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Performance Characteristics of Ammonia Engines Using Direct Injection Strategies George Zacharakis-Jutz Iowa State University

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Performance Characteristics of Ammonia Engines Using Direct Injection Strategies George Zacharakis-Jutz Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2013 Performance characteristics of ammonia engines using direct injection strategies George Zacharakis-Jutz Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Zacharakis-Jutz, George, "Performance characteristics of ammonia engines using direct injection strategies" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13032. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13032 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Performance characteristics of ammonia engines using direct injection strategies By George Elias Zacharakis-Jutz A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Mechanical Engineering Program of Study Committee: Song-Charng Kong, Major Professor Daniel Attinger Thomas Brumm Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2013 Copyright © George Elias Zacharakis-Jutz, 2013. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... v List of Equations ............................................................................................................................. vii List of Terms .................................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ x Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation.............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objective ................................................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 2 Theoretical background .................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Properties of Ammonia .......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Combustion Characteristics of ammonia ............................................................................... 7 2.3 Energy Storage for Renewable Electric .................................................................................. 9 2.4 Existing Infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Limitations of Ammonia ....................................................................................................... 12 2.6 Liquid Ammonia Direct Injection ......................................................................................... 15 2.7 Gaseous Ammonia Port Injection ........................................................................................ 16 Chapter 3 Experimental Setup ....................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Liquid Ammonia Direct Injection for CI Engine Application ................................................. 19 3.1.1 Engine Stand Apparatus ................................................................................................ 20 3.1.2 Injection System ............................................................................................................ 21 3.1.3 Fuel Delivery and Storage System ................................................................................. 21 3.1.4 Data Collection Hardware/Software ............................................................................. 22 3.1.5 Emissions Analysis ......................................................................................................... 23 3.1.6 Test Procedure .............................................................................................................. 24 3.2 Gaseous Ammonia Direct Injection for SI Engine Application ............................................. 25 3.2.1 Engine Stand Apparatus ................................................................................................ 26 3.2.2 Injection System ............................................................................................................ 28 iii 3.2.3 Fuel Delivery/Storage System ....................................................................................... 29 3.2.4 Data Collection Hardware/Software ............................................................................. 31 3.2.5 Emissions Analysis ......................................................................................................... 33 3.2.6 Test Procedure .............................................................................................................. 33 Chapter 4 Results and Discussion .................................................................................................. 37 4.1 Liquid Ammonia Direct Injection for CI Engine Application ................................................. 37 4.1.1 Performance Characteristics ......................................................................................... 37 4.1.2 Pressure and Heat Release Rate Histories .................................................................... 38 4.1.3 Soot Emissions .............................................................................................................. 53 4.1.4 NOx and NH3 Emissions ................................................................................................. 54 4.1.5 CO and HC Emissions .................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Gaseous Ammonia Direct Injection for SI Engine Application ............................................. 58 4.2.1 Performance Characteristics ......................................................................................... 58 4.2.2 Pressure and Heat Release Rate Histories .................................................................... 64 4.2.3 NH3 and NOx Emissions ................................................................................................. 68 4.2.4 CO2, CO, and HC Emissions............................................................................................ 71 4.2.5 Catalyst Results ............................................................................................................. 75 Chapter 5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 85 5.1 Liquid Ammonia Direct Injection for CI Engine Application ................................................. 85 5.2 Gaseous Ammonia Direct Injection for SI Engine Application ............................................. 86 Chapter 6 Works Cited ................................................................................................................... 90 iv List of Tables TABLE 2.1 KEY FUEL PROPERTIES FOR VARIOUS FUELS CONSIDERED FOR USE IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. ................... 6 TABLE 3.1 YANMAR ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................... 20 TABLE 3.2 CFR ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................. 27 TABLE 3.3 DATA COLLECTED DURING TESTING .......................................................................................................... 32 TABLE 3.4 TEST CONDITIONS FOR GASEOUS AMMONIA DIRECT INJECTION TESTING .......................................................... 34 TABLE 3.5 PERFORMANCE DATA POINTS FOR GASEOUS AMMONIA DIRECT INJECTION TESTING ........................................... 36 v List of Figures FIGURE 3.1 SCHEMATIC OF TEST APPARATUS FOR HIGHLY ADVANCED LIQUID AMMONIA DIRECT INJECTION TESTING ............... 23 FIGURE 3.2 AMMONIA DISSOCIATION CATALYST ASSEMBLY ......................................................................................... 29 FIGURE 3.3 AMMONIA STORAGE CABINET AND HOLDING TANK .................................................................................... 30 FIGURE 3.4 SCHEMATIC OF TEST APPARATUS FOR GASEOUS AMMONIA DIRECT INJECTION TESTING ..................................... 32 FIGURE 4.1 RANGE OF POSSIBLE INJECTION TIMING FOR SUCCESSFUL COMBUSTION USING DIFFERENT DME-AMMONIA FUEL MIXTURES ................................................................................................................................................ 38 FIGURE 4.2 CYLINDER PRESSURES FOR MULTIPLE FIRING CYCLES AND THE HISTORIES OF PEAK PRESSURE AND
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