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Mangrove Plant Ceriops Decandra EXCLI Journal 2016;15:103-112 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: December 12, 2015, accepted: January 24, 2016, published: February 09, 2016 Original article: PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY FROM THE WOOD EXTRACT OF MANGROVE PLANT CERIOPS DECANDRA Aritra Simlai1, Kalishankar Mukherjee2, Anurup Mandal4, Kashinath Bhattacharya3, Amalesh Samanta4, Amit Roy1* 1 Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India 2 Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India 3 Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India 4 Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], Telephone: +91-3463-261101 http://dx.doi.org/10.17179/excli2015-741 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ABSTRACT The development of resistance towards the antibiotics in use today has been a source of growing concern in the modern healthcare system around the world. To counter this major threat, there is an urgent need for discovery of new antimicrobials. Many plants, like mangroves, possess highly diversified list of natural phytochemicals which are known to have wide range of bioactivities. These phytochemicals can be good sources for the discov- ery of new drugs. In this study, we report the partial phytochemical characterization and antimicrobial activities of a semi-purified fraction isolated from the wood tissue of Ceriops decandra, a mangrove plant. This fraction named CD-3PM was chromatographically separated from C. decandra wood extract and was subjected to dif- ferent spectral analyses to determine its partial chemical nature. The structural investigation indicates the pres- ence of two diterpenoids, i) 3β, 13β-Dihydroxy-8-abietaen-7-one and ii) 3β-Hydroxy-8,13-abietadien-7-one in the CD-3PM fraction. The antimicrobial potential of this fraction was evaluated by microdilution-MTT assay against several organisms. Among the nine microorganisms found to be sensitive to the CD-3PM fraction, six organisms are reported to be pathogenic in nature. The CD-3PM fraction with broad spectrum antimicrobial efficacy revealed the presence of two diterpenoids and possesses potential applications in drug discovery process and food processing industries. Keywords: antimicrobial activity, bioactivity guided fractionation, Ceriops decandra, diterpenoids, human pathogens, mangroves INTRODUCTION hibitory potential of a semi-purified phyto- chemical fraction from this plant. The frac- Antimicrobial properties reported earlier in the tissue extracts of Ceriops decandra tion named CD-3PM has been isolated from (Vadlapudi and Naidu, 2009; Chandrasekar- the wood tissue of this plant using chroma- an et al., 2009; Ravikumar et al., 2010; Sim- tographic methods. Ceriops decandra lai and Roy, 2012), have led us to investigate (Griff.) Ding Hou is a shrubby mangrove the partial structural nature and growth in- species of the Rhizophoraceae family found in the Sundarban estuary in India. The spe- 103 EXCLI Journal 2016;15:103-112 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: December 12, 2015, accepted: January 24, 2016, published: February 09, 2016 cies has been reported to be used by tradi- (Prominence, Shimadzu) using a C-18 col- tional healers as relief for wounds, boils, umn (Phenomenex Luna, 4.6 × 250 mm, hepatitis, ulcers, angina, diabetes, diarrhea 5 µm) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with sol- and dysentery (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, vents acetonitrile and water. The semi- 1962; Duke and Wain, 1981; Kathiresan and purified fraction was subjected to GC-MS Ramanathan, 1997; Bandaranayake, 1998; analysis on a gas chromatograph (Trace GC Simlai and Roy, 2013). Previously a number Ultra, Thermo Scientific) hyphenated to of phytochemicals have been isolated and mass spectrometer (Polaris Q, Thermo Sci- identified from C. decandra (Wu et al., entific). The sample was injected into a 2008; Wang et al., 2012; Nebula et al., Thermo TR-WaxMS column (30 m × 2013), but these compounds have not been 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm) and helium gas linked with the antimicrobial activities re- (99.999 %) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min was ported from the crude tissue extracts of this used as the carrier gas. For MS detection, the species (Vadlapudi and Naidu, 2009; Chan- ion source temperature was maintained at drasekaran et al., 2009; Ravikumar et al., 230 °C, electron ionization (EI) was per- 2010; Simlai and Roy, 2012). Vundru et al. formed with an ionization energy of 70 eV (2013) revealed the presence of a wide range and mass range at m/z 40 – 600. The Fourier of phytochemicals as indicated by gas chro- transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was car- matography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) ried out on a Spectrum 100 FTIR spectrome- analysis in C. decandra crude leaf extracts ter (Perkin Elmer) by taking 1 mg of the with antifungal and larvicidal properties. A sample in thin film of potassium bromide study by Sakagami et al. (1998) is the only (KBr). The FTIR spectra were recorded report in which the authors used fractionated within the range of 450 – 4000 cm-1. Nuclear leaf extracts of the plant containing lignin- magnetic resonance (NMR) data for both 1H like polyphenolic structures demonstrating and 13C spectra were recorded on a Bruker its protective effect in mice infected with le- spectrometer (400 MHz) using deuterated thal dose of E. coli. Apart from the observa- chloroform (CDCl3) as the solvent. tions made by Sakagami et al. (1998), we have not come across any other scientific Plant materials report that assigns the observed antimicrobi- Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou al activities seen in this plant to one or more wood samples were collected from phytochemical components in a pure or Sundarban estuary, West Bengal. The dried semi-pure state (Wu et al., 2008; Wang et al., specimen of this plant after proper identifica- 2012; Nebula et al., 2013). In this study, we tion was deposited at the Herbarium of have described the isolation and partial Botany department, Visva-Bharati Universi- chemical characterization of a substantially ty (Accession no. VB/BH/01861). The wood purified phytochemical fraction named CD- from the plant was washed thoroughly under 3PM from the wood tissue of C. decandra. tap water and then with distilled water and The present study also shows growth inhibi- air-dried in shade for several weeks. The tis- tory potential of the fraction CD-3PM on sue were then ground into fine powder using some microbes, some of which are tradition- an electric grinder and stored at room tem- ally considered as threats to human health. perature until use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extraction and bioactivity guided isolation General experimental procedures of CD-3PM fraction The extracted antimicrobial fraction, CD- Powdered wood (1.35 kg) of C. decandra 3PM, obtained from preparative thin layer was sequentially extracted with hexane, ben- chromatography (TLC) plates (described be- zene and chloroform in increasing order of low) was analyzed by doing high perfor- polarity for approximately 46 h using a 5 L mance liquid chromatography (HPLC) soxhlet apparatus. The temperature for ex- 104 EXCLI Journal 2016;15:103-112 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: December 12, 2015, accepted: January 24, 2016, published: February 09, 2016 tractions was 72 °C for hexane and benzene Structural characterization and 61 °C for chloroform. The extracts ob- Partial structural characterization of the tained were filtered using Whatman No. 1 CD-3PM fraction was carried out using ana- filter paper. The filtered extracts were then lytical techniques like GC-MS, FTIR, 1H and concentrated under reduced pressure using a 13C NMR as described above. rotary evaporator and left at room tempera- ture for drying. Test microorganisms These extracts were tested for their anti- The evaluation of the antimicrobial activ- microbial activities using disc diffusion as- ity in this study was performed using seven say (Bauer et al., 1966) as described previ- Gram-positive bacterial strains viz., Bacillus ously (Simlai and Roy, 2012). The benzene subtilis (MTCC 121), Bacillus coagulans, extract which seemed to indicate maximum Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Bacillus antimicrobial activity, was subjected to fur- polymyxa (NCTC 4747), Bacillus pumilus ther separation using preparative TLC meth- (ATCC 14884), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC od in the next step. For most preparative 10240), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC TLC runs, the plates were prepared using 29737); eight Gram-negative bacterial strains Silica gel 60 PF254 containing gypsum viz., Shigella sonnei (NK 4010), Klebsiella (Merck) as the matrix. BEA [benzene: etha- pneumoniae (ATCC 10031), Bordetella nol: ammonia (18:2:0.2)] was used as the bronchiseptica (ATCC 4617), Pseudomonas mobile phase. After the separation, the TLC aeruginosa (ATCC 25619), Providencia plates were allowed to dry at room tempera- spp., Salmonella choleraesuis (NCTC 36), ture so that no residue of the mobile phase Salmonella typhimurium (NCTC 74), Sal- remained in the plate. One of these prepara- monella F 14669 and four fungal strains tive TLC chromatograms was used for ac- Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albi- tivity-guided bioautography (Gupta et al., cans, Microsporum gypseum, Cryptococcus 2010) in an attempt to identify the major an- spp. For the last three fungal strains, spores tibacterial
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