Landscape Conservation Management Plan

Cambria Swansea, Tasmania

Prepared for Trethowan Architecture on behalf of Cambria Green Agriculture and Tourism Management Pty Ltd.

Dr. CATRIONA McLEOD Consultant: Research & Writing Services Environment • Horticulture • Design • Cultural & Landscape Heritage 0400274364 [email protected]

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction ...... 9 2.0 The Landscape Conservation Management Plan ...... 1 1 3.0 Location and Zones ...... 12 4.0 The Aboriginal Landscape ...... 1 3 5.0 Post‐colonial settlement history ...... 14 5.1 Lieutenant George Meredith and Cambria...... 14 6.0 Sequential development of the landscape at Cambria ...... 15 6.1 The Gardenesque Style ...... 16 6.2 The Pinetum ...... 17 6.3 Scientific Interest ...... 18 7.0 Botanical species at Cambria ...... 20 7.1 Louisa Anne Meredith ~ 1850: My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years, 1850 ... 24 7.2 Observations in Through Tasmania (No. 58) by Our Special Correspondent ...... 28 7.3 Mrs. Marion Shaw (of Red Banks): memory of plants at Cambria ~ 1940s ‐ 1980s ...... 32 7.4 Phyl Frazer Simons (1987) ...... 35 7.5 Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury (2015/6) ...... 36 8.0 Zones ...... 40 8.1 Core Heritage Zone (CHZ) ...... 40 8.1.1 Immediate formal house garden ...... 40 8.1.2 The Shrubbery ...... 43 8.1.3 House orchard and garden ...... 43 8.1.4 Tree‐lined walk (Arcadia) and lower orchard ...... 47 8.1.5 Cambria Lane ...... 48 8.1.6 Riverbank remediation ...... 49 8.2 Pastoral Zone (PZ) ...... 50 8.3 Natural Landscape Zone (NLZ) ...... 50 8.3.1 The dominant native vegetation communities and other TASVEG mapping units in the study area ...... 51 8.4 Development Zone (DZ) ...... 53 8.4.1 Development Zone 1 (DZ1) ...... 53 8.4.2 Development Zone 2 (DZ2) ...... 53 8.4.3 Development Zone 3 (DZ3) ...... 53 9.0 Comparative Analysis ...... 54 9.1 Vaucluse House ...... 54 9.2 Brickendon Estate ...... 55 9.3 Analysis ...... 55 10.0 Assessment of Historic Heritage Significance ...... 57 10.1 Historical Significance ...... 58

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10.2 Aesthetic Significance ...... 60 10.3 Scientific [and Botanical] Significance ...... 61 10.4 Social Significance ...... 62 11.0 Recommended Statement of Significance for the Landscape ...... 63 11.1 What is significant? ...... 63 11.2 How is it significant? ...... 64 11.3 Why is it significant? ...... 64 12.0 Conservation Policies ...... 65 12.1 Statutory Requirements ...... 65 12.1.1 Australian Heritage Council (AHC) (which replaced the Australian Heritage Commission Act 1975 (Commonwealth) in 2004...... 65 12.1.2 Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) ...... 66 12.1.3 Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995 (Tasmania) ...... 66 12.1.4 The Weed Management Act 1999 (Tasmania) ...... 66 12.1.5 Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993 (Tasmania) ...... 67 12.1.6 Aboriginal Relics Act 1975 (Tasmania) ...... 67 12.1.7 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 ...... 67 12.2 Policies and Guidelines ...... 67 12.2.1 The Burra Charter (The Australian ICMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance), 1999 67 12.2.2 ICOMOS‐IFLA International Committee for Historic Gardens Charter ...... 68 12.2.3 ICAHM Charter for the Protection and Management of Archaeological Heritage ...... 69 12.2.4 Australian Natural Heritage Charter (2002) (2nd edition) ...... 69 12.2.5 ‘Ask First ‐ Respecting Indigenous Heritage Place’ – Australian Heritage Commission (2001) ...... 69 12.2.6 The Policy on Water Quality Management 1997 (Tasmania) ...... 70 12.2.7 State Policy on the Protection of Agricultural Land 2009 (Tasmania) ...... 70 12.2.8 State Coastal Policy 1996 ...... 70 12.2.9 Southern Tasmania Regional Land Use Strategy 2010‐2035 ...... 70 12.3 Australian Standards & Legislation for Disability Access and Safety ...... 70 12.3.1 Disability Discrimination Act (1992) (D.D.A.) ...... 70 12.3.2 National Construction Code (2016) ...... 71 12.3.3 Australians Standards ...... 71 12.3.4 Work Health and Safety Act 2012 (WHS Act)...... 71 12.4 Glamorgan Spring Bay Interim Planning Scheme 2015 ...... 71 12.4.1 Council Policies ...... 71 13.0 Heritage Listing in Tasmania ...... 72 13.1 Key Historical themes for Tasmania ...... 73 14.0 Landscape Conservation Policy ...... 74 14.1 Priorities ...... 74 14.2 Integrated Framework of policies ...... 74 1. Topography ...... 74 2. Edges ...... 75 3. Native Vegetation ...... 75 4. River and water quality ...... 76 5. Planted trees ...... 77 6. Gardens ...... 78 7. Lawns ...... 79

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8. Orchards ...... 79 9. Outbuildings and sheds ...... 80 10. Internal Vistas ...... 80 11. Landscape Interpretation ...... 80 12. Landscape Restoration ...... 81 13. Landscape Reconstruction ...... 81 18.0 Managing Users & Threats ...... 82 18.1 Current condition of Zone components ...... 82 18.2 Garden tourism ...... 83 1. Uses of Cambria ...... 84 2. Site entrances...... 85 3. Paths and roads ...... 85 4. Site furniture ...... 86 5. Existing intrusive elements ...... 87 6. Weed management ...... 87 7. Animals ...... 88 8. Water quality ...... 88 9. Noise ...... 88 16.0 Management Systems ...... 89 1. Information Systems ...... 89 2. Tertiary plans ...... 90 3. Landscape Masterplans ...... 90 4. Plant nursery ...... 90 5. Services and infrastructure ...... 90 6. Fire management ...... 91 7. Hazard management ...... 91 8. Review of policies...... 92 9. Research ...... 92 10. Consultation ...... 92 17.0 References ...... 93 APPENDIX A Glossary of terms, abbreviations and acronyms ...... 97 APPENDIX B Tasmanian Heritage Register Datasheet ...... 102 APPENDIX C Statement of Significance for Cambria Homestead ...... 104 APPENDIX D Inventory of Heritage Gardens and Parklands, Australia ...... 105 APPENDIX E Major existing and potential weeds at Cambria ...... 106 APPENDIX F Endemic species appropriate for riverbank remediation at Cambria ...... 108

Table of Figures Figure 1: Cambria, from opposite bank of Meredith River, c. 1850 (Source: Tasmanian Archive and Heritage Office) ...... 9 Figure 2: Extent of existing and recommended heritage overlay. (Source: Trethowan Architecture, Conservation Management Plan 2016)...... 10

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Figure 3: Oyster Bay, on John Dower's 1837 map of Van Diemen's Land (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1837_Dower_Map_of_Van_Dieman%27s_Land_ or_Tasmania_‐_Geographicus_‐_Tazmania‐dower‐1837.jpg ...... 13 Figure 4: Left. Photograph of Pinetum, (HH Bailey, 'R.S. [Royal Society] Garden, Hobart Town', 1875 (W.L. Crowther Library, SLT) (in Sheridan, 2012)...... 17 Figure 5: Right. Bole of remaining Bunya Pine (Araucaria bidwillii) in Pinetum in formal garden, at Cambria...... 17 Figure 6: Louisa Ann Meredith (1812‐1895) (Source: by unknown photographer, Allport Library and Museum of Fine Arts, State Library of Tasmania, AUTAS001125883173) ...... 20 Figure 7: Ewartia meredithiae. (Source: Photo by Harry Loots, Australian Native Plants Society [Australia]) ...... 20 Figure 8 Left. Self‐seeded Blue Gum sapling growing too close to the rear of the house...... 22 Figure 9 Right. The weight of Ivy, sapling weeds and roots pushing over original stonewall to rear of house, despite 20th century pinning...... 22 Figure 10: Phyl Frazer Simon’s sketch plan of Cambria and Red Banks 1987 (1987, p. 260)...... 23 Figure 11: Left. Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) in flower. (Source: http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/crataegus_monogyna.htm ... 27 Figure 12: Centre. Golden Chain Tree (Laburnum spp.) (Source: http://www.caminoway.com/laburnum‐golden‐chain‐trees‐vandusen‐botanical‐garden‐ vancouver ...... 27 Figure 13: Right. Gorse in flower, northeast coast, Tasmania ...... 27 Figure 14: Left. Native Currant (Coprosma quadrifida). (Source: www.aptas.com/sgaptas‐ treasures.htm) ...... 27 Figure 15: Centre. Medlar (Mespilus germanica). (Source: http://en.hortipedia.com/wiki/Mespilus_germanica) ...... 27 Figure 16: Right. A large clump of NZ Flax (Phormium tenax) in parkland, showing damage by recent flooding) ...... 27 Figure 17: Left. Quince (Cydonia oblonga). (Source: http://www.essentialingredient.com.au/recipes/quinces) ...... 27 Figure 18: Centre. Almond (Prunus dulcis). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Almendras_(Prunus_dulcis),_Huérmeda,_Españ a_2012‐05‐19,_DD_01.JPG) ...... 27 Figure 19: Left. Gooseberry (Ribes uva‐crispa). (Source: https://auntiedogmasgardenspot.wordpress.com/2013/06/03/gooseberry‐ribes‐uva‐ crispa‐plant‐care‐guide/) ...... 27 Figure 20: Left. Alpine Strawberry (Fragaria vesca). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_vesca) ...... 27 Figure 21: Centre. Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sambucus_nigra_0002.JPG) ...... 27 Figure 22: Right. Common Fuchsia (Fuchsia magellanica). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuchsia_magellanica_macro.jpg) ...... 27 Figure 23: Left. (Exocarpos cupressiformis). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exocarpos_cupressiformis_fruit_(6700452189).j pg) ...... 31

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Figure 24: Centre. Lightwood (Acacia melanoxylon). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Acacia_melanoxylon#/media/File:Acacia_ melanoxylon.jpg) ...... 31 Figure 25: Right. Oyster Bay Pine (Callitris rhomboidea). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Callitris_rhomboidea_(6446200221).jpg) ...... 31 Figure 26: Left. Briar Rose (Rosa rubiginosa). (Source: http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/invasive‐ species/weeds/weeds‐index/non‐declared‐weeds‐index/sweet‐briar) ...... 31 Figure 27: Centre. Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla). (Source: http://trees.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/location/sydney‐royal‐botanic‐gardens‐and‐ domain/) ...... 31 Figure 28: Right. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica). (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loquat#/media/File:Loquat‐0.jpg) ...... 31 Figure 29: Left. Oleander (Nerium oleander). (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium) . 31 Figure 30: Centre. Chilian Pepper Tree (Schinus molle). (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schinus_molle#/media/File:Schinus_Molle.jpg) ...... 31 Figure 31: Right Hazelnut (Corylus sp.) (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corylus_avellana#/media/File:Corylus_avellana.jpg) ...... 31 Figure 32: Far Right Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata) (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_radiata_Montjuic.JPG) ...... 31 Figure 33: Left. Wisteria sinensis (Source: https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisteria_sinensis#/media/File:N2_Wisteria4.jpg) ...... 33 Figure 34: Centre. Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutus_unedo#/media/File:Maginje_na_Koločepu.JPG) .. 33 Figure 35: Right. Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringa#/media/File:Stockholm‐lilac.jpg) ...... 33 Figure 36: Left. (Robinia (Robinia pseudacacia) (Source: http://bumn.dvrlists.com/robinia‐ pseudacacia/) ...... 33 Figure 37: Centre. Boobialla (Myoporum insulare) (Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Myoporum_insulare.jpg) ...... 33 Figure 38: Right. Yew (Taxus baccata) (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata) . 33 Figure 39: Stone entry steps to formal garden on eastern side of Cambria house. The trees on either side of the steps are Norfolk Island Hibiscus (Lagunaria patersonia) and the Pinetum is shown to the left of these (Source: http://www.farmbuy.com/Listing_Display.aspx?ListingID=97400) ...... 34 Figure 40: Rear garden and gate, with Pinetum behind (n.d.) (Source: (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 34 Figure 41: Left. Front verandah of Cambria house, showing diamond‐set tessellated sandstone flooring, and Wisteria (Source: Thwaites) ...... 35 Figure 42: Left. Front verandah of Cambria house, showing Wisteria ...... 35 Figure 43: Left. The Rondel of roses and ornamental Prunus or Malus species on the left. (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 36 Figure 44: Right. Hedges and conifers behind (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 36 Figure 45: Left. Garden ‐ Driveway Gates (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 36 Figure 46: Right. Wall, Rear Yard (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 36 Figure 47: Above. Garden (Carriage Circle) – c. 1890 (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 37

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Figure 48: Above. Front of house (2001) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 37 Figure 49: Above. The ‘rondel’, without roses, in front of the house in 2016, now enclosed by a low Buxus hedge and filled with pale gravel. Behind the low hedge is a taller hedge of Pittosporum (planted by the Burburys )...... 37 Figure 50: Left. Yellow Banksia Rose, Rear Porch, 1970s (Rosa banksiae lutea )(Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 38 Figure 51: Centre. Front drive (Oct. 1979) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 38 Figure 52: Right. Sunken Garden (Sept. 1979) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 38 Figure 53: Left. Front Verandah (Sept. 1979) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 38 Figure 54: Centre. Front Gate (after) May 1983 (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 38 Figure 55: Right. Pine Trees (Nov. 1986) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 38 Figure 56: Left. New sunken garden (2005) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 38 Figure 57: Right. New herb garden (2005) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 38 Figure 58: Left. Roses in the front garden, (1997) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 39 Figure 59: Right. Rondel with birdbath (1996) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 39 Figure 60: Left Rondel planted with flowering perennials (c. 1997) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 39 Figure 61: Right. Rondel planted with roses and flowering perennials (c. 1997) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 39 Figure 62: Left. Camellia japonica and Jasminum polyanthum on southern side of house (c. 1997) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 39 Figure 63: Right. Flower gardens on southern side of house (c. 1997) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 39 Figure 64: Proposed development and Conservation Zones within recommended Heritage Overlay (Source: Trethowan Architecture) ...... 40 Figure 65: Sketch by Phyl Frazer Simons showing the entry drive from the house gate, taller Pittosporum hedges, Wisteria and low privet hedge around the ‘rondel of roses’ (Source: Frazer Simons 1987, p. 264) ...... 41 Figure 66: The Merediths entertaining guests in the gravelled driveway at Cambria, c. 1906‐20 (Source: Archive of Tasmania) ...... 41 Figure 67: Cambria Lane leading to house entry (to the right), showing the site of the Shrubbery, c. 1906‐08 (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 43 Figure 68: House orchard. c. 1906‐11 (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 45 Figure 69:Left. One of the few remaining apple trees in the orchard – displaying the effects of drought, poor pruning and lack of nutrition (2016)...... 45 Figure 70: Right. A remaining mulberry tree in the house orchard. Although the trunk has spilt and branches are growing horizontally, the girth of the trunk and branches suggest this is a very old plant. This tree is being strangled by the weed Blue Periwinkle (Vinca major).(2016) ...... 45 Figure 71: Hill shadow map showing Cambria house (central) and the drop down to the lower orchard, on the flood plain of the Meredith River. Source: http://maps.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/app/list/map ...... 47 Figure 72: Left. Gate to Arcadia (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 48 Figure 73: Right. The Nut Walk at Cambria, showing the poor state of trees and lack of grass control underneath...... 48

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Figure 74 Left. Cambria Lane looking west or east (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) 49 Figure 75 Right. Cambria Lane, looking west (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) ...... 49 Figure 76 TASVEG vgetaotion Communites at Cambria (http://maps.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/app/list/map?bmlayer=3&layers=959%2c420 .... 51 Figure 77 Left. Extant walnut plantation at Cambria, in Development Zone (Source: http://maps.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/app/list/map) ...... 53 Figure 78 Right. Walnut plantations at Swansea. (http://www.farmbuy.com/Listing_Display.aspx?ListingID=97400 ...... 53 Figure 79 Extant buildings and gardens at Vaucluse. (Source: R. Joyce, Historic Houses Trust) .. 54 Figure 80 Left. The Nut Walk at Brickendon, in the Northern Midlands Tasmania (in the Illustrated Tasmanian Mail, November 12, 1930, by photographer William Fellowes (who had studios in Hobart from 1923‐1931). Again, the dense bowered effect is achieved by regular coppicing...... 56 Figure 81 Right. The Nut Walk at Cambria, showing neglect (2016)...... 56

Table of Tables Table 1: Louisa Anne Meredith ~ 1850: My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years, 1850 ...... 26 Table 2: Through Tasmania. No 58. By Our Special Correspondent, The Mercury, October 1884 ...... 30 Table 3: Marion Shaw (of Red Banks): memory of plants at Cambria ~ 1940s ‐ 1980s ...... 33 Table 4: Phyl Frazer Simons (1987, p.261) ...... 35 Table 5. Native vegetation communities and other TASVEG mapping units in the study area (based on http://maps.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/app/list/map?bmlayer=3&layers=959%2c420 ...... 51 Table 6: Members of DVC Forest Community (Drawn from Kitchener & Harris, S. (2005). From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania's Vegetation. Edition 1. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania, p. 294)...... 52 Table 7: Members of ARS Forest Community (Drawn from Kitchener & Harris, S. (2005). From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania's Vegetation. Edition 1. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania, p. 440‐441)...... 53 Table 8: Ranking of priorities of activities in Landscape Conservation Policy ...... 74 Table 9: Except: from 8 Residential Gardens – rural homestead and suburban gardens (Tasmania) ...... 105 Table 10: Major existing and potential weeds at Cambria ...... 107 Table 11: Endemic species appropriate for riverbank remediation at Cambria ...... 108

Note: the information in this Plan is accurate to 4th September 2016. Acknowledgment must be given to the following for their information, memories and images: • Mr. and Mrs. N.D. Burbury, Evandale • Mrs. Marion Shaw and Sandy Shaw (Red Banks) • Glamorgan Spring Bay Historical Society • Sam Nichols and Bruce Trethowan, Trethowan Architecture • Mrs K. van den Berg

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Note: All photographs taken by author, except where cited. 1.0 Introduction The property of Cambria is located on the northeast coast of Tasmania, two km northeast of the town of Swansea, at 13566 Tasman Highway. After recent long‐term tenure by the Burbury family, the property (and the proximal property, but not house, of Belmont) was acquired by Cambria Green Agriculture and Tourism Management Pty Ltd., in 2015. The business development plan (BDP) for Cambria includes a focus on: 1. improving soil quality; 2. growing organic products such as fruit, vegetables, and other crops for both human consumption and/or grazing needs; 3. refurbishing the heritage homestead to establish a wedding venue, subject to council approval; 4. establishing tracks for tourist access to the unique and precious bush areas; and 5. the possibility of other potential tourism developments1. This Landscape Conservation Management Plan, commissioned by Cambria Green Agriculture and Tourism Management Pty Ltd., is written for the purpose of guiding and informing the above foci of the BDP. Cambria house, the main tenanted building on the Cambria estate, dates back to 1834‐36 and overlooks the Meredith River, named for the Meredith family who were the original European owners at Swansea (see Section 5.0 Post‐colonial settlement history). Colonial writer, artist, botanist and conservationist Louisa Anne Meredith, lived there briefly when she arrived in Tasmania 2.

Figure 1: Cambria, from opposite bank of Meredith River, c. 1850 (Source: Tasmanian Archive and Heritage Office) Notwithstanding the considerable architectural and heritage significance of the main house at Cambria (see Appendix B), the house’s immediate garden, orchards and garden, tree‐lined walk, and Shrubbery were also carefully designed and filled with exotic species by its progenitor, George Meredith. The immediate landscape around the homestead was designed to provide access to and vistas of the house and opportunities for walking, sitting in shade, and taking in the coastal or mountain views. For planning purposes, the management area comprises four Zones, as identified by Trethowan Architecture and the author of this report: 1. Core Heritage Zone (CHZ) (see Section 8.0). 2. Pastoral Zone (PZ) (see Section 8.0). 3. Natural Landscape Zone (NLZ) (see Section 8.0). 4. Development Zone (DZ), which is broken into three sub‐zones (see Section 8.0).

1 Department of State Growth (2015) “Chinese investment in agri‐tourism and water” China engagement report: Strengthening Tasmania’s relationship with China – outcomes of the last 12 months, November 2015, p. 9. 2 Meredith, L.A. (1852) My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 1852, eBook No.: 1600411h.html (2016)

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Figure 2: Extent of existing and recommended heritage overlay. (Source: Trethowan Architecture, Conservation Management Plan 2016).

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2.0 The Landscape Conservation Management Plan A Conservation Management Plan “… is a tool that helps owners, managers and assessing bodies make sound decisions about conserving and managing heritage places. It identifies the place’s cultural heritage significance, sets of conservation policies to protect the cultural heritage significance of the place in light of change and provides a strategy for putting these policies into action”. 3 This Landscape Conservation Management Plan (LCMP) complements the Conservation Management Plan4 undertaken by Trethowan Architecture [which incorporates A Historical Study of Cambria Estate: ‘The Government House of the East’ by Glamorgan Spring Bay Historical Society 5]. Cambria is an extensive and layered landscape, comprising substantial specific landscapes, gardens, buildings and other features relating to pastoral use beginning with George Meredith’s purchase and development. It has a range of heritage values related to:  creative achievements;  design and aesthetic qualities;  evidence of a distinctive way of life, land use and function;  its value generally to the Tasmanian community and cultural groups for cultural, historical and social associations;  its value to the Tasmanian botanical and horticultural community;  its value to the Tasmanian heritage fruit community;  local indigenous historical activity;  its rare qualities and rare intactness;  some components are notable examples;  aspects that are likely to provide information through research or teaching; and  significant habitat, remnant orchard and parkland. The LCMP considers a number of implications arising from the heritage significance of Cambria, as well as a range of other legislative, management, physical and stakeholder issues; these have been used as the basis for the development of (as a primary component) a Landscape Conservation Policy (see Section 14.0), and secondarily Management of Users and Threats (Section 15.0) and Management Systems (Section 16.0) including those related to Indigenous heritage values; natural heritage values; the gardens and landscape, (including natural and cultivated trees); the buildings and other structures (as included in landscape curtilage: Cambria house and major buildings historical archaeological features, such as barns and sheds (discussed in Conservation Management Plan) 6; the broader setting for Cambria; use of the place; new development; and interpretation. Cambria house is entered on the Tasmanian Heritage Register (see Appendix B) and there is a statutory obligation to prepare a conservation management plan for the site. The method to develop the LCMP accords with the Burra Charter 7, the national standard for such documents. Cambria is a large and complex area, and generally the LCMP deals with stories and issues relating to the whole site or management area), or which have an impact at the landscape scale. The LCMP does not attempt to provide management guidance for every individual component, but only to the extent that they are distinctive.

3 Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (2015) Guideline: Heritage Conservation Management Plans, p. 2. 4 Trethowan Architecture (2016) Conservation Management Plan: Cambria Estate 13566 Tasman Highway, Swansea, Tasmania, Unpublished report. 5 Historical Study of Cambria Estate: ‘The Government House of the East’ by Glamorgan Spring Bay Historical Society 6 Conservation Management Plan: Cambria Estate 7 Australia ICOMOS 1999, The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS charter for the conservation of places of cultural significance.

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As noted, the LCMP comprises a primary component, a Landscape Conservation Policy, and secondarily Management of Users and Threats and Management Systems. The LCMP also recommends the development of a set of tertiary plans; these are noted in the secondary components, where appropriate. There are a number of limitations with this LCMP, especially regarding the natural environment, aspects of historical research, some consultations, and mapping. It is anticipated that the LCMP will be an evolving document, with sections updated as new research is undertaken to complete particular plan tasks. Such new research could also impact on other sections of the plan. 3.0 Location and Zones Cambria is located on the central east coast of Tasmania, 2 km northeast of the town of Swansea, at 13566 Tasman Highway. It formerly comprised 5,324 ha (13,156 acres) and is used for mixed farming. At its peak of use, the estate extended to more than 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) 8. This report focuses on the land parcel 148001/1, which includes the Core Heritage Precinct, but also takes into account adjacent parcels of land, which were part of the historic, wider Cambria property. For this report the management area comprises the following Zones, as identified by Trethowan Architecture and the author of this report:

1. CORE HERITAGE ZONE (CHZ) comprising:  Formal garden, including the ‘rondel of roses’, entry drive from house gate, conifers and hedges  Orchard and garden (including greenhouse and windmill)  ‘Arcadia’ – the tree‐lined walk  Cambria Lane  The Shrubbery  Lower Orchard (on the riverbank)  Riverbank remediation

2. PASTORAL ZONE (PZ) comprising:  ‘House Paddock’  ‘Drawing Room Paddock’ 3. NATURAL LANDSCAPE ZONE (NLZ) comprising:  All riverbank remediation along Meredith River  ‘The Sands’  Selective inter‐planting and weed management throughout the management area

4. DEVELOPMENT ZONE (DZ) comprising: DZ1: Walnut plantation, and associated sheds DZ2: New development, planted buffer/screening strip along highway & carparks DZ3: Remaining transport and circulation corridors These descriptions detail a well‐planned (if not perpetually well‐maintained) property, which has been largely reduced in scope and size since George Meredith first worked it (for reasons discussed in Conservation Management Plan: Cambria Estate 9.

8 Farmbuy.com (2016) Available at http://www.farmbuy.com/Listing_Display.aspx?ListingID=97400 9 Conservation Management Plan: Cambria Estate

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4.0 The Aboriginal Landscape

Indigenous history is discussed in this report as indigenous peoples have interacted with and had an impact on the landscape for at least 35,000 years. Most landscapes in Australia have strong cultural elements because of the impact of Aboriginal occupation and management. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, people from the Paredarerme Aboriginal nation and language group occupied the wider Oyster Bay region (see Figure 3). The Paredarerme was estimated to be the largest indigenous nation in Tasmania, with ten clans totalling 700 to 800 people, and large congregations at hunting sites and at the coast and also inland, due their good relations with the Big River nation. Conversely, the Douglas‐Apsley region (and river) may have been a borderline between the Paredarerme and the North Midlands nation, as relations were mostly hostile between them. The Paredarerme would have been at the coast for autumn and winter, where it was warmer and ranged inland to the High Country in the hotter months. This seasonal movement provided a diet of seafood, ocean salmon, bream, seals and birds, seals and whales on the coast and kangaroos, wallabies and possums inland. Shell middens are restricted to locations along the shoreline, where there is ready access to shellfish and other marine or estuarine resources, and usually they have an associated fresh water source. Although the river is brackish upstream of where Red Banks house now stands, numerous springs and streams would have fed it, and provided a year‐round supply of fresh water. Figure 3: Oyster Bay, on John Dower's 1837 map of Van Diemen's Land (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1837_Dower_Map_of_Van_Dieman%27s_Land_or_Tasmania_‐_Geographicus_‐_Tazmania‐dower‐ 1837.jpg Middens are common along the east coast of Tasmania, particularly at river mouths and along riverbanks. Burial sites too are extremely important to the Tasmanian Aboriginal community and under revised coronial legislation the Tasmanian Aboriginal Land & Sea Council (TALSC) must be contacted immediately a suspected Aboriginal burial is located. Sites of special significance to Tasmanian Aboriginal people are also present in the landscape, and need not show any archaeological traces. 10

10 Ryan, L. (1996) The Aboriginal Tasmanians, Second Edition, Allen & Unwin, Available at http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/Aboriginal_Tasmanians#North_East, pp. 11‐12.

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5.0 Post‐colonial settlement history 5.1 Lieutenant George Meredith and Cambria In 1789 the English explorer Captain John Henry Cox sailed up the eastern coast of Tasmania in his armed brig HMS Mercury in search of reported large colonies of seals. In July of that year, Cox sailed along the western shore of Maria Island, seeking wood and water, into a stretch of water he named Oyster Bay. While there, he charted Maria Island and to the south, Marion Bay. Swansea, originally called Waterloo Point, was not settled until 1821 when Lieutenant George Meredith of the Royal Marines and his family arrived from Pembrokeshire, Wales. He applied to the Colonial Office for letters of introduction to settle in Van Diemen's Land. Although his wife died while he was preparing to procure a ship, the family governess Mary Evans consented to accompany him on the voyage and to continue to care for his children; they later quietly married before embarkation11. He set out in October with his farm equipment, sheep and personal possessions, and that of his partners, Joseph Gregson and Thomas Archer. After arrival, and having been accustomed to coastal farming in Wales, Meredith deemed, that “according to government surveys, the most promising land lay at Oyster Bay [see Figure 3], about 140 miles (225 km) distant on the eastern coast, and a small party set out in a whale‐boat to visit the district. Close examination proved the land to be greatly inferior to the official descriptions, but certain parts capable of development were selected and the party returned to Hobart on 24 April to lodge the formal applications”. 12 Meredith obtained a grant from Lieutenant Governor William Sorell to farm in the area around Oyster Bay, following the presentation of his letters of introduction. Following this, a small schooner was chartered to take the settlers to Oyster Bay, where they found part of the granted land occupied by William Talbot, an emigrant Irishman. After due consideration, and withdrawal from the district by Talbot, the dispute was determined in Meredith’s favour. The Meredith River proved to be a good site for a tannery and flour mill, and the land around was developed and made suitable for seasonal crops: the grants were developed and improved. Whaling stations were also set up on nearby islands to enable the export of whale oil. These and other enterprises kept Meredith busy travelling to Hobart and he would have been apprised of the affairs of colonists in that city and around the state. The Merediths built their first simple timber hut on the southern bank of the Meredith River, on what is now the Red Banks property. In about 1827 they moved into Belmont house, a larger home 1.6 km inland. By 1836 Meredith had designed and built Cambria, across the river from the site of the first cottage. Many of the larger trees had been planted, and the garden designed and developed, even before the homestead was built. The management of the estate eventually devolved to George’s sons. Mary died in 1842 and George in 1856. Their second son John remained in charge until his father’s death.13 The Conservation Management Plan (Trethowan Architecture) notes the, … much larger Cambria estates, consisting of multiple farms and properties, that were developed by 2nd Lieutenant George Meredith R.N. (retired) as an amalgamation of multiple land grants, land acquisitions and Crown leases; the freehold estate, including land owned by his eldest son George Jnr, extending to 13,000 acres by 1826. At the centre of this entity sat the homestead of the individual Cambria estate. 14

11 Hodgson, D. (1967) 'Meredith, George (1777–1856)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/meredith‐george‐2449/text3269, published first in hardcopy 1967, accessed online 27/5/2016. 12 Hodgson, 1967/2016 13 Hodgson, 1967/2016 14 Conservation Management Plan: Cambria Estate

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6.0 Sequential development of the landscape at Cambria The first step, … in claiming the colonial landscape was to clear the land and to define it geometrically, as a square, a rectangle, or, rarely, as a circle. The wild indigenous bush was kept at bay by a post and rail fence. The wood of the forest became the timber of the first homestead. The next plan was to plant ‐ one could say ‘impose’‐ exotics and possibly, to retain some remnant vegetation because it was useful. These plantings might form the simplest of axes, and an old tree became a picturesque reference to the past. A site might be chosen that was elevated. This offered both aspect and prospect. One could see and be seen. A site might be chosen with a dramatic backdrop, wild mountains perhaps which presented a picturesque contrast to the cultivated garden. With economic success, owners could take the next step and rebuild incorporating the old into the new, consolidating their proprietorial claim. 15 George Meredith was making plans for his garden soon after settling at Cambria, before the house was built. This places the laying‐out and establishment of the garden between 1821 and 1827. The homestead sat uninhabited while the family lived at George Meredith Jnr’s property Redbanks, on the opposite bank of the Meredith River, following stints at a simple cottage on the riverbank, called, Creek Hut. Although not a very early colonial garden, as Hubbard describes above, Meredith would have undertaken the arduous tasks or land‐clearing and fence construction. Less arduous would have been the designing of the garden for best views, in this case eastwards to the ocean downstream of the Meredith River. The development of the homestead gardens was undertaken while Cambria house was being constructed. During this period, trees, hedges and orchards were ‘being planted out’. Mary Meredith, son Edwin, and the Meredith’s gardener ‘marked out the flower and vegetable gardens’. 16 Edwin noted, “[it] was a common event for my mother to take me with her for the day, taking our dinner with us, spending the day sewing [sic] flower seeds or planting out bulbs etc & return home to Belmont a mile distant, in the evening in time for tea”. 17 Much correspondence between the Meredith family and friends centred on Cambria and its gardens, to the extent that they actively contributed to the garden’s development in the form of sharing advice, plants, bulbs and cuttings. In addition to the apple cuttings provided by the Reverend Knopwood by 1824, further cuttings and bulbs were gifted by visiting friends: Hyacinth bulbs and yellow Chrysanthemums from the gardens of Woodsden, near Buckland, a gift to Mary Meredith from Sarah Browne (S. B.) Cruttenden (sister of Woodsden’s owner Thomas Cruttenden18) following her visit to Cambria19 and Gooseberry cuttings (see Figure 19) from Mrs. Nixon, wife of Bishop Nixon, to Mary Meredith’s daughter Fanny in c. 1850 ‐ 60,20

15 Hubbard, T. (2001) Reaching Out: The Landscape Inside & Outside the Garden Gate at Meningoort. Paper given at the 2nd Landscape Seminar held by Heritage Victoria 14th September. p. 2 16 Pioneers of the East Coast from 1642: Swansea – Bicheno, p. 34. 17 A Historical Study of Cambria Estate, p. 26. 18 ‘St. John the Baptist, Buckland – the Church’, Dottie Tales: Tales about history and much more, 27 January 2016, accessed online 17 May 2016: https://dottietales.wordpress.com/2016/01/27/st‐john‐the‐baptist‐buckland‐the‐church/ 19 George and Mary Ann Meredith and John and Maria Meredith, Reference to the index of the Meredith Family Papers, 2010, University of Tasmania Library Special and Rare Materials Collection, (Unpublished), p. G.4/A, accessed online 17 May 2016: http://eprints.utas.edu.au/22693/ 20 Reference to the index of the Meredith Family Papers, p. G.4/A, accessed online 17 May 2016: http://eprints.utas.edu.au/22693/

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possibly from the gardens of Bishop Nixon’s home Bishopstowe at New Town near Hobart.21 Jessie Meredith,22 Fanny’s younger sister,23 sought (at the request of Cambria’s gardener) French bean seeds from the gardens of Rostrevor, near Triabunna, prior to 1884. There were other perfunctory requirements of the estate, which would have been established early, including the orchard, kitchen garden and greenhouse/s (there are the remains of one greenhouse on the site at time of writing; yet Mrs. Shaw 24makes reference to ‘greenhouses’). Through his extensive and frequent travels Meredith would have been exposed to the gardens of dignitaries and business people, which only those with land, water and cheap labour could afford, notwithstanding the late Victorian fashion in Tasmania for Ferneries. George Meredith took his ideas from the geometric garden style (c. 1830s ‐ 1870s), which made reference to eighteenth century English and French gardens. This style possessed a strong geometry in its layout and planting design. 25 It employed angular lines, and he intended the strong columnar forms of the various exotic and native conifers to frame the view. These striking trees, when fully grown, would also signal to anyone passing on the main road that here was an estate of importance and age. Further, they framed the house upon arrival along the main drive, and stood sentinel to the entry to the gravel forecourt of the front verandah (and in doing so, protected this area from wind). The layout of the estate, while geometric, is not an ‘orthogonally gridded design’. It demonstrates Meredith’s experience in travel, his wish to demonstrate, visually, his domain: his ships moored outside the mouth of the Meredith River, his pastured paddocks and the adjacent parkland. 6.1 The Gardenesque Style Meredith, through his travels and business was possibly familiar with the notions of John Claudius Loudon, the English garden writer and publisher who founded the Gardeners’ Magazine in 1826. His designs and theories became known through this magazine and his other writings, and the Gardenesque style is attributed to Loudon26. Loudon states, “a garden should be recognised as work of art not an imitation of nature. He believed that the display of characteristics of an individual plant was of more importance than the overall garden scheme”.27 After being initially inspired by the artistically and visually oriented Picturesque, Loudon later coined the term Gardenesque to refer to a new style: irregular, picturesque gardens that were also intended as settings for botanical study. 28 (See Comparative Analysis, Section 9.0) The Gardenesque emphasised “the use of foreign plants – to heighten the appearance of art – an aspect of his theory that had a lasting affect in Australia”.29 Loudon had developed connections in Australia well before his publications. His wife Jane described (in her account of her husband’s life) the

21 Runnymede house in New Town, Hobart was purchased by Bishop Nixon in 1850 and renamed Bishopstowe. (W. R. Barrett, 'Nixon, Francis Russell (1803–1879)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1967, accessed online 5 May 2016: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nixon‐francis‐russell‐ 2509/text3389) 22 Reference to the index of the Meredith Family Papers, p. G.4/C, accessed online 17 May 2016: http://eprints.utas.edu.au/22693 23 The request of beans was made by Jessie Meredith to her brother‐in‐law George Mace, owner of Rostrevor; George Mace died in 1884. (Reference to the index of the Meredith Family Papers, p. G.4/B, accessed online 17 May 2016: http://eprints.utas.edu.au/22693/) 24 Mrs. Shaw, Personal communication, 2016. 25 Heritage South Australia (1998) Gardens in South Australia 1840 ‐ 1940 Guidelines for Design and Conservation, Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs & The Corporation of the City of Adelaide, p. 3. 26 Among Loudon’s publications were An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1822) and the major work Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum (1838). 27 Loudon, cited in Baskin, J. & Dixon T. (1996) Australia’s Timeless Gardens, Canberra, National Library of Australia. p. 20 28 Australia’s Timeless Gardens, p. 20 29 Morris, cited in Aitken, R. & Looker, M. (2002) The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, (Eds.), Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 377

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Gardener’s Magazine as “the universal means of communication amongst gardeners … of incalculable benefit to them”30 Tasmania was settled by Europeans in 1803 as the ‘ideal’ English landscape debate, with its Sublime, Picturesque and Beautiful meanings, reached full flower … Many people carried a vision from ‘home,’ outlined succinctly by John West. West … noted ‘Whatever [the emigrant] rank, he dreams of the day when he shall dwell in a mansion planned by himself; [and] survey a wide and verdant landscape called after his name’. This was a vision which also included a living heritage, that of the establishment of gardens and shrubberies, trees and flowers.31 In the nineteenth century, the use of exotic plants in England became increasingly popular, as the British Empire expanded and plant expeditions returned from China, South Africa, Australia, and North and South America. Conversely, settlers in Australia desired to collect not only the plants they remembered from home, but also the exotic and rare plants being discovered on these expeditions, as a means of demonstrating their status and knowledge. For example, the chaplain of Hobart Town had roses growing in his garden as early as 1815. 32 6.2 The Pinetum The Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens in Hobart, … functioned as the lieutenant‐governor's garden, with limited public visitation during the first superintendent William Davidson's time (1828–34). Lt‐Governor Arthur had a heated wall and superintendent's cottage built (1829). Arthur requested seeds and plants and in 1829, in response to his initial request, possibly both were sent, primarily 'forest' trees, grasses, grains, and nuts. 33

Figure 4: Left. Photograph of Pinetum, (HH Bailey, 'R.S. [Royal Society] Garden, Hobart Town', 1875 (W.L. Crowther Library, SLT) (in Sheridan, 2012). Figure 5: Right. Bole of remaining Bunya Pine (Araucaria bidwillii) in Pinetum in formal garden, at Cambria. F. W. Newman was appointed Superintendent in 1845, and most likely began the Pinetum and the collection of conifers, for which the garden is widely known (see Figure 8). This Pinetum was expanded

30 Morris, cited in The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, p. 378. 31 Sheridan, G. (2006) Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens: the companion to Tasmanian History. Hobart: Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies. Available at http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/R/Royal%20Bot%20Gardens.htm 32 The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, p. 587. 33 Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens: the companion to Tasmanian History.

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under the botanist and administrator Francis Abbott (1859–1903), with certain conifers arriving almost at the same time as they were introduced into England (for example Sequoiadendron giganteum). There was note in 1853 of, … it bursting forth in the Gardeners’ Chronicle in England … where it created Wellingtonia mania, a one‐year‐old seedling costing a guinea. In Van Diemen’s Land it was listed in the Royal Society’s first Catalogue of Plants, apparently ready for printing by 1852, but not published until 1857. A Wellingtonia gigantea was sent to J. Crookes in 1864, and in 1866 R. Q. Kermode of Mona Vale received two, which cost 5/‐. Research to date suggests that the Queen’s Orphan School large sequoia at New Town was likely planted in the early 1860s, while other places with sequoias such as Government House, the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens (probably 1870s). 34 The Pinetum, was “popularised during the mid‐nineteenth century … and reflected the interest in recent introductions, such as North American conifers and the enthusiastic advocacy of J. C. Loudon, especially in his espousal of the Gardenesque, which valued foreign plants as one mode of introducing art over nature in the garden”. 35 Our Special Correspondent noted in 1884 the significant and advanced collection of conifers. The “bold forms of conifers [in early Australian gardens] also began to assume new prominence in the pleasure ground during the 1840s to 1860s, in stark contrast to the fussiness of the flower garden. Conifers were the quintessence of masculine gardening; exploration for new species was tinged with pleasure. Had not poor David Douglas perished in their quest? ‘They represent the manhood of the vegetable world’, quipped Gardeners’ Chronicle, as ‘orchids represent the womanhood’”. 36 6.3 Scientific Interest Francis Abbott believed the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens should be scientific, educational and practical, in addition to having aesthetic charm. Norfolk Island pines and tree ferns (Dicksonia antarctica), for example, were exported overseas and exchanged for exotic trees and shrubs such as orchard and rose varieties: Plant distribution … to public places and private gardens within Tasmania also occurred, its legacy immense … The Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens are intimate gardens, which reflect the botanical scientific input of managers across time, coupled with the flavour of a nineteenth‐century Victorian park space. 37 There was also strong botanical interest in native species. The establishment of scientific institutions in Hobart had encouraged experimentation with useful plants especially those for medicinal, timber and other purposes). 38 Later additions to the gardens will have reflected the growing trend for the Cottage Garden Style (c. 1840s+), an organised, often symmetrical, yet eclectic ‘survival’ style of garden, rich in flowering perennials and annuals, and which incorporated stylistic traits from other styles according to the time and owner’s interests. 39 The years from 1820 to 1840 in Tasmania, were, ... marked by a great influx of free settlers, by inland exploration and road development, and was rich in description of the virgin forests with their new and strange plants. Interest in the vegetation was stimulated and sustained by surveyors and overseas visitors, whilst

34 Sheridan, G. (2012) Tasmanian Historic Gardens and their ‘prospects’; then and now, Studies in Australian Garden History, Volume 3‐2012. 35 The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens p. 474. 36 Aitken, R. (2010) The Garden of Ideas: Four Centuries of Australian Style, Carlton, Vic.: Miegunyah Press. p. 110. 37 Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens: the companion to Tasmanian History. 38 (Juliet Ramsay, pers. Comm. in Context Pty Ltd, Urban Initiatives Pty Ltd & Doyle, H. (August, 2002) Port Arthur Historic Site Landscape Management Plan, Report prepared for Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority. p. 28. 39 Gardens in South Australia 1840 ‐ 1940 Guidelines for Design and Conservation, p. 3.

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the arrival of scientific expeditions such as Captain Fitzroy in H.M.S Beagle, Sir James Ross with the Erebus and Terror, and Admiral D’Urville of the Astrolabe heralded the dawn of a new and exciting era in botanical history. 40 George Meredith was a prodigious collector of exotic ornamental species. He also had a sophisticated orchard, which would have provided the house with sufficient fruit for fresh and preserved consumption. The orchard also produced walnuts for trade and apples for cider‐making. The scale of the orchard is considerable and required the installation of the Althouse windmill for the provision of water41. The east coast of Tasmania has a particularly low rainfall, due to the topography: “average rainfall along much of the east coast is generally much lower [than inland] – 600‐800 mm per year”42 The siting of the property on the banks of the Meredith River was astute, but as with most rivers on the east coast, it would run low or even dry in the summer months. Further, Mrs Shaw notes the water was often brackish / salty tasting, above Red Banks (and perhaps in line with the Meredith’s Creek Cottage) and therefore unsuitable for long‐term irrigation. The installation of the windmill would have drawn deeper and less brackish water for irrigation. Mrs Shaw noted two springs on the property on the other side of the Tasman Highway were blocked in the 1980s. She knew of no reason for this, but did observe it would have affected the trees in the house orchard). 43 The Meredith family entertained members of the clergy, governors and their wives and other graziers. In her overview of fine Tasmanian gardens, Phyl Frazer Simons notes, The garden [at Cambria] at the height of its influence in mid Victorian times was used in the entertainment of visiting dignitaries … Visitors were shown the house, the unique circular rabbit warren structure and the fine collection of fruits. 44 Colonial gardens were typically developed first out of need (food, timber, hedging, for example) and secondarily for aesthetic purposes. George Meredith, in contrast, planned and planted (certainly the mature trees and Pinetum) prior to building and establishing the orchards (house and lower). Meredith then invested in a third phase – the planting of exotic and unusual species gleaned from his travels and from the early garden societies and nurseries in Hobart, such as Daniel Bunce’s Denmark Hill nursery in Hobart Town, established in 1853. 45 Unlike many estate owners of the time, George Meredith also implemented elements of folly and pleasure – such as the tree‐lined walk (‘Arcadia’, the (hazel)Nut Walk and the ‘sly nooks’ of the orchard.

40 Potts, B., Kantvilas, G. & Jarman, J. (2006) Janet Somerville’s Botanical History of Tasmania 1642‐1820, (Eds.), Hobart: University of Tasmania and Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. pp. xxi‐xxii. 41 Our Special Correspondent (1884) Observations in Through Tasmania, The Mercury Supplement, (No. 58), October 1884. notes the presence of the Althouse Windmill in 1884 42 BOM 2008a, p. 31 in Evans, K (2012)‘Antipodean England’? A History of Drought, Fire and Flood in Tasmania from European Settlement in 1803 to the 1960s. Unublished PhD thesis. Hobart: UTAS. p. 19. 43 Mrs Shaw, Personal communication March 1, 2016 44 Frazer Simons, P. (1987) Historic Tasmanian Gardens, Canberra: Mulini Press. p. 5. 45 The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, p. 588

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7.0 Botanical species at Cambria In this section, three written documents, two conversations (one of which is complemented by photographs), are examined, in order to generate lists of the species and forms of the gardens and orchards of Cambria over time. The main limitation to assessing the cultivated trees at Cambria and their significance is estimating when many of them were planted. While historic records, photographs and various studies of the cultivated flora at Cambria have identified only some individual trees, groups of trees and orchard plantings, there is a complexity caused by the various layers of occupation of the study area. Cambria has only been studied on a few occasions, so it is likely further revelations about the planted flora will come to light. The natural heritage of Cambria includes some stands of native trees/woodland and other flora, as well as habitat for native wildlife. The landscape portrays the range of layers of European occupation, from the early 19th century through to the present day. In particular, the landscape reflects pastoral landscape patterns. The first document is the memoirs of Louisa Anne Meredith (née Twamley46) (see Figure 10), My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years, published in 1852. On 18 April 1839 Louisa married her cousin, Charles Meredith, in Old Edgbaston Church, Birmingham. Charles had emigrated to Van Diemen’s Land in 1821 with his father George, and family. For most of her life Louisa Meredith lived on properties around Swansea, including Riversdale (a property in the region), but she was, from her own account, particularly drawn to Cambria.

Figure 6: Louisa Ann Meredith (1812‐1895) (Source: by unknown photographer, Allport Library and Museum of Fine Arts, State Library of Tasmania, AUTAS001125883173) Figure 7: Ewartia meredithiae. (Source: Photo by Harry Loots, Australian Native Plants Society [Australia]) “The distinctiveness and beauty of Tasmanian flora have attracted many artists. Louisa Anne Meredith (1812‐1895), a long‐time resident during the nineteenth century … used the flora in combinations to make beautiful accurate paintings, but with usefulness in identification a secondary

46 Tasmanian Government Department of Premier and Cabinet: (2016) Louisa Anne Meredith. Available at http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/csr/information_and_resources/significant_tasmanian_women/significant_tasmanian_women_‐ _research_listing/louisa_anne_meredith

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priority”.47 That said, she had an impact in Tasmania sufficient that the “specific name of Ewartia meredithiae commemorates the botanical artist” (see Figure 11).48 Further, Louisa Anne’s “flora and fauna drawings … won many awards and in 1884, after her husband’s death, the Tasmanian Government awarded Louisa a pension of one hundred pounds for distinguished literary and artistic services to the colony”.49 The second document by ‘Our Special Correspondent’, in The Mercury Supplement, October 1884, was part of a regular series in which the author describes their rambles around the state, and discusses particular estates and properties. George Meredith, as noted, travelled widely for business throughout the state and would have purchased seed, orchard trees and exotic plants in Hobart. Cambria was also a popular property to visit. ‘Our Special Correspondent’ (1884) notes, … the largest mulberry trees in Tasmania are at Cambria, and in the lower orchard two apple trees blossom for the sixtieth time in company with two venerable pear trees near. The apples were a present to the late Mrs. George Meredith, from the first divine to land in this country, the late Rev. Robert Knopwood. 50 The Reverend Robert Knopwood, the first chaplain of Hobart Town, kept a diary, a daily record of his own activities and those of the settlement, and in it he writes frequently of his pride in his garden51. He makes many references to being busey [sic] and walking in his garden, collecting seeds (such as loquet [sic]), preparing the ground for seedlings (such as cabbage, peas, and lettice [sic]), and cutting Asperagus [sic] (Knopwood, 1805‐1808). He was, … generous with the produce [potatoes], giving it to the Governor, to friends, to people in need and to visiting ships. From the ships he received in return seeds, fruit stones and trees from the ships’ landfalls elsewhere, including New Zealand. By 1814 he describes in his journal growing grass and decorative shrubs and thenceforward his garden became a decorative and a productive one.52 The third list comes from the acutely sharp memory of 90‐year old Mrs. Marion Shaw, still resident at Red Banks, across the Meredith River from Cambria. Mrs. Shaw and Mrs. Burbury both note plants had to withstand the hot northerly wind in summer 53, so only the most robust exotic and native plants could survive, unless behind a windbreak, or in a greenhouse (as with the early table grapes, for example). Mrs. Shaw noted her father worked at various times in the ‘greenhouses’ (plural, Mrs. Shaw noted) at Cambria, and as a child and teenager she had an intimate knowledge of the gardens, until the Bales bought the property, after which time she had her own family and property concerns. 54 Collectively these memories provide a rich history of the plant species at Cambria, certainly while the Merediths were in residence. When (in the late 1970s) Mr. and Mrs. Burbury (junior) finally moved into the house, they found the garden in extreme disrepair; full of lots of dead or dying plants and weeds (due to the drought and lack of care). Mrs. Burbury says, I thought back then you had to have an English garden around a Georgian house and

47 Burns, D. (2012) Pathfinders in Tasmanian Botany: an honour roll of people connected through naming Tasmanian plants, Devonport: Tasmanian Arboretum Inc. p.163. 48 Pathfinders in Tasmanian Botany: an honour roll of people connected through naming Tasmanian plants, p. 197. 49 Warner, G. (2009). Country House of Tasmania: Behind the doors of our finest private colonial estates, Crows Nest NSW: Allen & Unwin. p. 46 50 Observations in Through Tasmania (1884) 51 Monks, L. (1967) 'Knopwood, Robert (Bobby) (1763–1838)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, Available at http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/knopwood‐robert‐bobby‐2314/text3003, published first in hardcopy 1967. 52 Australia’s Timeless Gardens pp. 17‐18 53 Mrs. Shaw, personal communication March 1, 2016 & Mrs. Burbury, Personal communication 54 Mrs. Shaw, personal communication March 1, 2016

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set out to try and do this … I’ve since discovered I was beating my head against a brick wall! I did my best but year after year the wind blew down the hollyhocks, the lawn [that replaced the gravel drive] died every summer and the beds of annuals never looked healthy. 55 During visits over several years to the United Kingdom, Italy and France, Mrs Burbury observed, “the ease with which English gardens remain so well‐established – plenty of rain, warm but not the windy and hot summers … made me realise that here in Australia we had to rethink our old ideas and habits of continually trying to nurture English plants in a hot climate” (in Dixon, 2010). Finally, a visit to Melbourne Botanical Gardens at Cranbourne made the Burbury’s, “aware of the delight in using gravels, grasses, box hedges and herbs … Our Georgian house, after all, was more Italian countryside than English manor … My ultimate goal [was] to gravel the whole of the back area and plant Mediterranean species”. 56 From photographs, it appears they achieved this effect, and produced a garden that was also more drought‐tolerant and wind‐hardy. The Burbury’s legacy includes extended use of gravel for paths and the drive, refinement of the hedging at the front of the house, replanting of roses in the ‘rondel’ form, use of Mediterranean plants such as Acanthus mollis and Laurus nobilis, and the planting of hardy citrus varieties. At the time of writing (2016), two years after the Burbury’s departure, the gardens, orchard and lower orchard are again in disrepair. Lack of water to the gardens and lower orchard has resulted in loss of many of the older fruit and specimen trees (notably pears and apples). Flooding and accumulation of debris in the lower orchard, and (conversely) drought in the top orchard and formal garden has caused the demise of many of the older trees and shrubs. Weeds strangle remaining shrubs and trees. Many of the original or early‐planted hedgerows and shrub‐fences (Hawthorn) have been poorly maintained and allowed to sucker, or have died from drought or age. There are trunks of dead trees in both orchards. Weeds, such as those listed in Appendix E are threatening the ongoing viability of many plant species and, in some cases, walls and other built elements (see Figures 8 and 9). Appendix E also notes and describes several weeds of potential hazard; these weeds would thrive in the soils and climate at Cambria, and should be noted in the preparation of a tertiary Weed Management Plan.

Figure 8 Left. Self‐seeded Blue Gum sapling growing too close to the rear of the house. Figure 9 Right. The weight of Ivy, sapling weeds and roots pushing over original stonewall to rear of house, despite 20th century pinning.

55 Burbury, in Dixon, T. ‘Georgian evolution’, (2010) Outback Magazine. Issue 70 ‐ Apr/May, Available at http://www.outbackmag.com.au/stories/article‐view?604 56 ‘Georgian evolution’, 2010.

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The fourth description (and by far the briefest) is that by the author Phyl Frazer Simons (1987), in her book Historic Tasmanian Gardens. Frazer Simons describes each garden in her book, according to region. The gardens of the east coast, around Swansea, include those of Red Banks and Cambria (see Figures 10 and 21). 57

Frazer Simons draws largely on Louisa Anne Meredith’s memoirs for her discussion of Cambria; despite errors of fact and spelling, she describes the garden nearly ten years after Mr. and Mrs. Burbury (Jnr.) took it on. The walnuts lining the drive, to which Frazer Simons refers (1987), no longer exist, and the Robinias have since disappeared (Mrs. Shaw at Red Banks noted they frequently ‘blew down’, which would be feasible, given this species is often top heavy and in heavy rains the weight of the foliage would not be held in the wet soil by the roots).58

Figure 10: Phyl Frazer Simon’s sketch plan of Cambria and Red Banks 1987 (1987, p. 260).

57 Historic Tasmanian Gardens. P.260 58 Mrs. Shaw, Personal communication March 1, 2016

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7.1 Louisa Anne Meredith ~ 1850: My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years, 1850

Common Name Botanical Name Comments Native flowering shrubs Not specified Poppies Papaver spp. Annual, from seeds Stocks Matthiola spp. Annual, from seeds Wallflowers Erysimum spp. Annual/perennial, from seeds Marigolds Tagetes spp. Annual, from seeds Golden Wattle Not specified. This common name was applied to many species. Snowy Tea‐tree Most likely Melaleuca The sapling wood of this endemic species ericifolia was useful for constructing fencing and windbreaks, for example Huge old Gumtrees Not specified. Endemic species include E. viminalis, E. amygdalina, E. globulus, E. obliqua and E. ovata. Roses Rosa spp. Grown from cuttings Jasmine Jasminum spp. Grown from cuttings Shrub Geraniums Pelargonium spp. Grown from cuttings Hawthorn hedges (see Figure 11) Crataegus monogyna This Hawthorn species from Europe was used as fence, windbreak and hedgerow. Hawthorn is a Declared Noxious Weed in Victoria and South Australia. Hawthorn is not a declared weed in Tasmania; rather, the Hawthorn hedgerow is “considered to be part of the cultural heritage that has made Tasmanian landscapes famous” (Tamar Valley Weed Strategy Working Group, 2015) Grown from cuttings/seed/suckers Gorse (‘live fences’) (see Figure Ulex europaeous Gorse is a declared weed in Western 13) Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory. A large garden and orchard, well Not specified stored with the flowers and fruits cultivated in England Apples “suffer severely here from Malus domestica varietals American Blight: Origin (~1805‐15) the American blight” Any plant louse of the family Aphididae, characterised by a waxy secretion that appears like a jumbled mass of fine, curly, white cottony or woolly threads, as Eriosoma lanigerum (woolly apple aphid or American blight) and Prociphilus tessellatus (woolly alder aphid). Pears Pyrus spp. The Burburys described the couple of remaining pear trees in the lower orchard as producing poor quality table fruit, but excellent for stewing or preserving. Medlar (see Figure 15) Mespilus germanica This fruit has been known and cultivated since Roman times, and is valuable as it fruits in winter. They are eaten when ‘bletted’, that

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Common Name Botanical Name Comments is, softened during storage. They can be eaten raw or turned into jelly, wine and a ‘medlar cheese’. Quince (see Figure 17) Cydonia oblonga Another ancient fruit, loved in Turkey and northern Asia. It is highly perfumed, but inedible raw. It is however, delicious stewed, made in to a paste, or preserved. Almond (see Figure 18) Prunus dulcis, syn. Prunus Originally a tree from central Asia, the seed, amygdalus or ‘almond’ is of a peach, with the flesh discarded. Cherry Prunus avium & P. cerasus No cherries remain on the site now. They are (sour cherry) possibly the most fickle of the cold‐weather fruits (notwithstanding the peach, nectarine and apricot, noted below). “… all the family of plums, from Prunus spp. “The Magnum Bonum was first mentioned in the portly magnum bonum, 1676 … Not a choice dessert fruit, this plum looking like the golden fruit of the was reserved for baking, preserving, or Hesperides, and demanding to be sweetmeats and was especially esteemed for preserved in syrup, to the luscious its large, handsome golden yellow bloomy Orleans, delicate green appearance” (Hatch, p.112). and yellow gages, and the Although the Orleans plum has been known common damson”. in the UK since the 17th Century, it is most likely of French origin. The fruit is medium‐ sized and round‐oval, with dark red skin, a thick purple bloom and small russet dots on the surface. It is noted as an excellent cooking plum and reasonable as a dessert plum. “Seedling peach trees, which Prunus persica spp. sometimes bear the third year” “… the better kinds of peach, Apricot: Prunus armeniaca together with the apricot and nectarine, are less plentiful. The summer frosts … will destroy almost the whole”. Gooseberry (English) (see Figure Ribes uva‐crispa Grown from canes 19) Raspberries (“fine and plentiful”) Rubus idaeus Grown from canes Currants Ribes spp. Grown from canes Strawberries “are rarest of all” Fragaria spp. Grown from runners Alpine strawberry (see Figure 20) Fragaria vesca Grown from runners The “out‐of‐doors vines produce Vitis spp. Grape varieties that would tolerate the grapes … but here the hothouse outdoor climate would most likely be table and greenhouse supply for so long grapes. There is a grape on site now, a time … that the vines on the anecdotally described by Mr. Burbury as a outer walls are but little valued”. South African white wine grape. The orchard, with its fine trees and shady grassy walks, some broad, and straight and long, others turning off into sly little nooks and corners English or Black Elderberry (see Sambucus nigra Not the shrub elderberry, but from the same Figure 21) genus. Laburnum (see Figure 12) Laburnum sp. Known as Golden Chain Tree and famed in

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Common Name Botanical Name Comments Europe for arching Laburnum Walks (“rich purple”) lilac (see Figure 35) Syringa spp. Louisa Anne notes, “I do not think the white variety has yet graced these our Antipodean climes, at least I have not yet seen it”. A thicket of filbert and hazel Filbert: Corylus maxima [this could be the Nut Walk, in Arcadia] bushes, which bear plenty of nuts The filbert is a species of hazel native to in Autumn. Hazel: Corylus spp. southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, from the Balkans to Ordu in Turkey. The hazel is a genus of deciduous trees and large shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The fruit of the hazel is the hazelnut. New Zealand flax (see Figure 16) Phormium tenax, also P. There is a large clump of Phormium tenax purpureum group remaining in the lower orchard, which has been flood damaged but in otherwise good condition. NZ Flax was imported to the colony for rope making and, Frazer (1987) notes, for ‘garden ties’. “some brilliant natives of the Some Tecoma capensis (Cape Honeysuckle) Cape” exists at Red Banks; this might be one of the ‘Cape natives’ to which Louisa Anne refers. the common red, scarlet, and Pelagonium spp. Grown from cuttings large purple geraniums Crimson and pink China roses Rosa spp. Grown from cuttings Common fuschia (see Figure 22) Fuschia magellanica Grown from cuttings Double violets Viola spp. Grown from seed or divisions Better and newer kinds of These are annual bedding Picotee describes flowers whose edge is a geraniums, pansies, picotees, plants, including picotee different colour than the flower's base fuschias and other ‘florists’ petunias, pansies and colour. flowers’ carnations All grown from seed “A circular inclosure [sic] in the garden forms a small rabbit warren, well stocked with the common kinds”. Huge gorse‐bushes (see Figure 13) Gorse is a declared weed in WA, NSW, SA, Victoria, Tasmania and the ACT. Turnips and springing corn All annual vegetables would have been grown from seed. “Pic‐nic [sic] parties were very popular with our summer circle at Cambria, and several pretty spots were successively selected as the scenes of our rural banquets” “Some very handsome bushes, Leucopogon sp. (‘beard‐ Endemic species. some – a species of Leucopogon – heath’ or ‘beard heath’) bearing a very small white berry, and others a pink and white fruit called native currants, not Coprosma quadrifida Edible raw or stewed. remarkable for fine flavour, but (Native currant) Endemic species very ornamental and pretty …” (see Figure 14) A huge oak, by the river Possibly Quercus robur This tree remains, in a poor state, in the lower orchard. Table 1: Louisa Anne Meredith ~ 1850: My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years, 1850

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Figure 11: Left. Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) in flower. (Source: http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/crataegus_monogyna.htm Figure 12: Centre. Golden Chain Tree (Laburnum spp.) (Source: http://www.caminoway.com/laburnum‐golden‐chain‐trees‐vandusen‐botanical‐ garden‐vancouver Figure 13: Right. Gorse in flower, northeast coast, Tasmania

Figure 14: Left. Native Currant (Coprosma quadrifida). (Source: www.aptas.com/sgaptas‐treasures.htm) Figure 15: Centre. Medlar (Mespilus germanica). (Source: http://en.hortipedia.com/wiki/Mespilus_germanica) Figure 16: Right. A large clump of NZ Flax (Phormium tenax) in parkland, showing damage by recent flooding)

Figure 17: Left. Quince (Cydonia oblonga). (Source: http://www.essentialingredient.com.au/recipes/quinces) Figure 18: Centre. Almond (Prunus dulcis). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Almendras_(Prunus_dulcis),_Huérmeda,_España_2012‐05‐19,_DD_01.JPG) Figure 19: Left. Gooseberry (Ribes uva‐crispa). (Source: https://auntiedogmasgardenspot.wordpress.com/2013/06/03/gooseberry‐ribes‐uva‐crispa‐ plant‐care‐guide/)

Figure 20: Left. Alpine Strawberry (Fragaria vesca). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_vesca)

Figure 21: Centre. Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sambucus_nigra_0002.JPG) Figure 22: Right. Common Fuchsia (Fuchsia magellanica). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuchsia_magellanica_macro.jpg)

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7.2 Observations in Through Tasmania (No. 58) by Our Special Correspondent

Common Name Botanical Name Comments Black, silver and prickly wattle Not specified. These Endemic species common names were Grown from seed applied to many various species. Gum Not specified Grown from seed Cherry Tree (see Figure 23) Exocarpos cupressiformis Endemic species Grown from seed She Oak Casuarina spp. Endemic species Grown from seed Lightwood (see Figure 24) Acacia melanoxylon This is, most commonly, the highly useful ‘blackwood’, ideal for boat, tool and furniture making. Also known as Sally wattle, hickory, mudgerabah, Tasmanian blackwood, black wattle or blackwood acacia. This species has an edible seed, commonly roasted and ground. Wattles were harvested and grown for uses such as fencing, firewood and construction. A. Acacia melanoxylon is a fast‐growing, upright species, which is also drought‐ tolerant. Endemic species. Grown from seed Overgrown gorse hedges (see Gorse is a declared weed in WA, NSW, SA, Figure 13) Victoria, Tasmania and the ACT. Overgrown briar hedges (see Rosa rubiginosa Now a significant environmental weed in Figure 26) Commonly known as Tasmania. Used as a fence or windbreak. ‘Sweet Briar’ Incredibly hardy and drought‐tolerant. Although not (yet) a declared weed in Tasmania its presence in fields can inhibit stock movement, reduce productivity and harbour rabbits and other vermin (DPIWE, 2014) Grown from cuttings/seed Oyster Bay Pine (see Figure 25) Callitris rhomboidea Endemic species. Grown from seed Native Box Bursaria spinosa Bursaria spinosa, and is known by many common names, including Australian blackthorn, Blackthorn, Christmas bush, mock orange, native blackthorn, native olive, prickly box, prickly pine, spiny box, and sweet bursaria. Endemic species. Grown from seed The grounds in front are laid out The species of the Shrubbery are not described or listed. handsomely as a Shrubbery and landscape garden, of which Mr. Meredith is very proud, for they are of his own creating. With the exception of a few trees Insignis: Pinus radiata Radiata pine, formerly referred to as Monterey pine of the pine variety, which were or insignis pine, is a large softwood native to a very limited area of the grown from nursery saplings, all west coast of North America. have been raised from seeds. Lambertiana: The sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) is the tallest and largest

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Common Name Botanical Name Comments There are pines, Insignis, of all pines. Lambertiana, Cunninghami, Cunninghami: Araucaria cunninghamii is a species of Araucaria known as Douglasii, etc., auracarias, hoop pine. Other less commonly used names include colonial pine and Queensland pine. Douglasii: This could describe Pinus douglasiana a species in the pine genus native to a small area in Mexico or Pseudotsuga menziesii, a species native to large areas of western N. America and introduced to other temperate areas. Araucarias: Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), Bunya Pine (A. bidwillii), Norfolk Island Pine (A. heterophylla). Four kinds of pitosporum [sic] Pittosporum Native but not endemic spp. Grown from cuttings/seed Moreton Bay figs (see Figure 27) Ficus Native but not endemic. Grown from cuttings/seed macrophylla Chilian pepper tree (see Figure Schinus Fast‐growing exotic tree, which produces pink peppercorn‐ 30) molle like fruits (and used as a poor substitute). Frequently used as a shade tree, over pens and coops. Loquat (see Figure 28) Eriobotrya One very old tree still remains in the formal garden; japonica whether it is an original tree is uncertain. Grown from seed cedar Cedrus spp.? Not specified A circular bed, planted with roses, Rosa spp. Grow for cuttings tulips, polyanthi, hyacinths. Tulipa spp. Grown from bulbs Primula spp. Grown from seed Hyacinthus Grown from bulbs spp. The Daphne has flowered all D. odorata Grown from cuttings winter, as have the stocks and Matthiola Grown from seed heliotrope. sp. Grown from cuttings Heliotropium sp. In the oleander I recognised an Nerium N. oleander is either native to or naturalised from old Indian friend (see Figure 29) oleander Mauritania, Morocco and Portugal eastward through the Mediterranean region and the Sahara, through to China. Grown from cuttings The largest mulberry trees in Tasmania are at There is a very old Mulberry tree on the edge of the Cambria … orchard at present; it appears to have been damaged severely over time, by storms, hard pruning, gazing by stock, drought, or a combination of all. (see Figure 72) … and in the lower orchard two apple trees The note of sixtieth year as blossoming indicates the apple blossom for the sixtieth time in company with trees were planted in the 1820s, well before the house was two venerable pear trees near. built. Grown from cuttings/seeds. The apples were a present to the late Mrs. [Knopwood’s] diary is a daily record of his own doings and George Meredith, from the first divine to land in those of the settlement … he writes frequently of his pride this country, the late Rev. Robert Knopwood. in his garden. (Monks). His diary makes many references to being busey [sic] and walking in his garden, collecting seeds (such as loquet [sic]), and preparing the ground for seedlings (such as cabbage, peas, and lettice [sic]), cutting Asperagus [sic]. 59 Prominent among the trees are Prunus dulcis, syn. Prunus amygdalus two Jordan almonds of great size, “The almonds shipped from Malaga are of the kind called Jordan almond …

59 (Knopwood, 1805‐1808)

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Common Name Botanical Name Comments dating from the settlement of the such is the superior value of the Jordan almond. The Jordan almond is estate. distinguished in its appearance from the common, or Valencia almond, by its greater length”. 60 Almond trees grow at intervals “We have several varieties of almonds in the Colony, such as the hard‐ through the garden in pairs, one shelled sweet almond, the thin or paper‐shelled almond, the Jordan each side a walk. A central one almond & several others … The Jordan almond has only been imported to has a short butt nearly 3ft. in this Colony by Mr. Busby”. 61 diameter … Those with their “The best variety is known [to the English buyers’] commerce as the Jordan branches ascend to a height of 40 … They call it the "Large e line' a descriptive name meaning simply "the ft., and the shadow of the tree large, line almond." As to the origin of this name Jordan there is nothing when the sun is overhead covers new to orier [timetable]. It may be a corruption of the French word a space of 150 ft. in "jardin," meaning garden, or the name can easily have related to the origin circumference. The fruit trees are of the first importations into England, erroneously supposed to have come numerous and healthy. from the River Jordan”. 62 Grown from cuttings/seed The approach to Cambria ia [sic] up a lane shaded on both sides The ‘young pine plantation’ could have been by high hawthorn hedges. The home paddocks, under English Pinus radiata, the exotic Monterey Pine. grass, are divided by similar hedges, and in one corner near the This is a fast‐growing species with an easily‐ house is a young pine plantation. worked wood. The wattles growing up on these Possibly Acacia properties on the Coast will make melanoxylon them more valuable year by year. A splendid grove of walnut trees go nearly round two sides of An African Oak is noted. Over 450 species of the upper orchard, and these, the almonds, and hazel and filbert oaks are from the genus of Quercus, but the nuts, from a copse near by, yield in themselves an income. so‐called African Oak is not a Quercus. It is Oldfieldia africana and has heavy, hard, In the lower orchard is a fine English oak, just bursting into leaf, teak‐like reddish brown timber ideal for and near it an African. The latter Mr. Meredith remembers shipbuilding. “The wood of Oldfieldia trimming with his knife in 1854, when it was about as big as a africana was probably one of the first wallaby springer. woods traded from tropical West Africa to Europe. Already in the 18th century it was imported in Britain as a substitute for oak for ship building”. 63 The house is of course supplied and, additional to this, troughing in the home paddocks is kept filled with pure, sweet water for the stock. The mill and pump would pay for themselves, even if the bed of succulent lucerne watered by it, and the certainty and plenty of vegetables secured were the only advantage … I think it a pity more people do not avail themselves of modern appliances for irrigation. An outlay of £100 will irrigate sufficient land to grow roots and greenstuff during trying times, to save and keep in condition 1,000 sheep and 20 head of cattle, besides amply supplying premises and making garden produce a definite matter. The fruit trees are numerous and healthy. Recently Mr. Meredith erected an Althouse windmill, which pumps water into tanks on an elevated staging, and from these piping conveys water to central points, where hose reaches the whole of the garden and orchard in rear of the house, and in the same manner the flower garden and Shrubbery in front are watered.

Table 2: Through Tasmania. No 58. By Our Special Correspondent, The Mercury, October 1884

60 Busby, J. (1938) Journal of a Recent Visit to the Principal Vineyards of Spain and France: With Some Remarks on the Very Limited Quantity of the Finest Wines Produced Throughout the World, and Their Consequent Intrinsic Value; an Attempt to Calculate the Profits of Cultivating the Vine; a Catalogue of the Different Varieties of Grape; and an Estimate of the Profits of Malaga Fruits; Together with Observations Relative to the Introduction of the Vine Into New South Wales January 1, p. 47 61 Shepherd, T. (1835) Lectures on Landscape Gardening in Australia. [Edited by J. McGarvie], p. 73. 62 Fairchild, D. G. (1902) Spanish Almonds and their introduction into America, Bureau Of Plant Industry ‐ Bulletin No. 26, U. S. Department Of Agriculture, Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 10. 63 PlantUse (2015) Oldfieldia africana (PROTA), Available at http://uses.plantnet‐project.org/en/Oldfieldia_africana_(PROTA).

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Figure 23: Left. (Exocarpos cupressiformis). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exocarpos_cupressiformis_fruit_(6700452189).jpg) Figure 24: Centre. Lightwood (Acacia melanoxylon). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Acacia_melanoxylon#/media/File:Acacia_melanoxylon.jpg) Figure 25: Right. Oyster Bay Pine (Callitris rhomboidea). (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Callitris_rhomboidea_(6446200221).jpg)

Figure 26: Left. Briar Rose (Rosa rubiginosa). (Source: http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/invasive‐species/weeds/weeds‐index/non‐declared‐weeds‐ index/sweet‐briar) Figure 27: Centre. Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla). (Source: http://trees.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/location/sydney‐royal‐botanic‐gardens‐and‐ domain/) Figure 28: Right. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica). (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loquat#/media/File:Loquat‐0.jpg)

Figure 29: Left. Oleander (Nerium oleander). (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium)

Figure 30: Centre. Chilian Pepper Tree (Schinus molle). (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schinus_molle#/media/File:Schinus_Molle.jpg) Figure 31: Right Hazelnut (Corylus sp.) (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corylus_avellana#/media/File:Corylus_avellana.jpg) Figure 32: Far Right Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata) (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_radiata_Montjuic.JPG)

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7.3 Mrs. Marion Shaw (of Red Banks): memory of plants at Cambria ~ 1940s ‐ 1980s

Common Name Botanical Name Comments Walnuts Juglans sp. The variety at Cambria is the Franquette. Grown from seed/cuttings Wisteria (see Figure 33) Wisteria sp. The thickness of the winding base of the Wisteria (most likely W. sinensis) suggests it may be an original plant, planted by George Meredith. Grown from cuttings/seed Strawberry Tree (see Figure 34) Arbutus unedo Although the fruit of this Mediterranean tree is edible, it is grown for its attractive form, and as a nectar producer for honey production. Grown from cuttings/seed Primrose Primula spp. Grown from seed Carnations Dianthus spp. Grown from seed Gladiolus Gladiolus spp. Grown from bulbs Heliotrope (‘Cherry Pie’) Heliotropium arborescens Grown from cuttings Dahlias Dahlia spp. Grown from tubers Heleniums Helenium spp. Grown from seed Stocks Matthiola spp. Grown from seed Himalayan Musk (Rose) R. brunonii (Species) Could be pink Paul’s Himalayan Musk, Rosa moschata var.‘Nepalensis’ ‘Rosa brownii’ or white Rosa moschata ‘La Mortola’. Grown from cuttings Grape – white table variety Vitis spp. Grown from cuttings Rondel of roses (see Figures xxx, xxx) Poppies Papaver spp. Grown from seed Clematis Clematis sp. Grown from cuttings Hazelnuts Corylus genus Grown from cuttings Lilac (see Figure 35) Syringa sp. Grown from cuttings Robinia (see Figure 36) Robinia spp. Grown from cuttings. She notes they Possibly Robinia pseudacacia frequently “blew down”. Daphne Daphne sp. Most likely D. odorata Grown from cuttings Snapdragons Antirrhinum spp. Grown from seed Daisies Brachyscome spp. Grown from cuttings Lilies Lilium spp. Grown from bulbs Buddleias Buddleia spp. Grown from cuttings Pride of Madeira Echium spp. Grown from cuttings Pink Japonica Chaemomeles spp. Grown from cuttings White Japonica Chaemomeles speciosa Grown from cuttings Banksia Roses (yellow) (see Figure Rosa banksiae lutea Grown from cuttings 49) Boobialla (see Figure 37) Myoporum insulare Endemic species; “the proper one, not the coastal wattle”. Magnolia Magnolia spp. Grown from cuttings Sunflowers Helianthus spp. Grown from seed

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Salvia Salvia spp. Grown from seed/cuttings Irises Iris spp. Grown from rhizomes Hydrangeas Hydrangea spp. Grown from cuttings Pittosporum Pittosporum spp. Grown from cuttings ‘Shrubbery’ Not specified Laburnum Laburnum spp. Grown from cuttings Yew tree (see Figure 38) Taxus baccata Grown from cuttings, seed Greenhouses Tended for a unspecified period by Mrs Shaw’s father Apples Malus domestica varietals Not specified. Grown from seed/cuttings Norfolk Island Hibiscus (see Figure Lagunaria patersonia Very tolerant in salty windy coastal 39) sites. Mrs. Shaw recalls two at Cambria and two in the local churchyard. Table 3: Marion Shaw (of Red Banks): memory of plants at Cambria ~ 1940s ‐ 1980s

Figure 33: Left. Wisteria sinensis (Source: https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisteria_sinensis#/media/File:N2_Wisteria4.jpg) Figure 34: Centre. Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutus_unedo#/media/File:Maginje_na_Koločepu.JPG) Figure 35: Right. Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringa#/media/File:Stockholm‐lilac.jpg)

Figure 36: Left. (Robinia (Robinia pseudacacia) (Source: http://bumn.dvrlists.com/robinia‐pseudacacia/) Figure 37: Centre. Boobialla (Myoporum insulare) (Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Myoporum_insulare.jpg) Figure 38: Right. Yew (Taxus baccata) (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata)

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Figure 39: Stone entry steps to formal garden on eastern side of Cambria house. The trees on either side of the steps are Norfolk Island Hibiscus (Lagunaria patersonia) and the Pinetum is shown to the left of these (Source: http://www.farmbuy.com/Listing_Display.aspx?ListingID=97400)

Figure 40: Rear garden and gate, with Pinetum behind (n.d.) (Source: (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

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7.4 Phyl Frazer Simons (1987)

Common Name Botanical Name Comments From the road the garden is Hawthorn: Crataegus monogyna reached by a avenue of hawthorn and robinia, with sycamore on Robinia: Robinia spp. Commonly some boundaries, and leads to a known (in America) as ‘Locust’ circular drive and open space in front of the house. Sycamore: this name could be applied to several species The conifers planted long ago have See comments by Our Special This may be part of The Shrubbery. now reached maturity, and their Correspondent dark forms at the front gate make a striking contrast to the sunny open space in front of the house. The circular bed here is surrounded Box: Buxus spp. by a box hedge, and enclosed shrubs and roses (from her sketch, see Figure 65) The collonaded [sic] verandah has a very old wisteria twining along it (see Figure 41) Line walnuts entry drive [sic] Privet hedges (from her sketch, see Figure 65) Conifers, Norfolk Island Pine, Araurcaria bidwellii [sic] (from her sketch, see Figure 65) Table 4: Phyl Frazer Simons (1987, p.261)

Figure 41: Left. Front verandah of Cambria house, showing diamond‐set tessellated sandstone flooring, and Wisteria (Source: Thwaites) Figure 42: Left. Front verandah of Cambria house, showing Wisteria

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7.5 Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury (2015/6) The Burburys (junior) took over Cambria from Mr Burbury’s parents, in the late 1980s. They ‘inherited’ a desolate garden – drought‐affected, weed‐filled and rose‐less; one that had been ‘let go’, to focus on the matters of the farm. Mrs. Burbury first attempted to recreate the traditional Cottage Garden Style plantings of flowering herbaceous perennials and annuals she saw in photographs of the house in the early twentieth century. She later revised this plan after travelling overseas to the United Kingdom, Italy and France. She looked instead to the Mediterranean methods of gardening, including the extended use of gravel for paths and the drive, refinement of the hedging at the front of the house, the replanting of roses in the ‘rondel’ form, the replacement of lawn with gravel or garden beds, and trying a new palate of harder, drought‐resistant plants. Figures 43 to 63 show the formal garden, from c. 1900.

Figure 43: Left. The Rondel of roses and ornamental Prunus or Malus species on the left. (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 44: Right. Hedges and conifers behind (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

Figure 45: Left. Garden ‐ Driveway Gates (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 46: Right. Wall, Rear Yard (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

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Figure 47: Above. Garden (Carriage Circle) – c. 1890 (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

Figure 48: Above. Front of house (2001) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

Figure 49: Above. The ‘rondel’, without roses, in front of the house in 2016, now enclosed by a low Buxus hedge and filled with pale gravel. Behind the low hedge is a taller hedge of Pittosporum (planted by the Burburys 64).

64 Personal communication Mrs. Burbury, March 2016

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Figure 50: Left. Yellow Banksia Rose, Rear Porch, 1970s (Rosa banksiae lutea )(Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 51: Centre. Front drive (Oct. 1979) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 52: Right. Sunken Garden (Sept. 1979) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

Figure 53: Left. Front Verandah (Sept. 1979) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 54: Centre. Front Gate (after) May 1983 (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 55: Right. Pine Trees (Nov. 1986) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

Figure 56: Left. New sunken garden (2005) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 57: Right. New herb garden (2005) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

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Figure 58: Left. Roses in the front garden, (1997) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 59: Right. Rondel with birdbath (1996) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

Figure 60: Left Rondel planted with flowering perennials (c. 1997) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 61: Right. Rondel planted with roses and flowering perennials (c. 1997) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

Figure 62: Left. Camellia japonica and Jasminum polyanthum on southern side of house (c. 1997) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 63: Right. Flower gardens on southern side of house (c. 1997) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

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8.0 Zones As noted in the Introduction, the management area comprises the following ZONES (see Figure xx):

1. Core Heritage Zone (CHZ) 2. Pastoral Zone (PZ) 3. Natural Landscape Zone (NLZ) 4. Development Zone (DZ)

Figure 64: Proposed development and Conservation Zones within recommended Heritage Overlay (Source: Trethowan Architecture)

8.1 Core Heritage Zone (CHZ) 8.1.1 Immediate formal house garden The Core Heritage Zone comprises the immediate formal house garden, including the former ‘rondel of roses’, entry drive from house gate, conifers and hedges; orchard and garden (including greenhouse and windmill); ‘Arcadia’ – the tree‐lined walk; Cambria Lane; the Shrubbery; the lower orchard and Meredith River bank remediation. From Louisa’s account at least, arrival at the front of the house, by horse, would have been a special journey, as intended by its creator George Meredith. Visitors would pass through the front gate, marked on each side by a large stone. The hedgerow‐lined drive slowly revealed glimpses of the large pine trees, then the house. The drive finally turned up and to the right into the front garden. This garden, planned and executed by George, contained a gravelled turn, around what is described by Mrs.

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Shaw (Red Banks) as a ‘rondel of roses’. 65 The visitors then disembarked at the covered verandah, edged in jasmine and wisteria. 66 Apart from the creation of drama at arrival, the front garden was designed to protect plants and inhabitants from the hot northerly winds. Plants had to be robust and dense; hedges of Pittosporum spp. 67protected more delicate plants, such as roses and annuals. The ‘rondel of roses’, to which Mrs Shaw 68and Frazer Simons 69refer, is a descriptor that seems to have no gardening precedents. The term ‘rondel’ is more commonly used to describe a round hedge, rather than a hedge enclosing roses. Nonetheless, the presence of this rondel garden at Cambria dates back to at least Louisa Anne Meredith’s visits to the estate. Figure 65: Sketch by Phyl Frazer Simons showing the entry drive from the house gate, taller Pittosporum hedges, Wisteria and low privet hedge around the ‘rondel of roses’ (Source: Frazer Simons 1987, p. 264) The Pinus species (including the Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), Bunya Pine (A. bidwilli), and Norfolk Island Pine (A. heterophylla) were known for their hardiness. The exotic conifers would have been seen by George in Botanical Gardens and taken his fancy. There is an unsubstantiated mention of a Wellingtonia at Cambria: Sequoiadendron giganteum (Wellingtonia gigantea as it was then).

George Meredith’s garden would have been a pleasant place to visit. According to his daughter‐in‐law’s observations, there were shady walks, beds of colourful flowering annuals, a well‐stocked greenhouse, a productive orchard and many exotic species. This was a sophisticated rural garden, away from Hobart, but worthy of visitation by dignitaries. An analysis of the lists in this section suggest Cambria was part of a network of gardens (and gardeners), statewide, which aimed to propagate and disseminate exotic and commercial species. Figure 66: The Merediths entertaining guests in the gravelled driveway at Cambria, c. 1906‐20 (Source: Archive of Tasmania)

In 1849, several scientific groups joined together to form the Royal Society of Tasmania for Horticulture, Botany and the Advance of Science, the first Royal Society outside of Britain. Members had connections with Kew Gardens and other nurseries. This society took responsibility for managing Hobart’s Government Gardens, later to become the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. Among Royal Society members were numerous Port

65 Mrs. Shaw Personal Communication, 1 March 2016 66 My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years 67 Our Special Correspondent notes “Four kinds of pitosporum [sic]” 68 Mrs. Shaw Personal Communication, 1 March 2016 69 Historic Tasmanian Gardens, p. 64.

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Arthur administrators and officials including Commandants William Champ and James Boyd. Further, … [m]any plants were ordered from England. Cuttings, tubers, corms, rootstock and seeds were also collected by plant enthusiasts on the eight‐month journey to Van Diemen’s Land. The genes of some of Port Arthur’s plants map the ports of call in South America, South Africa and India. Boyd alone ordered hundreds of plants, including dahlias, marjoram and fruit tree. 70 Sheridan notes: A number of the plants on [a list of today’s environmental weeds] would have been found (may still be found) in old historic gardens. A number may have been initially grown for their medicinal qualities, as well as for other qualities (survival during extended dry times an obvious one in many parts of rural Tasmania). A further most significant reason was fashion. When the English took over the Cape, a great many new and unusual plants commenced to arrive in England, and by dint of the shipping routes at the time, also in Tasmania. What was fashionable and eagerly sought after in the nineteenth century (Cape and African plants for example) is now in so many cases off‐ limits. 71 Mrs. Shaw commented on there being ‘South African plants’ in the gardens at Cambria72; the quotes above indicate the feasibility of South African species being sought and planted by George Meredith, including the ‘African Oak’. Cambria also had a productive orchard, made more efficient by the installation of the Althouse windmill. Our Special Correspondent (1884) notes, the “… fruit trees are numerous and healthy. Recently Mr. Meredith erected an Althouse windmill which pumps water into tanks on an elevated staging, and from these piping conveys water to central points, where hose reaches the whole of the garden and orchard in rear of the house, and in the same manner the flower garden and Shrubbery in front are watered”73, and the house, … is of course supplied and, additional to this, troughing in the home paddocks is kept filled with pure, sweet water for the stock. The mill and pump would pay for themselves, even if the bed of succulent lucerne watered by it, and the certainty and plenty of vegetables secured were the only advantage; but far more than this is gained. I think it a pity more people do not avail themselves of modern appliances for irrigation. An outlay of £100 will irrigate sufficient land to grow roots and greenstuff during trying times, to save and keep in condition 1,000 sheep and 20 head of cattle, besides amply supplying premises and making garden produce a definite matter. 74

70 Plant Guide 2 of 2 – Port Arthur Historic Site, portarthur.org.au/wp‐content/.../PArthur‐Plant‐Guide_02_20141.pdf 71 Sheridan, G. (2009) Heritage Landscape Values Of The Queens Domain, Hobart, Planning Issues: Assessment For The Updated Queen’s Domain, Cultural Heritage Management Plan Project 2. Hobart: Gwenda Sheridan. (Unpublished Report) p. 47). 72 Mrs. Shaw, Personal communication 1 March 2016 73 Observations in Through Tasmania (1884) 74 Observations in Through Tasmania (1884)

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8.1.2 The Shrubbery Our Special Correspondent also makes reference to ‘a Shrubbery’: “The grounds in front are laid out handsomely as a Shrubbery and landscape garden, of which Mr. Meredith is very proud, for they are of his own creating”. 75

Figure 67: Cambria Lane leading to house entry (to the right), showing the site of the Shrubbery, c. 1906‐08 (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

The Shrubbery developed as a concept, … in the mid‐eighteenth century from the English concept of ‘the wilderness’ … Scottish horticulturalist Walter Nichol viewed the Shrubbery as both useful and ornamental, promoting its function of screening the offices or kitchen garden from the house or for connecting the house with the garden or orchard …[noting it was] peculiar to the British nation as landscape‐planting”.76 Some gardeners of the nineteenth century believed a Shrubbery should be a walk, edged by trees and shrubs, with flowers along the front. Noted English gardener William Ferguson, on the other hand, stated that “to plant flowers among trees and large flowering shrubs shows a decided want of taste and such practice is right to be carefully avoided.77 Early nurseryman Daniel Bunce (author of Manual of Practical Gardening, 1837‐38) “recommended the use of native plants of mixed shrubberies, provided sufficient attention was paid to their size and habits of growth”.78 The Gardenesque style advocated the use of both exotics and natives in plantings, as a point of distinguishing the two by virtue of their differing features (the soft green leaves of exotics, the gray/olive spikey leaves of the native species, for example), in a deliberate juxtaposition of the two. The present prevailing taste for botany and horticulture, and the introduction, from other countries, of many new plants … [have] given rise to a school which we call the Gardenesque; the characteristic feature of which, is the display of the beauty of trees and other plants individually (Loudon, 1840, in Sydney Living Museums, 2016, n.d.). It is not known what shrubs comprised the original Shrubbery at Cambria. Mrs. Shaw used the term several times during her listing of plants from early years visiting Cambria, but could not recall whether the shrubs were exotic or native; nor could she name any species. 79The area now identified as The Shrubbery (see Figure 67), is a tangle of wattles, African boxthorns, blackberry and other weed species. 8.1.3 House orchard and garden The ‘orchard and gardens’ proximal to the house would have supplied the kitchens with seasonal fruit and vegetables. Louisa Anne Meredith 80 observed the following edible foods and elements:  A large garden and orchard, well stocked with the flowers and fruits cultivated in England;

75 Observations in Through Tasmania (1884) 76 The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens p. 551 77 William Ferguson, 1863, in The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, 2002, p. 551 78 Daniel Bunce, in The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, p. 588 79 Mrs. Shaw, Personal communication March 1, 2016 80 My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years

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 Apples “suffer severely here from the American blight”;  Pears, medlars, Quince, Almond, Cherry;  all the family of plums, from the portly magnum bonum, looking like the golden fruit of the Hesperides, and demanding to be preserved in syrup, to the luscious bloomy Orleans, delicate green and yellow gages, and the common damson;  Seedling peach trees, which sometimes bear the third year;  “… the better kinds of peach, together with the apricot and nectarine, are less plentiful. The summer frosts … will destroy almost the whole”;  Gooseberry (English), Raspberries (“fine and plentiful”), Currants, Strawberries “are rarest of all”, Alpine strawberry;  The “out‐of‐doors vines produce grapes … but here the hothouse and greenhouse supply for so long a time … that the vines on the outer walls are but little valued”; and  The orchard, with its fine trees and shady grassy walks, some broad, and straight and long, others turning off into sly little nooks and corners. Louisa Anne Meredith rules out growing of ‘the better kinds of peach, nectarine and apricot’ because of the likelihood of late frost. There was a wide range of fresh fruits and nuts (apples, cherries, raspberries, walnuts and strawberries); however, orchard trees were also grown for fruit that were more edible preserved (such as quince, medlar, plum, almond and pear). Grape varieties that would tolerate the outdoor climate would most likely be table grapes. Louisa Anne Meredith (date) describes the … valuable gifts we received from the paternal orchard at Cambria included the finest kinds of grafted fruit trees of all sorts, many of them bearing well, so that even before our garden was finished it yielded us fruit, and at once assumed a pleasant and promising aspect when made neat and trim. 81 There is a grape surviving on site at the time of writing, in the area of the original greenhouse, and described by Mr. Burbury as a ‘South African white wine grape’. 82Mrs. Shaw recalled stealing apples from the orchard at Cambria when she was young; she described this apple as a ‘slightly flattened’ type and very delicious, 83 but she cannot recall the name (nor could Mrs. Burbury). This apple remains, as yet, unidentified; however, there is great interest in documenting the Tasmanian apple industry, and in identifying many heritage apples types in Tasmania (and certainly those which may have been declared extinct in the UK).

81 My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years 82 Mr. N. Burbury, Personal communication, 2015 83 Mrs Shaw, Personal communication, 1 March 2016

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Figure 68: House orchard. c. 1906‐11 (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury)

Figure 69:Left. One of the few remaining apple trees in the orchard – displaying the effects of drought, poor pruning and lack of nutrition (2016). Figure 70: Right. A remaining mulberry tree in the house orchard. Although the trunk has spilt and branches are growing horizontally, the girth of the trunk and branches suggest this is a very old plant. This tree is being strangled by the weed Blue Periwinkle (Vinca major).(2016) A 1999 report on the Tasmanian apple industry finds: In Oyster Bay, on the east coast of Tasmania, George Meredith planted a few fruit trees around his house in the early‐1830s. Mention of apples appears in The East‐Coaster, in association with the story of George Robinson trying to persuade Aborigines to give themselves into his care to protect them against retaliation from white owners in 1830. Arriving at the commissariat they 'demonstrated their unusual physical prowess ... Then they gave such a superb display of spear throwing that Dr Story rewarded them with

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two boxes of apples.' Other properties mentioned as having orchards in the '30s and '40s are 'Cambria', 'Spring Vale' which came a bit later, and 'Riverdale'. 84 Cider making associated with the orchards is one of the other features of the orcharding on the east coast. Cider is known to have been made at 'Apslawn', 'Belmont', 'The Springs', 'Gala', 'Glen Gala',' Cambria' and 'Redcliffs'. 85 On his visit to in 1884, Our Special Correspondent makes the following observations: The largest mulberry trees in Tasmania are at Cambria, and in the lower orchard two apple trees blossom for the sixtieth time in company with two venerable pear trees near. 86 There is a very old Mulberry tree on the edge of the orchard at time of writing (see Figure 70). It appears to have been damaged severely over time by storms, hard pruning, grazing by stock, drought, or a combination of all of these factors. The note of sixtieth year as blossoming indicate the apple trees were planted in the 1820s, well before the house was built. The apples were a present to the late Mrs. George Meredith, from the first divine to land in this country, the late Rev. Robert Knopwood. 87 Knopwood’s] diary is a daily record of his own doings and those of the settlement … he writes frequently of his pride in his garden. 88His diary makes many references to being busey [sic] and walking in his garden, collecting seeds (such as loquet [sic]), and preparing the ground for seedlings (such as cabbage, peas, and lettice [sic]), cutting Asperagus [sic]. 89 Prominent among the trees are two Jordan almonds of great size, dating from the settlement of the estate. Almond trees grow at intervals through the garden in pairs, one each side a walk. A central one has a short butt nearly 3ft. in diameter … Those with their branches ascend to a height of 40 ft., and the shadow of the tree when the sun is overhead covers a space of 150 ft. in circumference. The fruit trees are numerous and healthy. 90 The thin‐shelled Jordan almond noted by Our Special Correspondent at Cambria was “distinguished in its appearance from the common, or Valencia almond, by its greater length”.91 “The best variety is known [to the English buyers’] commerce as the Jordan …92 In bemoaning the loss of the majority of traditional orchards in the UK, Johnson notes “[a]ny traditional orchard to be managed or restored should be treated sensitively … it is [an environment] that is not easily or quickly recreated” (p. 27). 93 He advises to first make, … an assessment of the orchard’s condition, its contents and its history. Consider historical records and available local knowledge to gauge the age of the site, the reason for its initial planting and its subsequent use. Decide what you want to achieve with the management regime. Do you want to restore a site to its former extent or diversify with

84 McConnell, A. & Servant, N. (1999) The History And Heritage Of The Tasmanian Apple Industry ‐ A Profile, Report Of The Queen Victoria Museum And Art Gallery, Launceston. P. 46 85 The History And Heritage Of The Tasmanian Apple Industry ‐ A Profile, p. 143. 86 Observations in Through Tasmania (1884) 87 Observations in Through Tasmania (1884) 88 89 Knopwood, R. (1808) The Diary of the Rev. Robert Knopwood, Van Diemen's Land, 1805‐1808. (Unpublished) 90 Observations in Through Tasmania (1884) 91 Journal of a Recent Visit to the Principal Vineyards of Spain and France p. 47 92 Spanish Almonds and their introduction into America, p. 10) 93 The Traditional British Orchard: A Precious and Fragile Resource, p. 27

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new varieties? Do you plan to cook, juice or ferment the crop, or is it purely a space for leisure and wildlife? 94 8.1.4 Tree‐lined walk (Arcadia) and lower orchard

Figure 71: Hill shadow map showing Cambria house (central) and the drop down to the lower orchard, on the flood plain of the Meredith River. Source: http://maps.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/app/list/map A tree‐lined walk to the immediate south of the house and extending to the northern edge of the Meredith River is known (anecdotally) as ‘Arcadia’. The Burburys note it was named as such when they purchased the property, but were uncertain as to the originator of the title. 95 This name makes reference to the Greek notion of pastoralism and harmony with nature. A walk through the present day Arcadia at Cambria, into the open space along the Meredith River, reveals major current damage from flooding, as it is situated on the river’s flood plain. There are several key trees remaining, including three very large and old pears, with fruit described by Mrs. Burbury as ‘inedible fresh, but good for preserving’.96 There are several walnut trees remaining; however, they are generally in a poor condition or are dying. This could be due to a number of factors: age, waterlogged roots, lack of soil nutrients, or unseen pathogens. These are the remaining Franquette walnuts, the variety planted well before the arrival of the Burburys. The Franquette is an old variety discovered in the early 19th century, with its origins in Eastern France. It has a small walnut that is well sealed in a thin shell. As it is one of the last walnuts to break dormancy, a late spring frost (quite prevalent at Swansea) is not of concern. This variety was once the dominant walnut variety planted throughout the west, as it is less susceptible to late frost than other varieties; further, it is self‐fertile, but will produce more fruit when grown with varieties such as Pedro or Chandler. 97 Mr. Burbury notes 98the neighbouring commercial walnut orchardists ignored the success and cold‐tolerance of the Franquettes at Cambria, choosing instead to grow the more popular Californian varieties, which ultimately did not cope as well with spring frosts. 99

94 The Traditional British Orchard: A Precious and Fragile Resource, p. 27 95 Mr. Burbury, Personal communication, 2016 96 Mr. Burbury, Personal communication, 2016 97 Trees of Antiquity, 2016 98 Mr. Burbury, Personal communication, 2016 99 Walnuts Australia (2016) Our orchards, Available at http://walnutsaustralia.com.au/our‐walnuts/our‐orchards.aspx

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Figure 72: Left. Gate to Arcadia (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 73: Right. The Nut Walk at Cambria, showing the poor state of trees and lack of grass control underneath. An ‘Arcadia’ can also be a pleasure park, and an indicator of status, and this concept was well known to the gentry of George Meredith’s time. It was typically where an estate owner entertained guests, embarked with the hounds in pursuit of quarry, and where lovers could roam out of sight of prying eyes. Commonly there would be a summerhouse in the park, and there would also be wonderful sites for picnics. Louisa Anne Meredith notes, ‘Pic‐nic [sic] parties were very popular with our summer circle at Cambria, and several pretty spots were successively selected as the scenes of our rural banquets’. 100 Still remaining beyond Arcadia, or perhaps aligned with it, is a ‘Nut Walk’, which Mrs. Burbury described as comprising hazelnuts, although it is in very poor condition. 101 Traditionally, nut trees in this type of avenue planting were coppiced (cut back to ground level periodically to stimulate growth) to control their size, to produce the many branches needed to provide a shady covering of leaves and to allow for easy picking of the nuts. Often there was a seat placed at one end, so the walker could rest, and enjoy the cool bower. Louisa Ann Meredith refers to ‘… shady grassy walks, some broad, and straight and long, others turning off into sly little nooks and corners’.102 Hazels were typically used because of their flexible branches, which were easily trained over an arch. Louisa Anne Meredith makes reference to, “… a thicket of filbert and hazel bushes, which bear plenty of nuts in Autumn”. 103 They are both members of the same species and often indistinguishable. It is possible the extant plants are suckered trees of the original plants, to which Louisa Anne Meredith refers. 8.1.5 Cambria Lane The drive which connects the Tasman Highway with the house, and which diverts around the house orchard, is known as Cambria Lane. The planning of the Lane conforms to George Meredith’s aim

100 My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years 101 Mr. Burbury, Personal communication, 2016 102 My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years 103 My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years

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of having a grand a grand entry to the house for visitors, whose first glimpse was the rear of the house. The Lane came alongside the house to the north and then turns sharply to the right, into the formal gardens, before stopping in front of the verandah, beside the ‘rondel of roses’, at the front door of Cambria house. By the 1830s ‐ 40s, the settlers of Van Diemen’s Land were replacing the primitive houses of the early years with substantial villas, mansions and homesteads to cement their status among the colonial gentry. The approach to the hose with sweeping drives, tree‐lined avenues, and impressive gates was designed to create the impression of established position. 104 As visitors arrived at the estate from the main road, this route would have had several carefully considered functions. It would have:  presented glimpses of the house, through the Hawthorn hedges (and perhaps later the Robinia spp.to which Mrs. Shaw refers105), which lined its extent;  indicated a substantial house of grand size and scale;  taken them through a bucolic landscape – hawthorn hedges, sheep, crops, orchards – reminiscent of home and representative of prosperity;  taken them on a journey of delight – past flowering fruit trees and hedges – an indication of the pleasure gardens which lay within the grounds;  shown them the tops of the conifers in the Pinetum, (see Figure 40) a sign of exoticism; and  given them a first sense of the scale of the estate – of large and productive fields, orchards and plantations. The main axis of the Lane is that of the house. Again, this demonstrates George Meredith’s forethought and planning. Before, and while, resident at Creek Hut he would have walked his land noting views, wind direction and velocity, flood plain soils and sandy loams, the best sites for plantations and orchards, the rise and fall of the river, and the best location for access ways and tracks.

Figure 74 Left. Cambria Lane looking west or east (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) Figure 75 Right. Cambria Lane, looking west (c. 1900) (Source: Mr. and Mrs. N. Burbury) 8.1.6 Riverbank remediation (See Sections 8.3 and 18.0)

104 Scripps, L. in The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, p. 589 105 Mrs. Shaw, Personal communication, 1 March 2016

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8.2 Pastoral Zone (PZ) George Meredith and his family established the present‐day garden siting and structural framework in the early nineteenth century. In effect, therefore, by about 1860 Meredith had created a landscape substantially similar to that which we see today. The sense of continuity in the landscape is made palpable by the fact that it consists of a series of layers through time. The two remaining, extant, and large paddocks, which are an important component of the pastoral landscape pattern, are reflective of the scale of the landscape. The Cambria estate has been reduced in size over time, yet these two paddocks have retained roughly the same boundaries and access. Views from the house (hence the name Drawing Room Paddock) into the surrounding landscape, give a sense of the stream of time and continuing history of landscape making. Changes by the Bales’ and Burbury families included further clearing, pasture improvement and minor garden changes. The homestead garden today is a largely enclosed garden of mature exotic trees and shrubs, with lawn areas and gravel paths. As noted, there are vistas out from the garden into the surrounding landscape; the view to the paddocks beyond the Shrubbery (see Section 8.1.2) is as George Meredith would have initially envisaged. Louisa Anne Meredith, who painted so many native flowers and shrubs on her property visits, still loved the traditional English plants: “It seemed like being on the right side of the earth again to see rosy children with boughs of flowering ‘May’ [one common name for Hawthorn] and to feel its full luscious perfume waft across me … I thought I always held them in as fond admiration as any one could do, but my delight in these hawthorn hedges proved to me how much my regard had strengthened in absence”.106 At Cambria, Louisa Anne wrote, “the Hawthorn hedges greeted me pleasantly again with their old remembered verdure and fragrant blossoms; and those of gorse, the first I had seen since leaving England … there were many of these live fences …”. 107While there is the romanticised vision of flowering Hawthorns (one of Tasmania’s prettiest pastoral sights, in Spring), there was also pragmatism to the early deployment of this species. 8.3 Natural Landscape Zone (NLZ) This Zone comprises all riverbank remediation along Meredith River, ‘The Sands’ area; and selective inter‐planting and weed management throughout Cambria estate. As the property has been grazed and cultivated extensively since its establishment by George Meredith, there is little remaining natural vegetation. What remains is sparse, in competition with weeds and disconnected (no ‘wildlife corridors’ remain). Further, many of the larger endemic tree species (Eucalypts and wattles) have died or been removed (except where they were retained to mitigate erosion). There is an environmental flora and fauna survey being undertaken at Cambria at the time of writing this report. This survey will provide, in more detail, locations, numbers and condition of species in the two dominant mapped communities in Table 5. The TASVEG survey of Vegetation Communities 108(see Figure 76) indicates the communities remaining in the NZL.

106 My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years 107 My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years 108 TASVEG survey of Vegetation Communities, Available at http://maps.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/app/list/map?bmlayer=3&layers=959%2c420

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Figure 76 TASVEG vgetaotion Communites at Cambria (http://maps.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/app/list/map?bmlayer=3&layers=959%2c420 Listed under the Tasmanian Nature TASVEG Code TASVEG Community Name Conservation Act 2002 FAG Agricultural land Eucaltypus viminalis – Eucalptus globulus coastal DVC Yes forest and woodland FRG Re‐generating cleared land ARS Saline sedgeland/rushland FWU Unverified plantations for silviculture OTHER NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS OAQ Water/sea NON‐NATIVE VEGETATION FUR Urban areas (parkland) Table 5. Native vegetation communities and other TASVEG mapping units in the study area (based on http://maps.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/app/list/map?bmlayer=3&layers=959%2c420 8.3.1 The dominant native vegetation communities and other TASVEG mapping units in the study area DVC Eucaltypus viminalis – Eucalptus coastal forest and woodland General description Eucalyptus viminalis – Eucalptus globulus coastal forest and woodland (DVC) is mostly dominated by either E. viminalis or E. globulus trees that are usually (but not always) small and are of open form. They are dry scherophyll communities with shrubby understoreys; in woodland the understorey can be healthy. Distinguishing features and similar communities The community generally occurs in coastal and near‐coastal areas on Holocene and Pleistocene sands. Vegetation composition and structure The dominant tree species is E. viminalis or E. globulus, usually 10–20 m tall. E. amygdalina or E. ovata are sometimes present. Where the site is protected from frequent fires, the trees are taller (< 30 m). Where fires are frequent, hollows and butt damage are common and tree form is generally poor. The understorey in this forest community is usually dominated by Pteridium esculentum, with a varying cover of tall to medium shrubs, including Banksia marginata, Acacia dealbata, Leptospermum scoparium and Exocarpos cupressiformis. Near coastal dunes, Acacia sophorae and Leucopogon parviflorus may become prominent. The low understorey layers are dominated by Pteridium esculentum. This often results in only a sparse cover of Epacris impressa, Leucopogon species and other heaths. Lomandra

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longifolia can also be locally prominent. The ground layer is often sparse, with scattered grasses such as Poa labillardierei and Austrostipa species, and such herbs as Wahlenbergia species and Dichondra repens. Orchids are often an important but cryptic component of these forests, with several rare and threatened orchid species recorded in this forest community. 109 Botanical name Common name E. viminalis White or Ribbon Gum E. globulus Blue Gum E. amygdalina Black Peppermint E. ovata Swamp or Black Gum Pteridium esculentum Austral Bracken Banksia marginata, Coastal Banksia Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle Leptospermum scoparium Prickly Tea‐tree Exocarpos cupressiformis Native Cherry Epacris impressa Common Heath Leucopogon australis Spike Beard Heath L. parviflorusa (and other heaths) Coast Beard Heath Lomandra longifolia Sagg Scattered grasses such as Poa labillardierei Common Tussock‐grass and Austrostipa species and Spear Grasses Wahlenbergia species Native Bluebell Dichondra repens Kidney Weed (not a weed species) Acacia sophorae Coastal Wattle Table 6: Members of DVC Forest Community (Drawn from Kitchener & Harris, S. (2005). From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania's Vegetation. Edition 1. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania, p. 294). ARS ‐ Saline sedgeland/rushland: General description Saline sedgeland/rushland is a coastal community frequently dominated by Juncus kraussii or, sometimes, other species such as Gahnia filum. Some succulent species may be intermixed. Distinguishing features and similar communities The community is distinguished by the dominance of one or more of the graminoid coastal species. Discrete stands of Phragmites australis grassland may occur as a border or incursion into ARS. Vegetation composition and structure This community consists of rushland or sedgeland dominated most commonly by Gahnia filum, Juncus kraussii or occasionally Gahnia trifida. The height of the community may vary between 0.5 m and 2 m. Associated species include Baumea juncea, Poa poiformis, Mimulus repens, Samolus repens, Distichlis distichophylla and Schoenus nitens. In some situations small pockets of Phragmites australis may occur, usually on slightly higher ridges where salinity is lower and inundation with salt water less frequent. The community may be dense, or have sparse sedges and rushes with smaller sedges and herbs in the inter‐ tussock spaces. 110

Botanical name Common name Gahnia filum Chaffy Saw‐sedge G. trifida Coastal Saw‐sedge Juncus kraussii Salt Marsh Rush

109 Kitchener & Harris, S. (2005). From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania's Vegetation. Edition 1. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania, p. 293. 110 From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania's Vegetation.pp. 410‐411.

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Baumea juncea Bare Twig Rush Poa poiformis Coast Tussock Grass Mimulus repens Creeping Monkey Flower Samolus repens Creeping Brook Weed Distichlis distichophylla Australian Salt Grass Schoenus nitens Shiny Bog Rush Phragmites australis Common Reed Table 7: Members of ARS Forest Community (Drawn from Kitchener & Harris, S. (2005). From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania's Vegetation. Edition 1. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania, p. 440‐441).

8.4 Development Zone (DZ) 8.4.1 Development Zone 1 (DZ1) Walnut plantation, and associated sheds DZ1 refers to the existing walnut plantation and sheds (located proximally, to serve the growing, fertilising and harvesting of walnuts) (see Figures 77 and 78). This zone is retained for the following reasons:  It makes historical reference to the original Franquette walnuts planted by George Meredith in the house orchard and lower orchard;  It makes contextual reference to neighbouring walnut plantations owned by Walnuts Australia (“Walnuts Australia's orchard portfolio includes a combination of joint venture, investor‐funded, private ownership and company‐owned orchards located in Tasmania (Swansea) and New South Wales [Tabbita, Leeton and Avondale] … approximately one million walnut trees … a strong mix of varieties including, Chandler, Howard, Tulare, Vina, Lara, Serr and Ashley, as well as the remarkable red kernel variety, Livermore” 111 and  It is an extant component of the mixed farming tradition of Cambria.

Figure 77 Left. Extant walnut plantation at Cambria, in Development Zone (Source: http://maps.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/app/list/map) Figure 78 Right. Walnut plantations at Swansea. (http://www.farmbuy.com/Listing_Display.aspx?ListingID=97400

8.4.2 Development Zone 2 (DZ2) New development, planted buffer/screening strip along highway, and carparks

8.4.3 Development Zone 3 (DZ3) Remaining transport and circulation corridors

111 Walnuts Australia (2016) Our orchards, Available at http://walnutsaustralia.com.au/our‐walnuts/our‐orchards.aspx

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9.0 Comparative Analysis Two gardens of similar period and style to Cambria have been selected to demonstrate the following:  The Gardenesque was a highly influential and important style in Australia, as it was in Europe;  The Gardenesque style, largely thanks to John Claudius Loudon’s Gardeners’ Magazine112, reached the gardens of Tasmania;  Stylistic similarities can be determined between Gardenesque style gardens in the two earliest sites of settlement in Australia, Sydney and Hobart; and  The gardens at Cambria reside comfortably in this Gardenesque style, and as such, are historically important not only in Tasmania but also in Australia.

9.1 Vaucluse House The estate of Vaucluse House (in Sydney) was established in 1827 and comprised 208 hectares of attractive terrain in the shores of Sydney Harbour. Ten hectares remain today as a heritage estate and comprises mostly the house and the gardens. The original owner, the politician William Charles Wentworth (and his wife Sarah) developed a ‘park’ of grazing paddocks with carefully determined vistas to nearby hills and rocky outcrops. This was large‐scale gardening and the site contained winding carriage‐drives, pleasure grounds, lawns, vegetable gardens, an inner pleasure garden, Shrubbery and meandering gravel paths. 113

These gardens display many similarities to Cambria’s: “The pleasure garden at Vaucluse House, with its expansive green lawns and Shrubbery of exotic curiosities, replicates one of the pinnacle movements of 19th‐century horticulture – the gardenesque … the popular style was a response, in part, to the flood of exotic plants available to Victorian‐era gardeners”. 114

Figure 79 Extant buildings and gardens at Vaucluse. (Source: R. Joyce, Historic Houses Trust) Vaucluse House: from Statement of significance Vaucluse House is significant because of its association with the Wentworth family and their aspirations … A large early Victorian garden and Shrubbery, laid out to compliment a gothic revival house belonging to the family of the important colonial pioneer and politician W.C. Wentworth. There appears little early documentation of the garden but it can be presumed to have been designed to complement the mid‐19th Century additions to the house and to have been established by the 1860's. 115)

112 John Claudius Loudon’s Gardeners’ Magazine 113 The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens p. 612. 114 Sydney Living Museums (n.d.) From Across the Seas: The Gardenesque at Vaucluse House, Available at http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/across‐seas‐gardenesque‐vaucluse‐house 115 National Trust (1981). Vaucluse House ‐ Survey of Gardens in NSW, NSW Government Office of Environment and Heritage. .

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9.2 Brickendon Estate Brickendon Estate, in the Northern Midlands of Tasmania has had extensive work done on its buildings and grounds and is now jointly entered, with the nearby Woolmers Estate, on the UNESCO World Heritage list in July 2010, in addition to ten other sites around Australia to make up the Australian Convict Sites World Heritage Property. The gardens at Brickendon include one of the most unusual collections of trees in a private garden in Australia. Trees of these species and age are found together nowhere else in Tasmania, apart from the Royal Botanical Gardens. Majestic Oaks, Elms, Pines, Cedars, Yews and Lindens encircle the gardens providing a private world for the Archers. The first William Archer laid out the garden and shrubberies in the 1830's. Sweeping carriage drives, hawthorn lined driveways, wilderness shrubberies, extensive rose and perennial plantings, all surround the gracious Georgian Homestead ‐ still home to the 5th, 6th and 7th generations of the Archer family … The Algerian Oak from Africa, Deodar from India, Portugese Cork Oak from Europe are just to name a few. The feature tree however comes from Australia ‐ the amazing Bunya Bunya stands proud and strong overlooking the beautiful parkland setting of the extensive gardens. 116 Brickendon Estate: From Summary Statement of Significance Brickendon Estate is a remarkably intact example of a farming property dating from the 1820s with its convict built farm complex, Georgian country house and formal garden. The estate is of outstanding national significance for its association with the convict assignment system and as a designed landscape providing a significant record of continuous farming practice at the place. Brickendon Estate with its farm buildings, main Georgian house in its garden setting, hedges and land use patterns is a rare source of information about the living and working conditions of colonial settlers and the convicts assigned to rural estates from the 1820s to the cessation of transportation in 1853. 9.3 Analysis Vaucluse and Brickendon Estates are preserved as exemplars of their respective periods and functions; they are valued and significant. In each case, sustained research has been undertaken to understand the buildings and curtilage, and also the owners, builders, designers, tenants, staff and gardeners of the estate. Conservation Management Plans have been drafted and followed. The Plans describe maintenance, restoration/replacement or removal of trees and buildings and how to manage visitors and modern intrusions, such as signage and safety requirements. In terms of the landscape, both estates also exemplify the Gardenesque style of garden design, as promulgated by Loudon. Cambria, largely intact with a fascinating history, is also of high significance (see Section 10.0), in Tasmanian and Australian history, for the following reasons:  The Nut Walk, of hazelnuts and/or filberts (as also found at Brickendon, see Figures 80 and 81);  The Pinetum, of exotic and native conifer species;  The early presence of a Shrubbery;  The rich variety of early fruit and nut species in the house orchard and lower orchard, including the Franquette walnuts and potentially rare apples;  The curved entry drive and original ‘rondel of roses’;

116 Brickendon, (2016) Available at http://brickendon.com.au.

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 The Gardenesque traits of growing native and exotic species in mannered combinations, with respect paid to the habits of each plant;  The Hawthorn‐lined lanes;  The construction of greenhouse/s and erection of windmills, and a round rabbit ‘inclosure’;  The early planning by George Meredith in respect to the axis of the lane, and the house;  The inclusion, by George Meredith, of pleasurable elements, such as the tree‐lined walk (‘Arcadia’), the ‘sly nooks’ and paths of the orchard and the shady nut‐walk, for respite on a hot summer’s day.

Figure 80 Left. The Nut Walk at Brickendon, in the Northern Midlands Tasmania (in the Illustrated Tasmanian Mail, November 12, 1930, by photographer William Fellowes (who had studios in Hobart from 1923‐1931). Again, the dense bowered effect is achieved by regular coppicing. Figure 81 Right. The Nut Walk at Cambria, showing neglect (2016). Cambria compares extremely well with the two exemplars above, for the following reasons:  It is largely intact, with little damage to the landscape, apart from neglect and the effects of drought, weeds and flooding (in the lower orchard).  There are sufficient remnants of George Meredith’s original landscape for a Landscape Design Plan to be devised;  Although some research has been undertaken, ongoing and intensive research will reveal many more details about the plant species, practices and features of the landscape at Cambria;  It is, as demonstrated in the Statement of Significance (see Section 10.0), a valuable contribution to Australia’s scientific (botanical) history.

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10.0 Assessment of Historic Heritage Significance In this section, in accordance with the terminology employed by the Tasmanian Heritage Council and Heritage Tasmania, assessment is undertaken of the Cambria landscape (in the identified Zones). The Tasmanian heritage assessment criteria encompass the five values in the Australian ICOMOS Burra Charter 1999 (Burra Charter). Australian heritage agencies and professionals use the following values when assessing heritage significance: (i) historical significance; (ii) aesthetic significance; (iii) scientific significance; (iv) social significance; and [(v) spiritual significance – not relevant to this Plan] 117 The Landscape Conservation Management Plan assesses the relative significance of individual features and landscape elements as Cambria, according to their respective contributions to the significance of the site. The statement of cultural significance for the landscape of Cambria (Zone 1, 2 and 3) describes the contribution of the landscape to the overall significance of the Cambria estate (as described in the Conservation Management Plan 118). The aim of drafting a statement of cultural significance, which refers directly and specifically to the landscape, is to guide the development of conservation polices that will be useful to Cambria and consistent with the overall objective of conserving the significance of Cambria, The significance of the homestead, including the main house, outbuildings and formal pleasure garden, of the Cambria estate have been previously assessed, albeit to a limited extent, as part of the registration of the property for inclusion on the Register of the National Estate (in 1978). Further limited assessment of the property was undertaken as part of its initial inclusion on the Tasmanian Heritage Register (THR), with assessment of the significance of the property, against a single criterion only, in November 2001.119 The following assessment of Historic Heritage Significance of Cambria’s landscape seeks to augment this assessment by identifying the historic, aesthetic, technological and scientific, and social significance of the estate. The Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995, in its definition of historic cultural heritage significance, also refers to archaeological, architectural, cultural and technical values.120 Tasmanian heritage assessment criteria Criterion (a): It is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Tasmania’s history Criterion (b): It demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Tasmania’s heritage Criterion (c): It has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Tasmania’s history Criterion (d): It is important as a representative in demonstrating the characteristics of a broader class of cultural places Criterion (e): It is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement Criterion (f): It has strong or special meaning for any group or community because of social, cultural or spiritual associations

117 Australia ICOMOS 1999, The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS charter for the conservation of places of cultural significance. 118 The Conservation Management Plan 119 The Conservation Management Plan p. 84. 120 Tasmanian Heritage Council (1995) Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995 ‐ Tasmanian Legislation. p. 5.

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Criterion (g): It has a special association with the life or work of a person, a group or organisation that was important in Tasmania’s history 121

10.1 Historical Significance The landscape of Cambria estate is of historical significance to the State of Tasmania. George Meredith was a significant farmer, grazier, trader and participant in early Tasmanian settlement and politics. As a result of his travels, in Tasmania and overseas, he was aware of commercial and table orchard trees, which he imported and grew at Cambria, including the Franquette walnut, a French variety noted for its cold‐hardiness. He planned out and planted his garden (after 1821) well before he designed and built his house at Cambria (1834‐36); this indicates knowledge of plant growth, vistas, screening and house framing by the taller coniferous species, at the least. George Meredith also planted a tree‐lined walk between the house and the Meredith River, known as ‘Arcadia’. The lower orchard provided a respite from the summer sun, and was the site for picnics, the Nut Walk, and was an extension of the formal orchard with plantings of walnuts and pears. It may have been sectioned off due to its seasonal flooding by the Meredith River. This forward planning, knowledge of plants, and the need to create both a sophisticated and self‐ sustaining garden at Cambria (to entertain and impress visiting dignitaries outside Hobart) demonstrate clarity of purpose on Meredith’s part. The garden was filled with exotic species, which were hardy enough to survive the hot northerly winds, or were protected by early‐planted, and therefore mature, hedges. The formal house gardens represent the Gardenesque style, as named and described John Claudius Loudon, the Scottish garden writer who founded, in 1826, the Gardener's Magazine, the first periodical devoted solely to horticulture. The presence of an early‐planned and planted Pinetum, at Cambria is of high significance. The Pinetum, as a horticultural concept, was well demonstrated, in Tasmania, by the early collections of conifers at the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens (known prior to that as the Royal Society of Tasmanian). With the exception of a few of the conifers in the Pinetum at Cambria, which were grown from nursery saplings, all were raised from seeds. The original Pinetum contained the pines Insignis, Lambertiana, Cunninghami, Douglasii, and Auracaria. Several of these species, notably the Bunya Pine (Araucaria bidwillii) and Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria heterophylla), are still flourishing at Cambria. Later additions to the gardens will have reflected the growing trend for the cottage garden style (c. 1840s+), an organised, often symmetrical, yet eclectic ‘survival’ style of garden rich in flowering perennials and annuals, and which incorporated stylistic traits from other styles according to the time and owner’s interests. The plants and features documented show Meredith was a prodigious collector of exotic ornamental species. He had a sophisticated orchard, which would have provided the house with sufficient fruit for fresh and preserved consumption. The orchard also produced walnuts for trade and apples for cider‐making. The scale of the two orchards is considerable and required the installation of the original windmill (1884) for the provision of water (later replaced in the 1920s). The siting of the property on the banks of the Meredith River was astute, but as with most rivers on the east coast, it would run low or even dry in the summer months. Further, Mrs. Shaw notes the water was often brackish / salty tasting, above Red Banks (and perhaps in line with the Meredith’s Creek Cottage) and therefore unsuitable for long‐term irrigation. The windmill would have drawn deeper and less brackish water for irrigation. The Meredith family entertained religious figures, governors and their wives and other graziers. In her overview of fine Tasmanian gardens, Phyl Frazer Simons (1987) notes,

121 Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995, Section 16

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The garden [at Cambria] at the height of its influence in mid Victorian times was used in the entertainment of visiting dignitaries … Visitors were shown the house, the unique circular rabbit warren structure and the fine collection of fruits (p. 5). Cambria, largely intact with a fascinating history, is of high significance in Tasmanian and Australian history, for the following reasons, in terms of the landscape:  The Gardenesque traits of growing native and exotic species in mannered combinations, with respect paid to the habits of each plant;  The inclusion, by George Meredith, of pleasurable elements, such as the tree‐lined walk (‘Arcadia’), the ‘sly nooks’ and paths of the orchard and the shady nut‐walk, a respite on a hot summer’s day;  The Nut Walk, of hazelnuts and/or filberts and the rich variety of early fruit and nut species in the house orchard and lower orchard, including the Franquette walnuts and potentially rare apples;  The Pinetum, of exotic and native conifer species;  The Shrubbery, the curved entry drive and original ‘rondel of roses’;  Hawthorn‐lined lanes and paddocks;  The construction of greenhouse/s and erection of windmills, and a round rabbit ‘inclosure’;  The early planning by George Meredith in respect to the axis of the lane, and house; The Cambria landscape compares extremely well with other exemplars of the same period for the following reasons:  It is largely intact, with little damage to the landscape, apart from neglect and the effects of drought, weeds and flooding (in the lower orchard).  There are sufficient remnants of George Meredith’s original landscape for a Landscape Plan to be devised;  The ‘traces’ and outlines of tracks, paddocks and outbuildings remain;  The botanical species planted by George Meredith and his modern successors have generally been documented;  Although some research has been undertaken, ongoing and intensive research will reveal many more details about the plant species, practices and features of the landscape at Cambria;  It is a valuable contribution to Australia’s botanical history, because of the species grown and their documentation by Anne Louisa Meredith in the 1850s. Adherence to the Gardenesque style encouraged growing of both native and exotic species, with attention paid to each plant, in a garden‐like arrangement. Anne Louisa Meredith and other writers of the time noted deliberately planted native plants at Cambria.

[Criteria: a), d), f), g)]

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10.2 Aesthetic Significance The landscape of Cambria estate is of aesthetic significance to the State of Tasmania. Notwithstanding providing the perfunctory requirements of a flourishing working estate, George Meredith also planned and planted a series of gardens and orchards, which provided shaded sites for walking, picnics and respite for the wind and sun. This garden (notably the formal aspects around the house) is an example of the Gardenesque style in Tasmania. Not many largely intact gardens in this style remain in Tasmania; where they do, later additions have often compromised the original Gardenesque effect. George Meredith installed aesthetic elements, such as the tree‐lined walk, which would have made living at, and visiting Cambria, in his time at least, a pleasurable experience. The gardens were initially planted with flowering shrubs, perennial and annuals, which adhered to the Gardenesque style – gardens with resembled nature, but which were still highly stylised. Early gardens featured roses, flowering climbers, hedges and notable trees, including those in the Pinetum. Additions to the gardens after the 1840s will have reflected the growing trend for the cottage garden style, an organised, often symmetrical, yet eclectic ‘survival’ style of garden even richer in flowering perennials and annuals. Later plantings became more dependent on a regular water supply, and as the east coast went through several severe droughts, the planting scheme and elements emulated that of the Mediterranean region – gravel instead of lawn, hedging shrubs which were grown for hardiness rather than flowering and drought tolerant citrus varieties, near the house. Colonial gardens were typically developed first out of need (food, timber, hedging, for example) in and secondarily for aesthetic purposes. George Meredith, in contrast, planned and planted (certainly the mature trees and Pinetum) prior to building and establishing the orchards (house and lower). Meredith then invested in a third phase – the planting of exotic and unusual species gleaned from his travels and from the early garden societies and nurseries in Hobart Town. Unlike many estate owners of the time, George Meredith also implemented elements of folly and pleasure, such as the tree‐lined walk (‘Arcadia’), the (hazel)Nut Walk and the ‘sly nooks’ of the orchard.

[Criteria: a), c), e)]

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10.3 Scientific [and Botanical] Significance The landscape of Cambria estate is of scientific, particularly botanical, significance to the State of Tasmania. The natural heritage of Cambria includes some stands of native trees/woodland and other flora, as well as habitat for native wildlife. The landscape portrays the range of layers of European occupation through to the twentieth century (although there is some evidence of indigenous occupation. In particular, the landscape reflects pastoral landscape patterns. The present‐day garden siting and structural framework were established in the early nineteenth century. There are extensive cultivated tree plantings including garden plantings, walk plantings and orchards. Gardens and orchards are a key part of Tasmanian (and Australian) cultural heritage. Some historic gardens and orchards are important, as they have associations with significant nurseries; associations with significant people; an executed design prepared by a significant designer; continuity of care and ownership, and/or an important botanical collection. George Meredith would have had associations with specific significant nurseries, and he would have had access to plant suppliers such as Daniel Bunce at his Denmark Hill Nursery, in North Hobart, opened in 1836. Other nurserymen in Hobart Town, such as Valentine Marshall, James Dickinson and Edward Lipscombe, sought and sold greenhouse plants from England. From the late 1830s horticultural societies, such as The Royal Society of Van Diemen’s Land for Horticulture, Botany and the Advancement of Science (Hobart) and the Launceston Horticultural Society had as their charter: researching native plants, collecting and disseminating exotic plants, and the acclimatisation of useful plants. The lists of plants at Cambria, as noted by Louisa Anne Meredith and Our Special Correspondent, indicate a sophisticated exotic plant palette for the time: Wisteria, the conifer species in the Pinetum, Laburnum, roses, oaks, lilacs and the wide range of fruit and nut species, for example. There is now great interest in documenting the Tasmanian apple industry, and in identifying many heritage apples types in Tasmania, and those that been declared extinct in the UK. A 1999 report on the Tasmanian apple industry noted George Meredith planted fruit trees around his house in the early‐ 1830s, while building his house. Properties such as Cambria had cider‐orchards and cider was made there. Although only a few walnut and pear trees remain in the in the lower orchard, and several apple trees and a mulberry in the house orchard area (from the early plantings at Cambria), the original species and varietals reflect:  a particular period in horticultural development, before the grafting, hybridisation and selective breeding of fruit trees;  the prevalence and popularity of fruit tree types in early Tasmanian and Hobart history and garden development; and  the travels and trading of George Meredith, a high‐profile member of Hobart’s trading and cultural society, in the first half of the 1800s. As noted, the main limitation to assessing the cultivated trees at Cambria and their significance is estimating when many of them were planted. While historic records, photographs and various studies of the cultivated flora at Cambria have identified only some individual trees, groups of trees and orchard plantings, there is a complexity caused by the various layers of occupation of the study area. Cambria has only been studied on a few occasions, so it is likely further revelations about the planted flora will come to light.

[Criteria: a), c), f), g)]

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10.4 Social Significance The landscape of Cambria estate is of social significance to the State of Tasmania. The Cambria estate is of social significance as the creation of George Meredith, a prolific colonial‐ period industrialist with interests in whaling, sealing, trading, commercial shipping, ship‐building and publishing. Meredith was also one of the earliest private shipyard owners; Cambria estate is of social significance as the headquarters of this business empire, a ship having been constructed on the property. George Meredith entertained visitors at Cambria, and the landscape contained designed and maintained elements, which contributed to the entertainment, such as tree‐lined walks, shady areas for picnics and orchard lawns for strolling. The Hon. Charles Meredith, the esteemed politician, spent his formative years on the Cambria estate, and he later pioneered the conservation movement in Tasmania. His relationship with Cambria fostered an informed his knowledge of endemic Tasmanian flora and fauna. This would lead to his introduction, when he became a politician, of the first legislative bill advocating the protection of endemic Tasmanian fauna, the black swan, in 1860. The Cambria estate is also of important social significance for its association with the prolific colonial period Tasmanian author of the colonial period, Louisa Anne Meredith, wife of the Hon. Charles Meredith (George Meredith’s son). In 1852, the Cambria estate featured significantly in her seminal work, My Home in Tasmania, which documented colonial life in detail for the British domestic market. Louisa Anne was taken, as with many colonial artists, by the distinctiveness and beauty of Tasmanian flora. Although botanical detail was not her priority (and her work is noted as being more illustrative) the Tasmanian prostrate alpine shrub Ewartia meredithiae (Cushion Edelweiss) is named for her. Her work did win many awards, notably in the Melbourne Exhibition of 1866.

[Criteria: a), b), c), e), f), g)]

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11.0 Recommended Statement of Significance for the Landscape A statement of significance is a written record of why a place is important and identifies the values, which contribute to that importance. The Statement of Significance generally identifies 'what' is important, 'why' it is important, and `how' it is significant. This understanding of the place and why it is significant is the foundation for all future conservation management policies and actions. Tasmanian Heritage Council: Draft Works Guidelines (2014) state: Significant historic plantings or landscapes may include mature trees; designed landscapes such as parks or gardens; hedges or avenues of plantings; and early garden elements such as garden buildings, walls, paving, steps, furniture and fountains. Altering significant landscapes, gardens and historic plantings should be approached in the same manner as considering any other type of works. In undertaking landscaping works, a person should consider the heritage significance of the place, with particular reference to the significance of the plantings, landscape and setting, including any significant views to and from a heritage place. For particularly significant gardens, parks or landscapes, the Heritage Council may require a landscape management plan to be submitted with the application. The plan should analyse the significance of the place and provide strategies for the conservation of the landscape values.122 11.1 What is significant? George Meredith planned the Cambria estate and its homestead, with development of the house beginning c. 1827. The site of the current house represents the centre of the homestead, the kitchen garden and orchard, based on the designated site for the then‐unconstructed main house; the house was constructed (1834 – 1836) to a design by George Meredith. The existing outbuildings, including the former stables, and barn and woolshed, were located based on the placement of the garden; the stables and barn were constructed by c. 1841. Today, the gardens retain significant early plantings of trees, plants and shrubs, as documented in the 19th century, providing an insight into the full extent of the gardens and orchards, as well as the homestead complex at Cambria, consisting of the main house, stables and barn arranged around the remains of a central kitchen garden and orchard. George Meredith was a significant farmer, grazier, trader and participant in early Tasmanian settlement and politics. As a result of his travels, in Tasmania and overseas, he was aware of commercial and table orchard trees, which he imported and grew at Cambria, including the Franquette walnut, a French variety noted for its cold‐hardiness. He planned out and planted his garden well before he designed and built his house at Cambria; this indicates knowledge of plant growth, vistas, screening and house framing by the taller coniferous species, at the least. George Meredith also planted a tree‐lined walk between the house and the Meredith River. The lower orchard provided a respite from the summer sun, and was the site for picnics, the Nut Walk, and was an extension of the formal orchard with plantings of walnuts and pears. Meredith shows considerable savoir faire in his retention of this site as a ‘profitable park’. This forward planning, knowledge of plants, and the need to create both a sophisticated and self‐sustaining garden at Cambria (to entertain and impress visiting dignitaries outside Hobart) demonstrate clarity of purpose on Meredith’s part. The garden was filled with exotic species, which were hardy enough to survive the hot northerly winds, or were protected by early‐planted, and therefore mature, hedges and screens. The

122 Tasmanian Heritage Council: Draft Works Guidelines (2014)

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formal house gardens represent the Gardenesque style, as named and described in 1838, by the garden writer and editor of the highly influential Gardeners’ Magazine, John Claudius Loudon. Later additions to the gardens reflected the growing trend for the cottage garden style (c. 1840s+), an organised, often symmetrical, yet eclectic ‘survival’ style of garden rich in flowering perennials and annuals. Meredith was a prodigious collector of exotic ornamental species, and also had two large orchards, which would have provided the house with sufficient fruit for fresh and preserved consumption. The orchard also produced walnuts for trade and apples for cider‐making. 11.2 How is it significant? The Cambria estate, including the main house, homestead complex, gardens, orchards and rural landscape contained within, is of historical, aesthetic, scientific and social significance to the State of Tasmania and to the Glamorgan Spring Bay Council region. The landscape at Cambria is historically significant, as the mature trees, Pinetum, house orchard, lower and the surrounding gardens (including the glasshouse) were planted in the Gardenesque style, and the form of the garden remain largely intact. The estate also includes a Nutwalk, as at Brickendon (which is listed on RNE and THR), the extant paddocks (Drawing Room Paddock and House Paddock), two large orchards, and The Shrubbery.

11.3 Why is it significant? The gardens and orchards at Cambria are historically significant as they form part of a significant farm and landscape setting, complete with Hawthorn hedges windbreak, grazed paddocks, extended driveway, glasshouse, outbuildings, a Nut Walk, entry lane (Cambria Lane), tree‐lined walk and lower orchard on the river flood plain; this farmed landscape is a reminder of the area's past as a farming community and is significant as an extended landscape of its type in Tasmania, with very few changes made to the original layout. Cambria, largely intact with a fascinating history, is also of high significance in Tasmanian and Australian history, for the following reasons. It has an extant Nut Walk (of hazelnuts and/or filberts), which is similar to the walk at Brickendon. The Pinetum, planned and planted early by George Meredith survives, despite the loss and removal of several species. The formal gardens include a curved entry drive and original ‘rondel of roses’ and an early Shrubbery. The house orchard and lower orchard were planted with rich variety of early fruit and nut species, including the Franquette walnuts and potentially rare apples. The gardens are representative of the Gardenesque trait of growing native and exotic species in mannered combinations, with respect paid to the habits of each plant. Other factors of note are the Hawthorn‐lined Cambria Lane, the construction of greenhouse/s and erection of windmills, and a round rabbit ‘inclosure’; the early planning by George Meredith in respect to the axis of the lane, and house, and The inclusion, by George Meredith, of pleasurable elements, such as the tree‐lined walk (‘Arcadia’), the ‘sly nooks’ and paths of the orchard. The Cambria landscape compares extremely well with other exemplars of the same period for the following reasons. It is largely intact, with little damage to the landscape, apart from neglect and the effects of drought, weeds and flooding (particularly in the lower orchard, and on the riverbank). There are sufficient remnants of George Meredith’s original landscape for a Landscape Plan to be devised. The ‘traces’ and outlines of tracks, paddocks and outbuildings remain, and the botanical species planted by George Meredith and his modern successors have generally been documented, by some means. Although some research has been undertaken, ongoing and intensive research will reveal many more details about the plant species, practices and features of the landscape at Cambria;  It is a valuable contribution to Australia’s botanical history, because of the species grown and their documentation by Anne Louisa Meredith in the 1850s. Adherence to the Gardenesque

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style encouraged growing of both native and exotic species, with attention, paid to each plant, in a garden‐like arrangement. Anne Louisa Meredith and other writers of the time noted deliberately planted native plants at Cambria.

12.0 Conservation Policies

As noted “… a [Conservation Management Plan] is a tool that helps owners, managers and assessing bodies make sound decisions about conserving and managing heritage places. It identifies the place’s cultural heritage significance, sets of conservation policies to protect the cultural heritage significance of the place in light of change and provides a strategy for putting these policies into action”. 123 Any development of or changes to Cambria estate, particularly the four identified Zones, will be subject to:  The Statutory Requirements;  Policies and Guidelines;  Australian Standards and Legislation for Disability Access and Safety; and  Glamorgan Spring Bay Interim Planning Scheme 2015, and Council policies. All relevant Acts, Polices, Guidelines, Standards, Codes and documents are listed and described following. 12.1 Statutory Requirements

12.1.1 Australian Heritage Council (AHC) (which replaced the Australian Heritage Commission Act 1975 (Commonwealth) in 2004. Prior to 2004, heritage at the Commonwealth level was managed under the Australian Heritage Commission Act 1975. This Act established an independent Australian Heritage Commission and created a Register of the National Estate (RNE) for which the Commission was responsible. The RNE was a landmark list of heritage places, natural or cultural and of aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or other special value to the community and future generations. The Commission entered more than 13,000 places on the RNE, including places of historic, natural and Indigenous value and of varying levels of heritage significance. The Australian Heritage Commission provided advice on matters relating to the RNE including proposals that potentially had an adverse impact on places included on the RNE; however, its advice was not binding. The conservation obligations under the Australian Heritage Commission Act were also limited to Commonwealth actions and rested with the action agencies. The AHC is the current advisory body for the Environment Minister on heritage matters. In 2004, the Act was amended to give heritage a new status. For the first time at the national level, actions adversely affecting heritage places were subject to a formal statutory approval process. In addition, the scope of protection for heritage was greatly expanded. The heritage provisions in the Act provide for protection of the heritage values of Australian places included on the World Heritage List (WHL) or the National Heritage List (NHL), as matters of national environmental significance (NES) under the Act. Proposed actions that have, will have or are likely to have a significant impact on the heritage values of a place listed on the WHL or NHL require the

123 Queensland Government Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Guideline: Heritage Conservation Management Plans. 2015, p. 2.

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Minister’s approval under the Act. The Act also regulates actions taken by the Commonwealth or actions taken on Commonwealth land. (Report of the Independent Review of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999)

12.1.2 Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act) is the Australian Government’s central piece of environmental legislation. It provides a legal framework to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places — defined in the EPBC Act as matters of national environmental significance. (see https://www.environment.gov.au/epbc)

12.1.3 Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995 (Tasmania) Heritage places have significance to the community for many reasons including their historic, aesthetic, social or spiritual qualities, or a combination of these qualities. In Australia, significance is recognised at a local, state or territory, national or world heritage level. These guidelines relate to places of state historic cultural heritage significance. The Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995 defines historic cultural heritage significance in terms of eight criteria: a) the place is important to the course or pattern of Tasmania’s history; b) the place possesses uncommon or rare aspects of Tasmania’s history; c) the place has the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Tasmania’s history; d) the place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of place in Tasmania’s history; e) the place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement; f) the place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social or spiritual reasons; g) the place has a special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in Tasmania’s history; h) the place is important in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics. These criteria are consistent with the standard national heritage criteria adopted by all Australian jurisdictions in 1998 at the national heritage convention (HERCON). For the purposes of the Heritage Act, the Heritage Council may determine that a place has state historic cultural heritage significance if it is satisfied that the place meets one or more of the criteria. An interpretation of these criteria is provided in Section 10. The Act “does not apply in respect of places whose historic cultural heritage significance derives solely from their cultural value to the Aboriginal people of Tasmania” (S15(1B)). The Heritage Council’s Assessing Historic Heritage Significance guidelines provide a detailed overview of each of the criteria.

12.1.4 The Weed Management Act 1999 (Tasmania) The Act was proclaimed on 1 September 2000, and is the principal legislation concerned with the management of declared weeds in Tasmania. Under the Act, the State Government may: 1. Prohibit the introduction of declared weeds into Tasmania. 2. Undertake the eradication of declared weed species. 3. Take action aimed at preventing the spread of declared weeds within Tasmania.

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4. Require that action be taken against declared weed species where this is necessary to alleviate or prevent a particular problem.

12.1.5 Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993 (Tasmania) The framework for Tasmania’s planning system is set out in the Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993. Other parts of the framework are called up under the Act.

12.1.6 Aboriginal Relics Act 1975 (Tasmania) In Tasmania, the Aboriginal Relics Act 1975 (see also Section 7.0) provides legislative protection for all Aboriginal cultural heritage sites, places and objects. Section 14 (1) of this Act states: no person shall, otherwise than in accordance with the terms of a permit granted by the Minister on the recommendation of the Director:

(a) destroy, damage, deface, conceal or otherwise interfere with a relic. A person who is guilty of an offence against this Act for which no other penalty is expressly provided elsewhere in this Act is liable to a fine not exceeding 10 penalty units or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months. It is a defence against prosecution if the defendant was unaware of the existence of the relic. Site protection provisions are also included in this Act. Section 7 provides that subject to the written consent of the owner or occupier of the land, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Director, declare an area of land containing an Aboriginal relic to be a protected site. Section 8 of this Act provides that the landowner is entitled to any compensation arising from the establishment of the protected site.

12.1.7 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 This Commonwealth Act (see also Section 7.0) provides for the blanket protection of all Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Aboriginal sites, places and objects whether privately or publicly owned. Whereas the State provides legislative protection for all physical evidence of past Aboriginal occupation, the Commonwealth Act also protects Aboriginal cultural property in the wider sense so as to include contemporary and ancient traditions and folklore. 12.2 Policies and Guidelines

12.2.1 The Burra Charter (The Australian ICMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance), 1999 The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, known as The Burra Charter, was first adopted at Burra in 1979. The Burra Charter is a set of principles adopted to create a nationally accepted standard for heritage conservation practice in Australia, and defines the basic principles and procedures to be followed in the conservation of heritage places. These principles and procedures can be applied to a monument, building, garden, shell midden, rock art site, road, mining or archaeological site, or to a whole region. It does not prescribe the techniques to be used or the manner in which a heritage place should be cared for. The Burra Charter advocates a cautious approach to changing a place. Only the work necessary to repair and secure and to make it function is recommended so the history of the place can continue to be recognised. Under The Burra Charter, people involved in the conservation of heritage places should: 1. understand the place and its cultural significance, including its meaning to people, before making decisions about its future; 2. involve the communities associated with the place;

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3. care for its cultural significance and other significant attributes, taking account of all aspects of significance; 4. care for the place's setting; 5. provide an appropriate use; 6. provide security for the place; 7. use available expertise; 8. make records of the place and changes to it, and the reasons for these decisions; and 9. interpret and present the place in a way appropriate to its significance.124 The Charter can be applied to all types of places of cultural significance including natural, Indigenous and historic places with cultural values. The standards of other organisations may also be relevant.

12.2.2 ICOMOS‐IFLA International Committee for Historic Gardens Charter Cultural landscapes, for the purpose of the International Scientific Committee on Cultural Landscapes (ISCCL), comprise designed, evolved and associative landscapes as defined in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. The purpose of the ISCCL is to promote world‐wide cooperation in the identification, increased awareness, study, education and training for protection, preservation, restoration, monitoring, and management of cultural landscapes. The ISCCL collaborates and works with the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA), with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and with the UNESCO (in regard to World Heritage). The ISCCL maintains an institutional record of its activities and work. The ISCCL has its origins in the ICOMOS‐IFLA International Committee for Historic Gardens, established in 1971. At its meeting in Florence in May 1981, that Committee drew up a charter on the preservation of historic gardens, The Florence Charter, which was adopted by ICOMOS in December 1982. In 1998, the ICOMOS/IFLA International Scientific Committee on Cultural Landscapes was formed. In 2005 the ISC was re‐titled the International Scientific Committee on Cultural Landscapes to reflect the broadening of its scope with regard to designed, evolved and associative landscapes. The Australian members of the ISCCL participate in the ISCCL work of evaluating World Heritage nominations, preparing an inventory card (checklist for cultural landscape identification), providing an inventory of Australian heritage gardens, preparation of World Heritage Evaluation Guidelines for cultural landscapes and contributing to the preparation of an international cultural landscape bibliography. Within Australia ICOMOS, Juliet Ramsay has established an informal working group to share information on the work of the ISCCL, draw comment on the work being undertaken by the ISCCL and gain information on cultural landscape issues across Australia. A work program has been developed by the combined group which includes: the development of illustrated material on cultural landscapes and cultural routes; preparation and publication of a bibliography; collaboration with IUCN in developing methodologies for Australian heritage practice that effectively integrate natural and cultural values; and developing ways (seminars, conferences) to deliver information on cultural landscapes and cultural routes across Australia. (see http://australia.icomos.org/get‐involved/international‐scientific‐ committees/isccl‐cultural‐landscapes/)

124 Walker, M. Understanding the Burra Charter (Australia ICOMOS, 1996).

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12.2.3 ICAHM Charter for the Protection and Management of Archaeological Heritage The ICAHM Charter, inspired by the success of the Venice Charter, was created in response to the increasing threats to archaeological sites worldwide, especially from looting and land development. The Charter attempts to establish principles and guidelines of archaeological heritage management that are globally valid and can be adapted to national policies and conditions. The Charter encourages legislation to protect the archaeological heritage, based on inventories and general surveys of the resources. It lays out general principles for investigation, maintenance, and conservation as well as reconstruction of architectural heritage. It also notes the role of high academic and professional standards in relevant fields of expertise and the need for international cooperation. 125 12.2.4 Australian Natural Heritage Charter (2002) (2nd edition) The Australian Heritage Commission in association with the Australian Committee for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (ACIUCN) The Australian Natural Heritage Charter was first adopted in December 1996 following a two‐year period of Australia‐wide consultation. It was revised and updated in 2002 following the planned five‐ yearly review in 2001 by users and expert advisers. The development and review of the Charter was conducted by a national steering committee made up of representatives of the Australian Committee for IUCN (World Conservation Union), the Australian Heritage Commission, Environment Australia, the Australian Local Government Association, the University of Sydney, the University of New South Wales, the Environment Institute of Australia, the Indigenous community and environmental consultants. The Charter is a distillation of 'best practice' conservation principles for Australia, based on the consensus of a broad range of experts. It aims to assist everyone with an interest in natural places to establish their natural heritage values and manage them. It can be applied to a wide range of places whether terrestrial, marine or freshwater. It can be used by organisations or individuals ‐ landowners and managers, non‐government and government organisations, decision‐makers, voluntary groups, professional practitioners ‐ anyone involved in conserving Australia's natural heritage. It offers a framework for making sound decisions for managing and restoring natural heritage places based on the ecological processes, which occur in natural systems. It also provides a process that can be used to support and implement local, state and territory, national and international policies, agreements, strategies and plans. It does not replace statutory obligations. 126 12.2.5 ‘Ask First ‐ Respecting Indigenous Heritage Place’ – Australian Heritage Commission (2001) Ask First: A guide to respecting Indigenous heritage places and values provides a practical guide for land developers, land users and managers, cultural heritage professionals and many others who may have an impact on Indigenous heritage. The title ‐ Ask First ‐ is the message of this book; that consultation and negotiation with Indigenous stakeholders is the best means of addressing Indigenous heritage issues. It is also the first, and simplest step that people need to take, and that is to put the subject on the agenda. The Commission has promoted guidelines to help Australians protect different aspects of their natural and cultural heritage places, including the Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 1999, and the Australian Natural Heritage Charter. Ask First: A guide to respecting Indigenous heritage places and

125 Getty Conservation Institute (c. 2016) Cultural Heritage Policy Documents: Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage (1990) ICOMOS International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management (ICAHM). Available at http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/research_resources/charters/charter43.html 126 Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy (2016) Australian Natural Heritage Charter. Available at https://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/australian‐natural‐heritage‐charter

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values will fill an important role in complementing these guides. Maintaining heritage values and places is a vital part of the community's 'sense of place', cultural identity and well‐being. This is particularly true for Indigenous Australians, whose heritage creates and maintains links between ancestors, people and the land. The entirely different nature of Indigenous heritage and lack of familiarity or awareness in the wider community of the issues associated with it, makes this guide both timely and important. 127

12.2.6 The Policy on Water Quality Management 1997 (Tasmania) The purpose is to achieve the sustainable management of Tasmania's surface water and groundwater resources by protecting or enhancing their qualities, while allowing for sustainable development in accordance with the objectives of the RMPS, regarding proposed use and development that may impact on surface or ground water quality in Tasmania. It relates to all surface waters, including coastal waters, and groundwaters, other than: privately owned waters that are not accessible to the public and are not connected to, or flow directly into, waters that are accessible to the public; or waters in any tank, pipe or cistern. 12.2.7 State Policy on the Protection of Agricultural Land 2009 (Tasmania) This is aimed at conserving and protecting agricultural land so that it remains available for the sustainable development of agriculture, recognising the particular importance of prime agricultural land. 12.2.8 State Coastal Policy 1996 The State Coastal Policy 1996 (Tasmania) is a statutory document created under the State Polices and Projects Act 1993. The aim is to protect the natural and cultural values of the coast, provide for sustainable use and development of the coast, and promote shared responsibility for its integrated management and protection. It applies to proposed use and development in a coastal area that is 'discretionary 'or 'prohibited' under land use zones applying to coastal areas in planning schemes. It relates to Tasmania's coastal area, including all islands except for Macquarie Island. The coastal zone includes State Waters (as defined in the Living Marine Resources Management Act 1995) and all land to a distance of 1km from the high water mark. (See http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/91392/State_Coastal_Policy_1996.pdf) 12.2.9 Southern Tasmania Regional Land Use Strategy 2010‐2035 The Regional Land Use Strategy is a broad policy document that will facilitate and manage change, growth, and development within Southern Tasmania [including Glamorgan Spring Bay] over the next 25 years. It provides comprehensive land use policies and strategies for the region based upon:  The vision for the State as outlined by Tasmania Together;  A more defined regional vision;  Overarching strategic directions; and  A comprehensive set of regional planning policies addressing the underlying social, economic, and environmental issues in Southern Tasmania. 12.3 Australian Standards & Legislation for Disability Access and Safety 12.3.1 Disability Discrimination Act (1992) (D.D.A.) The Federal Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (D.D.A.) provides protection for everyone in Australia against discrimination based on disability. It encourages everyone to be involved in implementing the Act and to share in the overall benefits to the community and the economy that flow

127 Australian Heritage Commission (2002) Ask First: A guide to respecting Indigenous heritage places and values, Available at https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/4afff65c‐00dd‐4001‐878b‐a28d8831293a/files/ask‐first.pdf

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from participation by the widest range of people. Disability discrimination happens when people with a disability are treated less fairly than people without a disability. Disability discrimination also occurs when people are treated less fairly because they are relatives, friends, carers, co‐workers or associates of a person with a disability (See https://www.humanrights.gov.au/dda‐guide‐whats‐it‐all‐about). 12.3.2 National Construction Code (2016)  Building Code of Australia Vol 1 Class 2 ‐9 Buildings  Building Code of Australia Vol 2 Classes 1 and 10, Residential Buildings  Building Code of Australia Vol 3 Plumbing Works (all building classes)

12.3.3 Australians Standards Standards Australia is a standards organisation established in 1922. It is recognised through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Australian Government as the peak non‐government standards development body in Australia.

12.3.4 Work Health and Safety Act 2012 (WHS Act). The WHS Act provides all workers in Australia with the same standard of health and safety protection regardless of the work they do, or where they work. (see http://worksafe.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/273512/Guide_to_the_Work_Health_and_Safety_Act_20 12.pdf)

12.4 Glamorgan Spring Bay Interim Planning Scheme 2015 This planning scheme sets out the requirements for use or development of land in accordance with the Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993 (the Act). The maps show how land is zoned and the scheme sets out the provisions that apply to use or development of land. The provisions in this planning scheme should be read together with the Act. (See http://www.iplan.tas.gov.au/pages/plan/book.aspx?exhibit=glaipse) 12.4.1 Council Policies Glamorgan Spring Bay Council Swansea Structure Plan 1 April 2016 Revision 5

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13.0 Heritage Listing in Tasmania Tasmania's historic heritage places are recorded in many different heritage lists: world, national, commonwealth, state and local. Places can be entered in more than one list. The places entered on some lists are protected by legislation. Other lists offer no protection but are maintained as useful sources of information. And there are some places that may not be included on any lists, but it can still be important to recognise and protect their heritage values. Statutory Lists In Tasmania the main two lists are: the Tasmanian Heritage Register and the Historic Heritage Codes in local planning schemes. The places entered on these lists are protected by legislation. The Tasmanian Heritage Register identifies Tasmanian places of historic heritage significance to Tasmania. It is managed by the Tasmanian Heritage Council and Heritage Tasmania in the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, through the Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995. Local Historic Heritage Codes are part of local government planning schemes and are used to identify places of local significance within a local municipality. The codes are managed by the relevant local council through the planning scheme and the Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993. These two lists form part of a tiered system of managing historic heritage. The other lists are:  The World Heritage List, which includes places of outstanding value to the world and is managed by UNESCO through the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act);  The National Heritage List, which identifies places of value to Australia and is managed by the Australian Heritage Council and the Australian Department of Environment through the EPBC Act; and the  The Commonwealth Heritage List, which identifies places owned by the Australian Government of value to Australia and is also managed by the Australian Heritage Council and the Department of Environment through the EPBC Act.

The Tasmanian Heritage Register was created in 1997 following the proclamation of the Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995. It is an inventory of those places that are recognised as being of historic cultural heritage significance to Tasmania. Each place has the potential to offer unique and special insights into Tasmania’s rich and colourful history. Inclusion on the Register offers legal protection for places of heritage significance, and ensures that future changes to a place complements its significant aspects. This does not mean that development can't occur, in fact development and conservation can often work hand in hand and can be crucial for the survival of vulnerable buildings. The places on the Register have been assessed against criteria outlined in the Act and have been identified as being important to Tasmania, and Tasmanians, because of their connections to the State’s history, culture and society. These places are linked to the cultural fabric that is so important to our tourism industry, our State’s identity, and its brand. 128

128 Tasmanian Government, Heritage Tasmania (c. 2016) Heritage Listed Places: Heritage Listing Explained, Available at http://heritage.tas.gov.au/heritage‐listed‐places/heritage‐listing‐explained

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13.1 Key Historical themes for Tasmania Any place having a strong association with one of the following key themes can generally be considered ‘to possess historical value at a state level’. A place that does not have a strong association with one of the themes should not necessarily be considered to be without historical value. However further research and explanation may be required to support a claim that the place possesses historical value at a state level. (i) European colonisation, contact with Aboriginal peoples and evolving relationships (ii) Later migration (iii) Defence of colony and state (iv) Exploration and survey (v) The convict experience (vi) Maritime communications and the maritime activity and industry (including whaling, sealing) (vii) Agricultural, orcharding and pastoral industries (viii) Natural resource utilisation (e.g. mining and forestry) (ix) Hydro power and water management (x) Developing centres for trade, governance, patterns of domestic life and health and welfare (xi) Human interaction with the natural environment, remote places and defence of the environment (xii) Memorialising the past, people and society’s achievements (xiii) Secondary and tertiary industry and communications (xiv) Education, spiritual and cultural life. 129

129 Tasmanian Government, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (2011) Assessing Historic Heritage Significance for application with the Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995, Available at http://heritage.tas.gov.au/Documents/Assessing%20Historic%20Heritage%20Significance.pdf

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14.0 Landscape Conservation Policy This section details the integrated framework of policies established to conserve the significance of the landscape at Cambria. Cultural heritage research and planning for remediation and restoration endeavours to develop more holistic approaches to landscapes, as webs of cultural and environmental interactions; understanding heritage as culturally constructed or ‘socially grounded’. After decades of ‘professionalising’ heritage, heritage researchers today are seeking ways to understand and acknowledge that heritage is constructed in the hearts and minds of people. To exemplify this, the respective Statements of Significance for Cambria make strong and constant reference to George Meredith, the man – farmer, raconteur, businessman, orchardist, seal oil trader, house and landscape designer, amateur botanist and horticulturalist. At Cambria, the estate is largely intact, and we are only starting to unearth the rich life history of George Meredith, his family and successive owners of Cambria. The site is ideal for restoration: ‘traces’ of the original landscape planning still exist and documentation so far located reveals a well planned and organised estate. George Meredith was a well‐travelled businessman, with many arms to his business. He entertained at Cambria and was entertained by visiting dignitaries. The gardens, in particular, demonstrated to his guests his wealth and status. 14.1 Priorities

High priority (HP) Medium priority (MP) Low priority (LP) Actions to implement the Complex issues requiring research Longer term actions to improve framework of the landscape plan processes and development of elements that are performing options satisfactorily at time of writing Creation of essential management Conservation of smaller landscape systems elements of significance Work instructions for common Important improvements to management procedures landscape interpretation Selection/installation of site Landscape investigation and works in furniture and treatments areas with poor accessibility Removal or screening of highly intrusive elements Substantial and achievable improvements to landscape interpretation Programing to reduce urgent safety risks Table 8: Ranking of priorities of activities in Landscape Conservation Policy

14.2 Integrated Framework of policies

1. Topography 1.1 Retain existing topography The existing landform ‐ natural (contours, setting, sense of enclosure) and modified (terracing, changes of level between upper and lower orchards, reclaimed land, infill, re‐alignment of river) should generally not be changed, unless re‐filling and re‐pinning of stonewalls is required. (HP) 1.2 Maintain retaining walls Conserve and maintain all retaining walls, using identical rock and methods, throughout CHZ. (HP)

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1.3 Restore terracing and paths around house in CHZ Restore terracing, stonewalls, paths and paving to around house in CHZ in order to aid visitor circulation and safety, improve stability of the ground surfaces, and delineate and enhance garden planting in this area. All restorations must be well‐researched, appropriately resourced and planned to avoid impacts on significant garden elements (and potentially archaeological elements). (HP)

2. Edges 2.1 Enhance and manage the boundary of Cambria Enhance and maintain the boundary of Cambria to provide a visually appropriate setting. Develop strategies, where appropriate, to protect the edges of the site, such as filtering or screening elements (as in DZ2 planting endemic species buffer zones), enhancement of significant vistas (particularly to the west and east), removal of intrusive elements (such as sheds and other outbuildings not of the period), restoration or reconstruction of significant boundary elements (such as Hawthorn hedges, and split‐rail fences), landscape design, control of signage, and vegetation management. (MP) 2.2 Identify and maintain significant edges between Zones Identify and maintain significant edges between Zones, including elements such as: Hawthorn hedges, fences, stonewalls, paths, lanes, access roads, and ‘footprints’ of former structures. (MP) 2.3 Establish and maintain boundary with Development Zone (DZ) Maintain a clear visual boundary between CHZ, PZ & NLZ and DZ through fencing, planting buffer zones and planting/remediating Hawthorn hedges. (MP) 2.4 Establish and maintain boundary between Development Zone (DZ) and Tasman Highway Maintain a clear visual boundary between Development Zone (DZ) and Tasman Highway through fencing, and planting endemic species buffer zones. (MP) 2.5 Establish and maintain boundary between PLZ and NLZ Maintain a clear visual boundary between PLZ and NLZ through fencing and planting endemic species (for remediation in NLZ). Protect NLZ from stock with fencing. (MP)

3. Native Vegetation 3.1 Conserve significant native vegetation Conserve significant native vegetation in NLZ, particularly at ‘The Sands’. Strategies for conservation for native vegetation will include: weed management (see Section 19.0), revegetation, selective clearing of understorey vegetation, identification and retention of stags (hollow bearing trees), location of locally sourced seed stock for revegetation, and tree surgery. (HP) 3.2 Mapping of indigenous vegetation and habitat values Survey and map indigenous vegetation within all Zones, including areas of significant habitat (such as the lower orchard, river bank and ‘The Sands’). Develop and maintain a Tree Survey Database. (See Management Systems, Section 16.0) (HP) 3.3 Native Vegetation Management Strategy Develop a Native Vegetation Management Strategy specific to Cambria. The strategy should include notes on suitable endemic plant species, densities, seed collection and propagation methods. Further, it

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should outline the use and management of fire in relation to vegetation management and refer to tertiary plans for the management of weeds. (HP) 3.4 Local provenance stock for new planting All revegetation programs within Cambria NLZ should use local provenance stock. Establish a plant nursery on site, or locate locally sourced seed stock propagated for revegetation, off‐site. (MP) 3.5 Avoid impact on significant archaeological/Victorian resources Ensure significant archaeological/Victorian features or deposits are identified, mapped and protected when planning and conducting revegetation and vegetation management works. (HP) 3.6 Weed management Ongoing weed management in the NZL is required. Seek specialist advice to identify viable and practicable management options and investigation/trialing of alternative or combination techniques should occur. (HP) 3.7 Cooperative approach with local groups Liaise with local Greening Australia, Landcare, Coastcare and National Park management programs, to facilitate a coordinated and long‐term approach to endemic management at Cambria, particularly in NL Zones (including revegetation programs). (MP) 3.8 Fire (HP) Use of fire, as a tool for fuel reduction purposes at Cambria, should be sparing and with awareness of the risk hazard to the site, and the potential for destruction of historical fabric and landscape elements. Use of fire for management purposes should be minimised and coordinated with weed control strategies to avoid weed invasion. Alternative strategies for fuel reduction should be considered. 3.9 Plant endemic species buffer zone between DZ and Tasman Highway. 3.10 Retain existing planting of native vegetation at ‘The Sands’. 3.11 Retain existing planting of native vegetation along riverbank, at Cambria. 3.12 Protection of the Eucaltypus viminalis – Eucalptus globulus coastal forest and woodland remnants in lower orchard and throughout Cambria 3.13 Protection of the Saline sedgeland/rushland in ‘The Sands’ and along the Meredith River bank

4. River and water quality 4.1 Manage riverbank vegetation at lower orchard (NLZ) Maintain the environmental condition of the Meredith River bank at lower orchard through planned vegetation management, including weed control and revegetation. (HP) 4.2 Manage riverbank vegetation downstream of lower orchard (NLZ riverbank) Maintain the environmental condition of the Meredith River bank downstream of lower orchard through planned vegetation management, including weed control and revegetation. (HP) 4.3 Management strategy for remediation of lower orchard All debris should be removed; particularly where it is impeding flow of the river, or will hold future floodwater, and the riverbanks should be re‐stabilised with endemic species (APPENDIX F), which should be protected from grazing sheep and wallabies. (HP)

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4.4 Management strategy for remediation of downstream of lower orchard (NLZ riverbank) 4.5 Management of strategy for remediation of endemic species of lower orchard All flood debris should be removed; particularly where it is impeding natural flow of the river, or will hold future floodwater. (HP) 4.6 Management of strategy for remediation of exotic/fruit/nut species of lower orchard (MP)  A full audit of trees by a certified arborist should be undertaken, in order to identify dying, diseased and dead trees, for appropriate remediation or removal. Identification and retention of the remaining pear, Franquette walnut, hazelnut/filbert trees should be undertaken. The client should seek advice from a qualified Heritage Fruit Tree specialist.  An assessment of soil should be undertaken, and water testing, both to determine the condition and pH of the soil. It may be that the soil is no longer suitable for fruit trees, due to a high and/or saline water table.  A full weed audit should be undertaken to determine the type and scale of weeds present on the site. Overgrowth of weeds is currently assisting in floodwater retention.  The trees in the Nut Walk should be identified, dead or dying plants removed, and all remaining plants coppiced and fertilised. New plants should be planted to fill gaps. 4.6 Water quality Develop strategies, which seek to improve water quality within the catchment on the estate. (HP) 4.7 River structures Develop and implement strategies for the river lining, including monitoring of the stability of the riverbank, and periodic cleaning of creek sediments, where they pose a threat to the stability of the river (HP)

5. Planted trees 5.1 Management objectives Significant structural plantings (“individual trees or groups of trees that due to their arrangement location or scale, act to define significant spaces or spatial relationships in the relationship, including trees which define entrances, vistas link spaces frame views etc)“ 130 should be managed to be permanent elements at Cambria. The aim is to prolong the life of existing specimens, and to replace them when they die. (MP) 5.2 Reassess cultural significance of trees Develop clear criteria for the assessment of the cultural significance of the trees – add to the Tree Survey. (MP) 5.3 Ongoing management of significant trees Implement the recommendations of the Tree Survey, including works to improve the structure, longevity and public safety of each tree. (MP) 5.4 Management strategy for avenues of significant trees or significant hedgerows (MP)  The ‘avenues’ of Hawthorn hedgerows in PZ and CHZ are significant for their historical and landscape values and should be maintained.

130 Port Arthur Historic Site Landscape Management Plan, p. 106.

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 The recommendation for Cambria is for the retention, identification, and maintenance of the two paddocks, and also for the reinstatement of the Hawthorn hedging, as itwould have originally been used.  Hawthorn is not a declared weed in Tasmania; however, it is capable of dominating native vegetation and produces large amounts of seed, spread by birds. If not maintained it does pose a threat to conservation areas, bushland and reserves in Tasmania.  Any newly planted buffer zones, remediated areas and at the riverbank at Cambria should be regularly monitored for Hawthorn seedlings.  A detailed replacement, maintenance and management schedule should be developed for avenues of trees at Cambria, including hedgerows. 5.5 Replacement strategy for significant trees Identify all significant trees (including formal/informal groupings, such as the Pinetum and avenues) Combine the significance assessment with the life expectancy/condition information of the Tree Survey to develop a strategy for staged tree replacement and cultivation from cuttings or seed (see Tables xx, xx and xx) of the original parent trees. As significant trees reach senescence careful consideration should be given to their staging for replacement. Plant stock should grown from cuttings or seed from the parent tree. (MP) 5.6 Removal of trees Trees which are assessed as ‘low’ significance can be removed or replaced, particularly where they are inconsistent with the interpretation of the landscape, are not consistent with the original plantings by George Meredith, or where they pose detrimental visual, environmental, or cultural heritage impacts. Trees may be retained, even if they are deemed of low significance, if they provide screening of intrusive elements or benefits such as shade, shelter or privacy. (MP) 5.7 Plant nursery Develop and resource a plant nursery to support the strategies for management and replacement of significant trees and endemic species (see 3.4) (LP)

6. Gardens 6.1 Management and conservation objectives for each garden in the CHZ Develop clear identification, management and interpretation objectives for each of the gardens and components of CHZ (HP), based on further historical research for each garden and component in CHZ. The objectives should guide the removal of intrusive elements; the introduction, replacement and removal of plants; maintenance procedures; and provision of related elements such as paths, drains, fencing, and hedgerows, etc. ALL new works in each garden and component in CHZ should be clearly related to those stated objectives. (HP) 6.2 Inventory of garden plants Record all significant plants within the gardens and components in CHZ and establish a database linked to the Conservation Plan data. Record (where known) species name, and origin, date planted, significance, maintenance requirements, propagation methods, and provenance. This information should be used to plan the maintenance program for the gardens and components in CHZ (including propagation programs (see Nursery 5.7) HP 6.3 Garden reconstruction

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 Priority should be given to restoring existing gardens before planning new gardens. Further garden reconstructions should not be given priority in the short term, until there effective interpretation strategies in place to enable a balanced presentation of all significant landscape sites within the CHZ, including those relating to food production.  New gardens should be carefully considered in light of existing gardens and components in CHZ, and functions. 6.4 interpret the significance of gardens to visitors Develop and implements appropriate interpretation strategies for gardens and components in CHZ. 6.5 Plant labelling Limit the labeling of plants to rare or significant plants within the gardens. Provide additional plant identification information through the gardens and components in CHZ. 6.6 Add garden trees to the Tree Survey Add the trees in the gardens to the tree survey and ensure that the data required for the tree survey database is collected for these trees.

7. Lawns 7.1 Re‐establish and maintain lawns Reduce visual dominance of the lawns around the house through reinstatement of formal landscape treatments (such as grazing, differential mowing regimes); increase use of grazing within former farming areas; reconstruction of former landscape features; re‐establishing former fence and path alignments etc. Implementation of this policy will require integrated consideration of interpretation, conservation and management objectives. 7.2 Document management practices Establish a tertiary plan to document management practices for the grassed areas at Cambria. The plan should address desired grass heights, frequency of mowing and the appropriate use of spraying and slashing near sensitive elements. The agistment of sheep within former farm areas can continue, provided there is limited risk to significant archaeological elements, building fabric or orchard trees.

8. Orchards 8.1 Management objectives  A full audit of fruit and nut trees by a certified arborist should be undertaken, in order to identify dying, diseased and dead trees, for appropriate remediation or removal.  The client should seek advice from a qualified Heritage fruit tree specialist, for identification of the remnant fruit and nut trees in the orchard.  Not only should known original species be sought, but identification of the unknown remaining fruit and nut trees should provide a guide for their replacement or remediation.  An assessment of soil should be undertaken, and water testing, to determine the condition and pH of the soil. It may be that the soil is no longer suitable for fruit trees, and should be improved accordingly.  Mowing should be maintained through the park, or sheep should be introduced sporadically to keep grass down. All newly planted trees should be securely staked and protected from rabbits and sheep (see 7.2)

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 The greenhouse site should be noted and kept clear of weeds, as should all stonewalls which separate the orchard from the rear of the house. Similarly the windmill (although not original) should be assessed for structural integrity, retained and kept clear of weeds. 8.2 Document management practices Establish a tertiary plan to document management practices for all orchards at Cambria. 9. Outbuildings and sheds 9.1 Establish and maintain a landscape setting for historic buildings and ruins It is undesirable for historic buildings to be presented as though isolated in a sea of lawns. This is usually the outcome of a loss of plantings, paths, fences, and hard landscaping fabric previously associated with the building and its uses. The significance of each of these structures is enhanced by the retention, restoration or reconstruction of the immediate landscape setting, including paths, gardens, fences and the ‘footprints’ of former outbuildings, such as the greenhouse in CHZ. 9.2 Building setting consistent with cultural significance of the building Creation of reconstructed building settings must be consistent with the cultural significance of the building.

9.3 Approaches and entries to buildings Approaches and entries to buildings should be consistent with their significance and historical patterns of use and access. Former patterns of use, such as servant’s entrances, should also be used, or reinstated where applicable.

9.4 Conduct research to determine appropriate building settings. Develop plans, based on thorough research, which are historically appropriate and which avoid damage to significant fabric.

9.5 Avoid conjecture in reconstructing building settings. Elaborate reconstruction of building settings based on a high degree of conjecture is inconsistent with the requirements of the conservation plan and should be avoided; simpler treatments should be undertaken, where there is insufficient documentation of physical evidence.

10. Internal Vistas 10.1 Retain significant internal vistas Ensure that significant vistas are retained through management of vegetation height and removal of intrusive elements, such as weed trees. Generally, introduction of new elements within significant vistas should be avoided. Exceptions to this include the introduction of new built fabric and plants undertaken for the purposes of the landscape reconstruction or restoration.

11. Landscape Interpretation 11.1 interpret the meanings of the landscape to visitors Telling the stories of Cambria should be a key component of the Conservation Plan. interpretation of the meanings and questions about the landscape are critical components of conservation. Interpretation the landscape occurs through:  moving through and within the historic site  displays and activities inside buildings and gardens

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 written materials  artistic, musical and dramatic performances, events and installations  interpretive signs and labels  landscape devices, such as building ‘footprints’

11.2 Minimise the introduction of signs and other structural elements throughout all Zones

12. Landscape Restoration 12.1 Restoration of significant landscape elements

Restoration of significant extant landscape elements can occur in order to conserve cultural significance.

13. Landscape Reconstruction 13.1 Use a precautionary approach Proposals for reconstruction should be treated with caution. Full evaluation of the impacts of these proposals of the significant extant fabric of the site should be done, ensuring sufficient research is also done to guide the proposal and to identify the full range of impacts on the site and its values. Reasons of visitor amenity or interpretation should not be sufficient justification for proceeding with reconstruction proposals.

13.2 No building reconstructions Reconstructions of missing buildings in CHZ should not be considered; similarly, standing representations of buildings should not be considered (that is, ‘frames’ which demonstrate the placement and size of buildings).

13.3 Reconstruction of landscape elements.  Reconstruction of specific landscape elements for example fences, paths, walls, structural plantings may occur in some areas of the CHZ.  Reconstruction of these elements must be based on documentary and/or physical evidence about the location, design, materials and construction method.  The proposed new elements must be consistent with the conservation and meaning of the surrounding fabric.  Reconstruction of these elements should be considered in areas where significant aspects of the spatial organisation had been lost and where the reconstructed elements will enable the significance of each area to be understood and interpreted.  Reconstruction of landscape elements should also be considered in relation to reinstating appropriate settings at entry points for significant buildings and standing structures.  Reconstruction of landscape elements may also assist in achieving visitor access and Public Safety objectives

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18.0 Managing Users & Threats 18.1 Current condition of Zone components 1. CORE HERITAGE ZONE (CHZ) comprising the Formal garden, including the ‘rondel of roses’, entry drive from house gate, conifers and hedges; Orchard and garden (including greenhouse and windmill); ‘Arcadia’ – the tree‐lined walk; Cambria Lane; The Shrubbery; Lower Orchard (on the riverbank); and Riverbank remediation:  Successive owners of the estate have, fortunately, made few changes (except for basic maintenance) of the original layout; however, weeds and drought are now serving to destroy many parts of the Core Heritage Zone, for example;  The greenhouse, stonewalls, tanks and windmill are in disrepair.  The lower orchard has sustained a lot of damage from flooding and mounds of branch debris sit around the base of the trees;  There are several unidentified apple, pear and walnut trees in the house orchard. These are in poor condition and should be identified before they die, or examined for their long‐term viability, or removal/replacement.  The Shrubbery is now a tangle of wattles, African boxthorns, blackberry and other weed species, and the determination of the original species is difficult.  The ‘rondel of roses’ is now a circle of white gravel enclosed by a low hedge of Box (Buxus sp.), with no roses.  All garden beds are weedy and plants require pruning or replacement. Weeds are choking the remaining softer herbaceous perennials and shrubs (a tertiary Weed Management Plan is vital).  All larger shrubs and trees, and deciduous plants such as the Wisteria on the front porch, require inspection by a certified arborist, and pruning/removal as required.  Paving stones and mortar in stone‐walls are choked with weeds.  * The Hawthorn hedgerows along Cambria Lane are to be remediated. They are currently in poor condition – old, overgrown, or drought‐affected.  Irrigation system/s seem to be in disrepair. 2. PASTORAL ZONE (PZ) comprising the House Paddock’ and Drawing Room Paddock’  The two paddocks have clear boundaries – fences need to be maintained.  The Hawthorn hedgerows around the two paddocks are to be remediated. Hawthorn was, in the past, planted as a cheap, dense and vigorous form of fencing, and for this reason Hawthorn is found throughout Tasmania adjacent to and on old homestead sites. * Note: Hawthorn is not a declared weed in Tasmania (although it is a Declared Noxious Weed in Victoria and South Australia); however, it is capable of dominating native vegetation and produces large amounts of seed spread by birds. It also produces suckers from the base and these are best controlled by frequent, all year‐round ‘grubbing’.  As the property has been grazed and cultivated extensively since its establishment by George Meredith, there is little remaining natural vegetation. What remains is sparse, in competition with weeds and disconnected (no ‘wildlife corridors’ remain). Further, many of the larger endemic tree species (Eucalypts and wattles) have died or been removed (except where they were retained to mitigate erosion).  Retention of any trees within the paddocks (traditionally retained to mitigate erosion) should be observed. 3. NATURAL LANDSCAPE ZONE (NLZ) comprising all riverbank remediation (see Section 8.0 – Lower

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Orchard) along Meredith River, ‘Sands’ area; and selective inter‐planting and weed management throughout Cambria estate.  Again, as the property has been grazed and cultivated extensively since establishment by George Meredith, there is little remaining natural vegetation. What remains is sparse, in competition with weeds and disconnected and no ‘wildlife corridors’ remain. Many of the larger endemic tree species have died or been removed (except where they were retained to mitigate erosion).  The native vegetation in these zones (see Section 8.3) is degraded by grazing, drought, flood debris, and competition with weeds. There is an environmental flora and fauna survey being undertaken at Cambria at the time of writing this report 131. This should be consulted for more detailed analysis of species and remediation methods.  All re‐planted natural landscape zones should use endemic species, at a range of heights, to emulate a natural landscape, and to create animal corridors wherever possible.  The lower areas – along the river and in the lower orchard – should be planted and then monitored for successive flood/water/debris damage, or removal by floodwaters.  Cambria was last permanently tenanted by the Burburys (senior and then junior) until 2014. While the property was an active farm, weeds would have been identified, controlled and monitored. Weeds would have been common and rife if it weren’t for this ongoing and multi‐ pronged campaign, and managers must expend material and labour costs to control weeds.  Weeds are excellent at surviving and reproducing in disturbed environments and are often the first species to colonise and dominate in these conditions. Weeds destroy native habitats and biodiversity, threat native plants and animals and choke natural systems such as rivers and forests. Weeds compete with native plants for space, nutrients and sunlight. They also have a hugely detrimental effect on farm and forest productivity, by, for example, invading crops, blocking waterways and dams, smothering pastures and some can harm livestock. They aggressively compete for water, nutrients and sunlight, resulting in reduced crop yield and poor crop quality. For example, prickly bushes such as Gorse, Blackberry and Briar Rose can invade vast areas of grazing land, preventing productive use of that land. 132

4. DEVELOPMENT ZONE (DZ) comprising DZ1 1: Walnut plantation, and associated sheds; DZ2: New development, planted buffer/screening strip along highway & carparks; and DZ3: Remaining transport and circulation corridors.  As noted in the LCMP, these sub‐zones are yet to be determined, except for DZ1 (Walnut plantation and associated sheds).  Planting to the highway at the moment is sparse and weedy. All planted buffer zones should use endemic species, at a range of heights, to emulate a natural landscape, and to create wildlife corridors wherever possible.  All remediated Hedgerows should be Hawthorn *

18.2 Garden tourism One of the biggest untapped income‐earning capacity for gardens in Tasmania, and Australia, is garden tourism.

131 Bruce Dunbabbin, Personal communication, 1 March 2016 132 Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy (2016) Impact of Weeds, Weeds in Australia, Available at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/weeds/why/impact.html

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Gardens can be a place of great peace and make you feel a better about the world, but they are also a significant money earner for Tasmania. 220, 000 tourists travelled to Tasmania in the last financial year [2008] to see Tasmania's gardens. Many tourists from mainland Australia delight in seeing green grass, a rarity on the mainland where water restrictions are more severe than in Tasmania. Many tourists travel to the Chelsea Flower show in Britain, then visit many other gardens that market themselves to these visitors. Water is such a precious resource and most of mainland Australia doesn't have the luxury of green grass anymore. Tasmania needs to plan for the longer term to ensure our heritage gardens are still here in the future. The wider variety of plants and seasonality of flowering times mean gardens are attractive in all seasons. It is not only the [large] gardens and national parks that are popular with tourists. Smaller gardens, which are personal projects are also popular with tourists, particularly the gardens that are open to the public.133 As with any Heritage listed site, the balance between use and users must be managed for long‐ term sustainability. With this potential for garden tourism comes other threats to the fabric of the landscape at Cambria, which must be managed.

This section details the management of all users and threats at Cambria.

1. Uses of Cambria 1.1 Conservation and visitor access Conservation of the site and providing public access to its cultural and natural heritage values for the primary uses. All other uses must be consistent and supportive of these primary uses.

1.2 Commercial uses Commercial uses that are strongly consistent with the conservation and interpretation objectives of the site may be supported. Commercial uses within the historic site, which are not directly and strongly related to the subject will not be permitted, for example, general recreational activities and entertainment.

1.3 Educational uses Educational uses, which relate to the cultural natural or social values of the historic site should be developed, promoted and supported.

1.4 Local community uses Uses for special events, which are consistent with the social values of Cambria to local people may be supported and facilitated.

1.5 Special events Events which are consistent with the conservation and interpretation objectives cited can be an excellent means of providing a variety of experiences for visitors and the local community and should be

133 Maiden, S. (2009) Heritage gardens ‐ Tasmania's growth industry, ABC Radio (Northern Tasmania), Available at http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/04/21/2548891.htm

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encouraged. Events planning must incorporate strategies for avoiding physical impacts on the significant fabric of the landscape.

1.6 Landscape Masterplan New developments at the site should be considered in the context of a Landscape Masterplan for Cambria.

2. Site entrances 2.1 Importance of well‐presented site entrances Ensure that all entrances to the site present an impression, which is consistent with its national and international importance

2.2 New landscape scheme for proposed car park in DZ Develop a new landscape scheme for the proposed car park following assessment of the existing plantings and layout.  The new scheme is required to provide good screening of the proposed car park (from Tasman Highway and CHZ) while improving public safety, maintenance and lifespan of the plantings.  The new landscaping should include mass groupings of endemic plants, predominantly medium‐ sized trees, tall screening shrubs and groundcovers.  An arborist’s assessment of all trees within the proposed car park area should be carried out, to ascertain a removal and replacement strategy, with appropriate medium sized endemic trees.  The phasing of implementation of the strategy should aim to minimise the visual impact of the proposed car park from the core areas of the CHZ.

3. Paths and roads 3.1 Minimise vehicle use While there are a number of unsealed roads within Cambria, which are required for vehicle access, the use of vehicles within the area should be minimised

3.2 Historical basis for path locations To the greatest extent practicable, roads and path locations, surfaces and alignments should be historically accurate. In some limited cases, exceptions to this policy might be made because of concerns for public safety or disability access.

3.3 New paths/roads In general, the introduction of new paths/roads is not recommended.

3.5 Access for visitors and staff with impaired mobility Achieving disabled access to the majority of paths on site is feasible. The route should be clearly indicated in visitor information/signage.

3.6 Improving disabled access

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Undertake further analysis of the possibilities for improving disabled access within Cambria.

3.4 Path & Road classification The following path/road hierarchy should be adopted:  primary vehicle roads  secondary vehicle access roads  main pedestrian paths  secondary pedestrian paths  tracks

3.7 Rationalise Path surfaces The variety of path surface types should be rationalised and a limited number of standard treatments should be adopted and they should be outlined in a tertiary plan. The path/road hierarchy should be used as the basis for identifying these standard treatments.

3.8 Criteria for selecting path surfaces Criteria for the selecting path surface treatments:  intended use  historical significance and contribution to the landscape  amount of likely use  slope and safety hazards  staging new surface treatment

3.9 Staging new surface treatment Initiate a program of phased replacement of existing path treatments to meet the new treatment standards.

4. Site furniture 4.1 Site furniture  Limit the provision of site furniture.  The site furniture should be chosen for durability, maintenance requirements and visual suitability.  Remove redundant and inappropriate site furniture (as identified in the Inventory of Site Furniture). 4.3 Lighting Develop an Integrated Lighting Plan for the site, which reduces or removes ‘modern’ fittings, excludes all floodlit and neon lighting, and which ensures new lighting fixtures are compatible with historical positioning, by undertaking further research. 4.4 Seating Ensure that adequate seating is available in appropriate locations to cater for the needs of elderly and disabled visitors

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4.5 Fences  Reduce the Range of fence types around Cambria.  Generally fences should not be established in locations where they have not existed before.  New fences can be established to assist an expression of the former spatial organisation of the site; however, this can only occur following consideration of the documentary and physical evidence.

4.6 Commercial & directional signs Signs for purposes other than site interpretation (such as directional signs) should be reduced to an absolute minimum.

5. Existing intrusive elements 5.1 Inventory of intrusive elements Use the conservation Plan database to maintain an inventory of intrusive elements.

5.2 Reduce impacts of intrusive elements Develop strategies for reducing the impact of intrusive elements, including removal, relocation, redesign and/or screening them.

6. Weed management 6.1 Develop a weed strategy  A strategy identifying and recommending control methods with the key problem weeds within the Cambria site (see Appendix E) should be developed as a tertiary plan. This plan should advise specific control methods that do not damage historic elements or disturb areas of endemic vegetation. 6.2 Consider cultural heritage values of weed species The heritage values of some weed species within the site should be evaluated and carefully incorporated into management strategies (for example, the Hawthorn, which is deemed a significant species in this landscape).

6.3 Catchment‐oriented approach

 All weed control and management strategies should be developed, wherever possible, as part of a larger coordinated strategy within the catchment, with the cooperation of an active dissipation of all landowners and managers.  A Weed Management Plan should be devised, based on WeedPlan ‐ Tasmania's Weed Management Strategy. 134  Advice and support should be sought from Landcare Tasmania, Greening Australia or Southern Tasmanian Weed Strategy.

134 Tasmanian Government, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (2005), WeedPlan ‐ Tasmania's Weed Management Strategy 2nd Edition, Available at http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/invasive‐species/weeds/weed‐legislation‐and‐management‐ plans/weedplan‐2nd‐edition‐2005

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6.4 Pests and pathogens As part of the documentation of landscape management practice, a tertiary plan should be prepared, which outlines the sourcing of plant stock, top soil and mulch, to minimise the potential introduction of weeds, pests or pathogens (such as the soil fungus Phytophthera cinnamomi).

7. Animals 7.1 Native fauna Native fauna are protected within the site. No new native animal should be introduced to any area of the site.

7.2 Pets Cats and dogs (except for working and service dogs) should not be kept on, or permitted within, the site.

7.3 Feral animals Together with the local Municipality (Glamorgan Spring Bay) and local landowners, develop programs as needed for the control of feral animals (particularly cats and rabbits) within the site and its catchment.

7.4 Sheep Grazing sheep in the farm areas can contribute positively to the interpretation and maintenance of these areas and can be permitted, as long as the care of sheep does not have a detrimental impact on areas of sensitivity. This grazing would also be of benefit, under supervision, and with protection of juvenile trees installed, in the house orchard and lower orchard in CHZ, and in the PZ. No new buildings should be provided to support this activity.

8. Water quality 8.1 Monitor and protect water quality Protect the environmental quality of the Meredith River and sedgeland/rushland (in NLZ) through:  control of environmental weeds within the catchment;  management of the catchment to reduce run‐off of sediment, nutrients and other polluting elements;  monitoring of water quality in consultation with relevant state government authorities and investigating sources of contamination; and  control of activities in the river to ensure that no waste is discharged to the water.

9. Noise 9.1 avoid activities which create high levels of noise Noise from events or commercial and management activities can detract from visitor perceptions of the site.  Activities which create high levels of noise should be avoided where possible  Use of vehicles within the site or noisy machinery other than for management purposes should be minimised wherever possible.

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16.0 Management Systems

1. Information Systems 1.1 Integrate existing information systems  All database systems relating to the research and management of site elements should be integrated into one system.  The Conservation Plan database should be used as the basis of an integrated information system, particularly the numbering system. New information about features and elements within the historic site are to be added to the database, including consultancies and research commissioned by the site owner/s. 1.2 Develop a GIS to aid management processes Develop a geographic information system (GIS) to assist with the management of the Cambria site. A GIS could be developed from an up‐to‐date digital site survey plan and existing database files. A GIS could support a variety of management uses, including:  integration of all information about particular buildings or landscape elements into a single system;  asset management inventory – for site furniture and other landscape treatments;  plant inventory for information about significant plants including age, origins, details, provenance and cultivation;  tree inventory and management actions ‐ expansion of the existing database to include tree maintenance works, costs life‐cycle replacement, propagation planning, and tree age mapping;  regular amendments to the chronology maps to include more detailed geo‐spatial information about archaeological resources and to incorporate new historical information;  expanded ‘viewshed analysis’ (of an area that is visible from a specific location) to assess the impact of particular development proposals;  work history records;  monitoring records. A GIS would assist with the scheduling and programming of maintenance procedures, and aid the creation of more autonomous management systems. Establishment of a GIS would rely on the availability of skilled personnel to run the software, and an organisational commitment to keep all the relevant information up‐to‐date (including survey data). 1.3 Complete base map survey All land managed by Cambria Green Agriculture and Tourism Management Pty Ltd should be surveyed to the standard of the current base plan. 1.4 Further development of the tree survey Further develop the database associated with the tree survey to:  provide an assessment of the heritage value, management and replacement of groups of trees (including Pinetum and hedgerows);  add garden trees to the Tree Survey; and  add significant endemic trees to the Tree Survey.

1.5 Further development of inventory of garden plants

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Continue the development of an inventory of significant garden plans within the site, and include plant material held elsewhere, which is provenanced to plants at Cambria. Establish a database for the inventory, building on the framework established by the Conservation Plan database.

2. Tertiary plans 2.1 Prepare tertiary plans Develop a suite of tertiary plans to support the implementation of the policies of the Landscape Plan. 2.2 Technical Manual Develop a technical manual for the tertiary plans and work instructions. The manual should be prepared in a way, which enables it to be easily updated. The manual should include work instructions and specifications for the site furniture, materials and methods for surfaces within the park/road classification, and checklists and work instructions for landscape management procedures. These should include weed management grass and mowing management, tree pruning, garden maintenance and orchard maintenance, hedgerow and hedge pruning, and Nut Walk coppicing. 2.3 Develop checklist Develop a works planning checklist to enable proposals to be evaluated in relation to the relevant landscape policies. This should form part of the development of tertiary plans.

3. Landscape Masterplans 3.1 Incorporate landscape planning in building plans Ensure that the landscape and scaling of buildings is incorporated into the development of new building conservation/restoration plans. 3.2 Priorities for landscape master plans Prepare a limited number of Landscape Masterplans for areas which require resolution of a complex set of conservation and management issues, including areas which are characterised by substantial number of missing features of significance (such as the orchards) and highly intrusive visual elements, such as new sheds.

4. Plant nursery 4.1 Resource plant nursery Develop and resource a plant nursery, to include the following operations:  cultivation of plant stock for the replacement of significant trees (using cuttings or seed from existing trees);  cultivation of rare garden plants; and  location of endemic tube stock for revegetation works (using local provenance seed stock).

5. Services and infrastructure 5.1 Tertiary Plan for services infrastructure Develop a tertiary plan for the siting and design services infrastructure such as:

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 identify the statutory requirements for each type of service and work with relevant authorities to develop new design approaches, which are more compatible with the aesthetic and historic qualities of the site;  ensure that any future service installation is carried out to establish procedures and guidelines which minimise aesthetic impact and rationalise trenching; and  ensure that future installation of underground services is planned to minimise potential impact on archaeological and landscape resources.

6. Fire management 6.1 Fire management policy and procedures Develop a fire management policy and procedures for the site. Fire management policies should aim to provide public safety as well as protection for the significant physical fabric and landscape of the site. A tertiary plan for the site should include specific procedures for:  protection of heritage elements;  public safety and evacuation areas;  slashing of buffer zones (grass); and  weed control after fires.

7. Hazard management 7.1 Hazard management strategy Develop a tertiary plan outlining strategies for hazard management within all areas of the Site. Hazard management approaches should aim to minimise safety risks in ways that safeguard significant physical fabric and landscape of the site. Strategies should include:  assessment of fall hazards;  assessment of risk to visitors of slipping, tripping and/or falling on paths;  standardised and well‐designed access barriers and hazard‐warning ‘furniture’; and  adoption of risk management and minimisation approaches for work practices within the site. 7.2 Assessed impact hazard management actions The landscape impact of proposed actions for reducing safety hazards must be fully evaluated. Public safety should not generally be a sufficient reason to remove a significant landscape element from the site. Options such as stabilisation, vegetation management, installation of temporary or permanent hazard barriers/fences, removal of facilities or site furniture, should be considered as a priority. 7.3 Siting of site furniture and visitor facilities Visitor facilities, site furniture and circulation routes should be located to avoid areas or elements that could pose a safety risk. 7.4 Information for visitors Information regarding the potential safety risks within the site should be available to visitors.

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7.5 Australian Standards New works (or modifications to existing site elements) should be carried out according to relevant Australian Standards and codes (see Section 13.3.3).

8. Review of policies 8.1 Review of Landscape Plan Review and update the policies in the Landscape Plan at least every five years. The plan should also be reviewed at times when there are substantial and relevant amendments made to the Conservation Plan.

9. Research 9.1 The importance of research Research should provide the fundamental underpinning for all proposed changes to the site. Important areas of research include:  monitoring site conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of conservation programs, as an aid to management planning and priority setting;  landscape research, including investigations of documentary and physical evidence (including archaeology), garden and plant history, natural and environmental values, remnant farming landscapes and landscape perceptions;  management approaches, identification of ‘best practice’ and a range of practical options for conservation, management and interpretation issues; and  research into visitor behaviour, experiences and responses

10. Consultation 10.1 neighbouring property owners and managers Recognise the special interests of neighbouring residents and property owners (public and private). Establish appropriate consultative arrangements to work through landscape management issues of mutual concern, particularly in relation to the policies, including:  private land use and development within the cultural landscape setting of the site (including re‐ establishing plantations);  future uses and provisions for community access to the site;  catchment‐based approaches to the management of weeds, fire and feral animals.

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17.0 References Aitken, R. (2010) The Garden of Ideas: Four Centuries of Australian Style, Carlton, Vic.: Miegunyah Press. Aitken, R. & Looker, M. (2002) The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, (Eds.), Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Australia ICOMOS 1999, The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS charter for the conservation of places of cultural significance. Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy (2016) Impact of Weeds, Weeds in Australia, Available at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/weeds/why/impact.html Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy (2016) Australian Natural Heritage Charter. Available at https://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/australian‐ natural‐heritage‐charter Australian Heritage Commission (2002) Ask First: A guide to respecting Indigenous heritage places and values, Available at https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/4afff65c‐00dd‐ 4001‐878b‐a28d8831293a/files/ask‐first.pdf Barrett, W.R (1967/2016) 'Nixon, Francis Russell (1803–1879)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1967. Available at 2016: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nixon‐francis‐russell‐2509/text3389 Baskin, J. & Dixon T. (1996) Australia’s Timeless Gardens, Canberra, National Library of Australia. Brickendon, (2016) Available at http://brickendon.com.au. Burns, D. (2012) Pathfinders in Tasmanian Botany: an honour roll of people connected through naming Tasmanian plants, Devonport: Tasmanian Arboretum Inc. Burbury, Mrs. (2015) Personal Communication. Burbury, Mr. (2015) Personal Communication. Busby, J. (1938) Journal of a Recent Visit to the Principal Vineyards of Spain and France: With Some Remarks on the Very Limited Quantity of the Finest Wines Produced Throughout the World, and Their Consequent Intrinsic Value; an Attempt to Calculate the Profits of Cultivating the Vine; a Catalogue of the Different Varieties of Grape; and an Estimate of the Profits of Malaga Fruits; Together with Observations Relative to the Introduction of the Vine Into New South Wales January 1, p. 47 Context Pty Ltd, Urban Initiatives Pty Ltd & Doyle, H. (August, 2002) Port Arthur Historic Site Landscape Management Plan, Report prepared for Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority. Getty Conservation Institute (c. 2016) Cultural Heritage Policy Documents: Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage (1990) ICOMOS International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management (ICAHM). Available at http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/research_resources/charters/charter 43.html Department of State Growth (2015) “Chinese investment in agri‐tourism and water” China engagement report: Strengthening Tasmania’s relationship with China – outcomes of the last 12 months, November 2015, p. 9.

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DPIPWE ‐ Natural Values Information Section (2014) Threatened Native Vegetation Communities 2014 – Metadata Statement, p. 6. Available at http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/TNVC_Metadata_statement.pdf Dixon, T. ‘Georgian evolution’, (2010) Outback Magazine. Issue 70 ‐ Apr/May, Available at http://www.outbackmag.com.au/stories/article‐view?604 Dunbabbin B. (2016) Personal communication (Cambria Farm Manager) Evans, K (2012)‘Antipodean England’? A History of Drought, Fire and Flood in Tasmania from European Settlement in 1803 to the 1960s. Unublished PhD thesis. Hobart: UTAS. Fairchild, D. G. (1902) Spanish Almonds and their introduction into America, Bureau Of Plant Industry ‐ Bulletin No. 26, U. S. Department Of Agriculture, Washington: Government Printing Office. Farmbuy.com (2016) Cambria, Available at http://www.farmbuy.com/Listing_Display.aspx?ListingID=97400 Frazer Simons, P. (1987) Historic Tasmanian Gardens, Canberra: Mulini Press. Garden Visit (2016) Loudon's Gardenesque Style of garden design Garden Visit.com: the Garden Guide, Available at http://www.gardenvisit.com/book/landscape_gardening_and_landscape_architecture_edited__b y_john_claudius_loudon_(jcl_)/introduction_by_jc_loudon/loudons_gardenesque_style_of_garde n_design Glamorgan Spring Bay Historical Society Historical Study of Cambria Estate: ‘The Government House of the East’, unpublished report (2015). Heritage Council Victoria, (2009) Heritage Victoria Landscape Assessment Guidelines, (July 2002, updated January 2009) Available at http://heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/research‐ projects/landscapes‐of‐cultural‐heritage‐significance‐assessment‐guidelines/ Heritage South Australia (1998) Gardens in South Australia 1840 ‐ 1940 Guidelines for Design and Conservation, Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs & The Corporation of the City of Adelaide. Hodgson, D. (1967) 'Meredith, George (1777–1856)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/meredith‐george‐ 2449/text3269, published first in hardcopy 1967, accessed online 27/5/2016. Hubbard, T. (2001) Reaching Out: The Landscape Inside & Outside the Garden Gate at Meningoort. Paper given at the 2nd Landscape Seminar held by Heritage Victoria 14th September. Johnson, H. (2010) The Traditional British Orchard: A Precious and Fragile Resource, BCD Special Report, Historic Gardens, Available at http://www.werribeeparkheritageorchard.org.au/wp‐ content/uploads/2014/07/traditional_british_orchard.pdf Kitchener, A. & Harris, S. (2005). From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania's Vegetation. Edition 1. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania. Knopwood, R. (1808) The Diary of the Rev. Robert Knopwood, Van Diemen's Land, 1805‐1808. (Unpublished) McConnell, A. & Servant, N. (1999) The History And Heritage Of The Tasmanian Apple Industry ‐ A Profile, Report Of The Queen Victoria Museum And Art Gallery, Launceston.

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Maiden, S. (2009) Heritage gardens ‐ Tasmania's growth industry, ABC Radio (Northern Tasmania), Available at http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/04/21/2548891.htm Marshall, D., Australian Archaeological Survey Consultants Pty Ltd,. Coltheart, L., Context Pty Ltd, Geoff Butler & Associates, Armes, J., & Associates, Pearson M., & Taylor, K. (2010) Lanyon Conservation Management Plan Volume 1, Cultural Facilities Corporation ‐ Act Historic Places. Meredith, L.A. (1852) My Home in Tasmania during a Residence of Nine Years, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 1852, eBook No.: 1600411h.html (2016) Meredith, G., Meredith, M.A., Meredith, J & Meredith, M. (2010) Reference to the index of the Meredith Family Papers, University of Tasmania Library Special and Rare Materials Collection, (Unpublished), p. G.4/A, Available at http://eprints.utas.edu.au/22693/ Monks, L. (1967) 'Knopwood, Robert (Bobby) (1763–1838)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, Available at http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/knopwood‐robert‐bobby‐2314/text3003, published first in hardcopy 1967 National Trust (1981). Vaucluse House ‐ Survey of Gardens in NSW, NSW Government Office of Environment and Heritage. Our Special Correspondent (1884) Observations in Through Tasmania, The Mercury Supplement, (No. 58), October. Plant Guide 2 of 2 – Port Arthur Historic Site, Available at portarthur.org.au/wp‐content/.../PArthur‐ Plant‐Guide_02_20141.pdf PlantUse (2015) Oldfieldia africana (PROTA), Available at http://uses.plantnet‐ project.org/en/Oldfieldia_africana_(PROTA). Potts, B., Kantvilas, G. & Jarman, J. (2006) Janet Somerville’s Botanical History of Tasmania 1642‐1820, (Eds.), Hobart: University of Tasmania and Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (2015) Guideline: Heritage Conservation Management Plans. Queensland Government Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (n.d.) Guideline: Archival recording of heritage places. Ramsay, J. (2007) Inventory of Heritage Gardens and Parklands, Australia, Prepared for ICOMOS‐IFLA International Scientific Committee for Cultural Landscapes, February. Ryan, L. (1996) The Aboriginal Tasmanians, Second Edition, Allen & Unwin, Available at http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/Aboriginal_Tasmanians#North_East Shaw, Mrs. (2016) Personal Communication, March. Shepherd, T. (1835) Lectures on Landscape Gardening in Australia. [Edited by J. McGarvie]. Sheridan, G. (2006) Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens: the companion to Tasmanian History. Hobart: Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies. Available at http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/R/Royal%20Bot%20Gardens.h tm Sheridan, G. (2009) Heritage Landscape Values Of The Queens Domain, Hobart, Planning Issues: Assessment For The Updated Queen’s Domain, Cultural Heritage Management Plan Project 2. Hobart: Gwenda Sheridan. (Unpublished Report)

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Sheridan, G. (2012) Tasmanian Historic Gardens and their ‘prospects’; then and now, Studies in Australian Garden History, Volume 3‐2012. ‘St. John the Baptist, Buckland – the Church’, Dottie Tales: Tales about history and much more, 27 January 2016, Available at https://dottietales.wordpress.com/2016/01/27/st‐john‐the‐baptist‐ buckland‐the‐church/ State of NSW and Department of Environment and Climate Change (2008) Cultural landscapes and park management: a literature snapshot, Department of Environment and Climate Change. Sydney Living Museums (n.d.) From Across the Seas: The Gardenesque at Vaucluse House, Available at http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/across‐seas‐gardenesque‐vaucluse‐house Tasmanian Government, Department of Premier & Cabinet (2016) Louisa Anne Meredith, Available at http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/csr/information_and_resources/significant_tasmanian_wo men/significant_tasmanian_women_‐_research_listing/louisa_anne_meredith Tasmanian Government, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (2005), WeedPlan ‐ Tasmania's Weed Management Strategy 2nd Edition, Available at http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/invasive‐species/weeds/weed‐legislation‐and‐management‐ plans/weedplan‐2nd‐edition‐2005 Tasmanian Government, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (2011) Assessing Historic Heritage Significance for application with the Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995, Available at http://heritage.tas.gov.au/Documents/Assessing%20Historic%20Heritage%20Significance.pdf Tasmanian Government, Heritage Tasmania (c. 2016) Heritage Listed Places: Heritage Listing Explained, Available at http://heritage.tas.gov.au/heritage‐listed‐places/heritage‐listing‐explained Tasmanian Heritage Council (1995) Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995 ‐ Tasmanian Legislation. Tasmanian Heritage Council (2014) Draft Works Guidelines For Historic Heritage Places June. Trees of Antiquity (2016) Franquette Walnut, Trees of Antiquity, Available at http://www.treesofantiquity.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=481 Trethowan Architecture (2016) Conservation Management Plan: Cambria Estate 13566 Tasman Highway, Swansea, Tasmania, Unpublished report. Von Stieglitz, K.R. (1955) Pioneers of the East Coast from 1642, Swansea and Bicheno, Telegraph Printery. Walker, M. Understanding the Burra Charter (Australia ICOMOS, 1996). Walnuts Australia (2016) Our orchards, Available at http://walnutsaustralia.com.au/our‐walnuts/our‐ orchards.aspx Warner, G. (2009). Country House of Tasmania: Behind the doors of our finest private colonial estates, Crows Nest NSW: Allen & Unwin.

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APPENDIX A Glossary of terms, abbreviations and acronyms

Item Definition Source Conservation At its simplest, a conservation plan is a document that sets Kerr, J. S. (2013) plan out what is significant in a place, and, consequently, what Conservation Plan: a guide policies are appropriate to enable that significance to be to the preparation of retained in its future use and development. For most places conservation plans for it deals with the management of change. places of European Its scope may vary from a do‐it‐yourself plan for a modest cultural significance (7th cottage to plans for sites of the complexity of the Port Edition, partly revised), Arthur Penal Establishment in Tasmania or the North Head National Trust. Quarantine Station in Sydney. ‘Conservation plan’ has become a convenient generic term covering a variety of productions. The type of place, the needs of owners, range of problems encountered and skills available all mean that the scope and approach must be flexible if the contents are to be both useful and succinct. Conservation “A CMP is a tool that helps owners, managers and Guideline: Heritage Management assessing bodies make sound decisions about Conservation Plan conserving and managing heritage places. It identifies Management Plans, the place’s cultural heritage significance, sets of Queensland Government conservation policies to protect the cultural heritage Department of significance of the place in light of change and provides Environment and Heritage a strategy for putting these policies into action”. Protection, (2015) p.2. Landscape All landscapes contain the imprint of human use. The Cultural Landscapes: A landscape scale of cultural heritage is similar to ‘whole‐of‐ practical guide to park landscape’ in ecosystem conservation – just as there is management, (2010) connectivity between all parts of natural ecosystems there State of NSW and is connectivity between cultural objects and places through Department of past human behaviour patterns (e.g., the huts, camps, Environment, Climate stockyards, paddocks, mustering routes and ground tanks in Change and Water, p. v. a pastoral landscape). Similarly, cultural landscapes – like ecosystems – are not restricted to the boundaries of a park. Cultural The cultural landscape concept emphasises the landscape‐ Cultural Landscapes: A landscape scale of history and the connectivity between people, practical guide to park places and heritage items. It recognises the present management, (2010) landscape is the product of long‐term and complex State of NSW and relationships between people and the environment. On any Department of given area of land, some historical activity will have taken Environment, Climate place. Evidence of that activity may be detectable in the Change and Water, p. 4. vegetation or in landscape modifications as well as in archaeological evidence, historical documents or people’s stories. For the purposes of this report, cultural landscapes are defined as: ‘… those areas which clearly represent or reflect the patterns of settlement or use of the landscape over a long time, as well as the evolution of cultural values, norms and attitudes toward the land.’ Designed Includes trees, avenues, gardens, plazas, etc and places Heritage Victoria landscape constructed for aesthetic reasons. These would include Landscape Assessment botanic gardens and landscapes created for scientific Guidelines, July 2002,

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Item Definition Source uses, and residential and domestic designed updated January 2009. landscapes, including country estates. It also encompasses productive landscapes such as vegetable or kitchen gardens, orchards, and productive nursery sites. Organically That which is developed over time, often through Heritage Victoria evolved incremental changes brought about by patterns of use, Landscape Assessment landscape and will typically include designed landscape elements. Guidelines, July 2002, updated January 2009. Cultural or Means aesthetic, archaeological, architectural, cultural, Heritage Act 1995, Burra heritage historical, scientific or social significance for past, Charter 1999 significance present or future generations. Cultural heritage Values embody ‘the qualities and characteristics seen in Cultural Landscapes: A values things, in particular the positive characteristics (actual and practical guide to park potential)’. The concept of values in heritage management management, (2010) is complex: objects, sites, places and landscapes do not State of NSW and have intrinsic (or built‐in), objective significance values Department of attributed to cultural heritage items are subjective and Environment, Climate variable, based on changes in time and particular cultural, Change and Water, p. 45. intellectual, historical and psychological frames of reference held by specific groups different – and often conflicting – values may be attributed to the same cultural items by different individuals or community groups. The value‐based typology used in the Burra Charter is aesthetic, historic, scientific, social and spiritual. Conservation Conservation is based on a respect for the existing fabric, Article 3.1, Australia use, associations and meaning. It requires a cautious ICOMOS Burra Charter. approach of changing as much as necessary, but as little as possible. It includes the retention of the historic cultural Historic Cultural Heritage heritage significance of the place; and any maintenance, Act 1995 preservation, restoration, reconstruction or adaptation of the place Place Includes a site, precinct or parcel of land; and any building Historic Cultural Heritage or part of a building; any shipwreck; and any item in or on, Act 1995 or historically associated or connected with, a site, precinct or parcel of land where the primary importance of the item derives in part from its association with that site, precinct or parcel of land; and any equipment, furniture, fittings and articles in or on, or historically or physically associated or connected with, any building or item Historic cultural Significance to any group or community in relation to the Historic Cultural Heritage heritage archaeological, architectural, cultural, historical, scientific, Act 1995 significance social or technical value of the place. S98 of the Act notes that the Act “does not apply to a place that is of historic cultural heritage significance only on the ground of its association with – (a) Aboriginal history or tradition; or (b) Aboriginal traditional use”. Heritage works Includes any development; any physical intervention, Historic Cultural Heritage excavation or action which may result in a change to the Act 1995 nature or appearance of the fabric of a place; any change to the natural or existing condition or topography of land; and any removal of vegetation or topsoil

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Item Definition Source Development is the construction, exterior alteration or exterior Historic Cultural Heritage decoration of a building; the demolition or removal of a Act 1995 building; the subdivision or consolidation of land, including buildings or airspace; the placing or relocating of a building; and the construction, or putting up for display, of signs or hoardings Fabric All of the physical material of the place including Australia ICOMOS Burra components, fixtures, contents and objects. Charter, 1999 Maintenance The continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a Australia ICOMOS Burra place. It is not the same as repair, which involves Charter, 1999 restoration or reconstruction. Preservation Retaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and Australia ICOMOS Burra retarding deterioration. Charter, 1999 Restoration Returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier Australia ICOMOS Burra state, by removing accretions or by reassembling existing Charter, 1999 components without the introduction of new material. Reconstruction Returning a place to a known earlier state and is Australia ICOMOS Burra distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new Charter, 1999 material into the fabric Adaptation Modifying a place to suit the existing use or a proposed use Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 1999 Use Includes a proposed use (the Act). The Burra Charter Historic Cultural Heritage defines use to mean the functions of a place, as well as the Act 1995 activities and practices that may occur at the place. Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 1999 Compatible use Means a use, which respects the cultural significance of a Australia ICOMOS Burra place. Such a use involves no, or minimal, impact on Charter, 1999 cultural significance. Setting The area around a place, which may include the visual Australia ICOMOS Burra catchment Charter, 1999 Interpretation All the ways of presenting or understanding the cultural Australia ICOMOS Burra significance of a place. Charter, 1999 Precinct An area definable by physical boundaries and containing Australia ICOMOS Burra elements, which relate to each other to form a single, Charter, 1999 recognisable entity. The key attributes of a precinct are its natural and human elements, their distribution and relation to each other, and the history, which links them. The grouping should represent a level of significance, which is somehow greater than the sum of the parts. Natural A term used by the World Heritage Organisation to describe World Heritage landscape landscapes believed to be unmodified by humans. All Organisation landscapes are considered to have been modified by humans over time, although some may be described as predominantly natural. Curtilage An area of land attached to a house and forming one enclosure with it BDP Business Development Plan DSE Dry sheep equivalents STCA Subject to Council Approval is an abbreviation commonly used in the property industry. TALSC Tasmanian Aboriginal Land & Sea Council HERCON In assessing the heritage significance of places, the Heritage Council of

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Item Definition Source common criteria which were adopted at the 1998 Victoria Conference on Heritage (HERCON) and which are based on the longstanding, and much used, Australian Heritage Commission criteria for the Register of the National Estate are used for assessment. National Heritage Convention. ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites DTPHA Department of Tourism, Parks, Heritage and the Arts, Tasmania ANHC Australian Natural Heritage Charter CMCTP Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan NLA National Library of Australia, Canberra THR Tasmanian Heritage Register RNE Register of the National Estate Boundaries 1. Literal boundaries: A landscape isolated within a Mayne‐Wilson (in different type of landscape, which shares few Coleman 2003) qualities. Boundaries are clear and easily defined by cadastral features or land tenure boundaries e.g. scientific or historical sites and urban landscapes; 2. Natural (Biophysical) boundaries: Physical landscape elements/structures may be an appropriate boundary. 3. Ecological boundaries: Relate to the biophysical boundaries and the ecological processes of importance; 4. Scenic boundaries: ‘Where scenic values are important, the … boundary may be most appropriately placed to encompass the visual catchment containing those scenic qualities of heritage value…In this case the physical boundaries may be rather complex and diffuse, and may yet extend beyond the visual catchment because of the likelihood of environmental influences from further afield altering the scenic quality within the catchment’; 5. Non‐continuous boundaries: ‘Examples are both ‘group listings’, where a number of landscapes (which) are part of a biophysical region are amalgamated… and instances where a quality of heritage value is discontinuously distributed in space, either naturally or by isolation resulting, for example, from intervening land practices. In these cases, important values may attach to the continuity of natural, visual or historic values between these isolated sites. A non‐ continuous boundary (containing the landscape feature of note but not the intervening area) may be appropriate…’ Indigenous is dynamic. It includes tangible and intangible expressions Ask First ‐ Respecting heritage, of culture that link generations of Indigenous people over Indigenous Heritage Place’ time. Indigenous people express their cultural heritage – Australian Heritage through ‘the person’, their relationships with country, Commission (2001) people, beliefs, knowledge, law, language, symbols, ways of living, sea, land and objects all of which arise from

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Item Definition Source Indigenous spirituality. Indigenous are landscapes, sites and areas that are particularly Ask First ‐ Respecting heritage places, important to Indigenous people as part of their customary Indigenous Heritage Place’ law, developing traditions, history and current practices. All – Australian Heritage Indigenous heritage places have associated Indigenous Commission (2001) heritage values. Indigenous include spirituality, law, knowledge, practices, traditional Ask First ‐ Respecting heritage values, resources or other beliefs and attachments. Indigenous Heritage Place’ – Australian Heritage Commission (2001) The is taken where an activity involves a risk of significant Ask First ‐ Respecting precautionary irreversible damage to a place. Uncertainty about heritage Indigenous Heritage Place’ approach, values at the place should not be used as justification for – Australian Heritage proceeding with that activity. This approach should be used Commission (2001) when there is uncertainty or debate over the significance of a place to ensure that heritage values are not damaged. Traditional are those people who, through membership in a descent Ask First ‐ Respecting Owners, group or clan, have responsibility for caring for particular Indigenous Heritage Place’ country. Traditional Owners are authorised to speak for – Australian Heritage country and its heritage. Authorisation to speak for country Commission (2001) and heritage may be as a senior traditional owner, an elder, Ask First ‐ Respecting or in more recent times, as a registered Native Title Indigenous Heritage Place’ claimant. – Australian Heritage Commission (2001) Other are those people who through their personal or family Ask First ‐ Respecting Indigenous history of involvement with a particular place have an Indigenous Heritage Place’ people with interest in its heritage values. Such places could include, but – Australian Heritage interests, are not limited to, mission stations, places of Indigenous Commission (2001) protest, and areas of land where people worked. Sometimes these people are described as custodians, but this can mean different things in different areas of Australia. In some areas custodians are responsible for looking after places and sometimes the stories and ceremonies linked to these places. In other areas custodians are Indigenous people who look after a place on behalf of others. The relevant are the Traditional Owners and other Indigenous people Ask First ‐ Respecting Indigenous, with interests in a place. Indigenous Heritage Place’ people – Australian Heritage Commission (2001) DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (Tasmanian Government)

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APPENDIX B Tasmanian Heritage Register Datasheet Tasmanian Heritage Register Datasheet

103 Macquarie Street (GPO Box 618) Hobart Tasmania 7001 Phone: 1300 850 332 (local call cost) Fax: 6233 3186 | Email: [email protected] Web: www.heritage.tas.gov.au

Name: Cambria THR ID Number: 1559 Status: Permanently Registered Municipality: Glamorgan-Spring Bay Council Tier: State Date Listed: 21-November-2001

Location Addresses Title References Property Id 13566 TASMAN HWY, SWANSEA 7190 TAS 148001/1 2812475

Untitled Untitled

No copyright on file No copyright on file

Setting: This building is a significant element in the rural landscape set high above the Meredith River.

Description: This is a substantial sansdstone house with basement and attic floors, hipped roof with corrugated iron sheeting, verandah to the garden front, panelled door, double hung small paned windows, sandstone chimneys, a sympathetic modern extension to one end, and protruding wings to the rear service area. There is a brick, partly re-constructed stable to the rear with loft and hipped roof, a timber barn with gabled roof, and several stone or brick garden walls.

History: The house was built by George Meredith. Statement of No Statement is provided for places listed prior to 2007 Significance: (non-statutory summary)

Significance:

The Heritage Council may enter a place in the Heritage Register if it meets one or more of the following criteria from the Historic Cultural Heritage Act 1995:

a) The place is important to the course or pattern of Tasmania’s history.

b) The place possesses uncommon or rare aspects of Tasmania’s history.

c) The place has the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Tasmania’s history.

d) The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of place in Tasmania’s history.

'Cambria' is of historic heritage significance because of its ability to demonstrate the principal characteristics of a stone Old Colonial Georgian rural homestead with its associated outbuildings.

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e) The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement.

f) The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social or spiritual reasons.

g) The place has a special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in Tasmania’s history.

h) The place is important in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics.

PLEASE NOTE This data sheet is intended to provide sufficient information and justification for listing the place on the Heritage Register. Under the legislation, only one of the criteria needs to be met. The data sheet is not intended to be a comprehensive inventory of the heritage values of the place, there may be other heritage values of interest to the Heritage Council not currently acknowledged.

(Source: www.heritage.tas.gov.au)

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APPENDIX C Statement of Significance for Cambria Homestead A Statement of Significance for Cambria Homestead exists (in the Register of the National Estate, and is include on the Register of the National Estate (RNE) on the East Coast of Tasmania Photographs

List Register of the National Estate (Non‐statutory archive) Class Historic Legal Status Registered (21/03/1978) Place ID 11692 Place File No. 6/01/091/0012 Statement of Significance An imposing colonial homestead built in the 1820's by George Meredith. The house is intact and in near original condition and is complemented by brick stables and timber barn. The siting for the house is special, being high above the Meredith River with views to the hills of the Freycinet Peninsula and Schouten Island. (The Commission is in the process of developing and/or upgrading official statements for places listed prior to 1991. The above data was mainly provided by the nominator and has not yet been revised by the Commission.) Official Values Not Available Description House of brick and stucco ‐ two storeys (three levels at rear). Iron hip roof. Sixteen pane windows. Dormers on north side. Front verandah has Regency style French windows with panelled reveals and soffits and square sandstone paving set on diagonal. Brick stables with iron hip roof and lofts. Timber barn with gable iron roof. Fine garden and parklands. History Not Available Condition and Integrity Maintenance required. Location Comprising house, stables, wooden barn and garden, Tasman Highway, 2km northwest of Swansea. Bibliography Not Available Register of the National Estate (RNE) on the East Coast includes: THR ID Name Address 1559 Cambria 13566 Tasman Hwy 1564 Redbanks 13514 Tasman Hwy

Tasmanian Heritage Register (THR) on the East Coast includes: Place ID Name Class Status Address Area ha Cambria Homestead and 11692 Historic Registered Tasman Hwy, Swansea 0.032304 Outbuildings 11676 Redbanks and Outbuildings Historic Registered Tasman Hwy, Swansea 0.032291 (Source: http://www.environment.gov.au/)

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APPENDIX D Inventory of Heritage Gardens and Parklands, Australia

Prepared by Juliet Ramsay ICOMOS‐IFLA International Scientific Committee for Cultural Landscapes February 2007

Except: from 8 Residential Gardens – rural homestead and suburban gardens (Tasmania)

Rural homesteads of the 19th Century were the residences of the wealthier settlers. The homestead almost always had a homestead garden generally developed within the ‘arcadian’ landscape setting style with lawns and some flower beds close to the house, and vegetable and utilitarian garden areas to the rear. The homestead complex varied in scale and style depending on the wealth of the owner. Cottage gardens, found in rural or town locations, were modest in scale, generally with simple geometric layout and having mixed plantings of flowers, fruit trees, vegetables and herbs. Suburban gardens, located within urban municipalities, can range from a simple small home garden to quite large estates with grand homes.

Location Name Period and Style Heritage List 1838 Nile Clarendon RNE Rural homestead Arcadian 1830s Cressy Panshangar RNE Rural homestead Picturesque 1830 Longford Brickenden Garden RNE, THR Rural homestead Arcadian 1840s Moonah Summerhome RNE, THR Suburban Villa Gardenesque

Claremont House 1850s Launceston RNE Gardens Rural homestead Early Cressy Connorville Garden RNE 19C 1920s Edwardian 1829 Swansea Kelvedon THR Formal 1897 Launceston Fairlawn RNE, THR Suburban Villa Victorian 1837 Ross Beaufront RNE Arcadian and Picturesque

Table 9: Except: from 8 Residential Gardens – rural homestead and suburban gardens (Tasmania)

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APPENDIX E Major existing and potential weeds at Cambria

Common Botanical Comments Name Name Blue Vinca major Blue Periwinkle’s broad‐leaved runners form a dense mat, Periwinkle shading out native plants and competing for moisture and nutrients. Its growth is particularly vigorous in moist habitats, such as on creek and riverbanks. It out‐competes other plants for moisture, light and nutrients. Once established, Blue Periwinkle’s rampant growth is very difficult to control.

Blackberry Rubus fruticosus ‘Blackberry’ is the common name for a range of closely related agg. brambles, a highly invasive environmental and agricultural weed in Tasmania, and Declared Weed under the Tasmanian Weed Management Act 1999. They occur in all settled areas and thrive in disturbed bush, along creeks, roadsides, tracks and fence lines, and in degraded pasture and neglected areas. Not only do infestations cause degradation of productive land, they provide a haven for vermin and pose a fire hazard (http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/invasive‐species/weeds/weeds‐ index/weeds‐index‐declared‐weeds/blackberry)

Blackwood Acacia Blackwoods grow readily, rapidly and densely from seed and can melanoxylon outcompete, then overshadow, other plants. Blue Gum Eucalyptus Blue Gums grow readily, rapidly and densely from seed and can globulus outcompete, then overshadow, other plants. Ivy Hedera helix Ivy is a dense, mat‐rooted climber/ground cover. Its roots can invade mortar joints, for example, and destroy stonework and walls. Hawthorn Crataegus This Hawthorn species from Europe was used as fence, windbreak hedges momgyna and hedgerow. Hawthorn is not yet a declared weed in Tasmania; rather, the Hawthorn hedgerow is “considered to be part of the cultural heritage that has made Tasmanian landscapes famous” (Tamar Valley Weed Strategy Working Group, 2015) Grown from cuttings/seed/suckers Gorse (‘live Ulex Gorse is a declared weed in Tasmania. fences’) europaeous African Lycium African Boxthorn is identified as a high priority weed for the Boxthorn ferocissimum southern region. African boxthorn affects coastal areas, bushland, pastures and roadsides through the lower rainfall areas of southern Tasmania. African boxthorn is one of the top ten agriculturally significant weeds in the region, for its invasiveness in pasture and hazard to stock, humans and vehicles. Spanish Heath Erica lusitanica High Potential Weed Spanish Heath is identified as a high priority weed for the southern region. Spanish Heath invades native vegetation, pasture and roadsides, forming dense infestations and creating a fire hazard due to its extreme flammability. Spanish Heath is a winter‐flowering shrub typically growing to 2m tall. It has densely clustered tiny leaves and white to pink tubular flowers.

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Common Botanical Comments Name Name Bridal Creeper Asparagus High Potential Weed asparagoides Bridal Creeper is a Declared Weed under the Tasmanian Weed Management Act 1999 and is a high priority for the Southern Tasmanian Weed Strategy. Bridal creeper entered Australia as a garden plant in the 1870s. Although currently it is found at a limited number of sites across the region; however, Bridal creeper is now a Weed of National Significance and is regarded as one of Australia’s 20 worst weeds. It invades coastal areas, creeklines, wet and dry forests, irrigated citrus orchards and pine plantations. It out‐competes understorey species and seedling trees with its carpet of thick lush foliage and can also climb and eventually smother taller plants. Agapanthus Agapanthus High Potential Weed praecox subsp. Though this species is not yet considered by the Tasmanian orientalis. Herbarium to be naturalised in Tasmania, it is actually regarded as one of the worst environmental weed species in some parts of the state (http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/agap anthus_praecox_subsp._orientalis.htm).

Table 10: Major existing and potential weeds at Cambria

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APPENDIX F Endemic species appropriate for riverbank remediation at Cambria

(Note: this is an indicative, not comprehensive list)

Botanical name Common name Bechnum cartilagineum Gristle Fern B. minus Soft Water Fern Carex appressa Tall Sedge Correa alba White Correa C. reflexa Common Correa Dianella longifolia Pale Flax‐lily D. tasmanica Tasmanian Flax‐lily Epacris impressa Common Heath Eucalyptus ovata Swamp Gum Gahnia grandis Giant Saw‐sedge Goodenia humilis Swamp Goodenia Juncus pallidus Pale rush Leptospermum scoparium Prickly Tea‐tree L. lanigerum Woolly Tea‐tree Leucopogon australis Spike Beard Heath Melaleuca ericifolia Swamp Paperbark Myoporum parvifolium Creping Boobialla M. insulare Boobialla Pimelea glauca Smooth Rice‐flower Poa labillardierei Common Tussock‐grass Viola hederacea Native Violet

Table 11: Endemic species appropriate for riverbank remediation at Cambria

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