehutanan USU. Jenis-Jenis Flora di Ekosistem Mangrove. (Medan Sumatera Utara: Program Studi Kehutanan, 2013), hal. 5 82 b. Rhizophora apiculata (Bl.) (a) (b) (c) Gambar 4.3 (a) Buah, (b) Daun, (c) bunga (Dokumen Pribadi) Taksonomi Rhizophora apiculata (BI.) adalah sebagai berikut:53 Kingdom : Plantae Divisio : Magnoliophyta Phylum : Tracheophyta Order : Malpighiales Family : Rhizophoraceae Genus : Rizophora
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