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Women and Reform in a New England Community, 1815-1860

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Women and Reform in a New England Community, 1815-1860 University of Kentucky UKnowledge Women's History History 12-22-1999 Women and Reform in a New England Community, 1815-1860 Carolyn J. Lawes Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Lawes, Carolyn J., "Women and Reform in a New England Community, 1815-1860" (1999). Women's History. 1. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_womens_history/1 Women and Reform in a New England Community, 1815-1860 This page intentionally left blank Women and Reform zn• a New England Community, 1815-1860 Carolyn J. Lawes THE UNJIVERSITY PREss oF KENTucKY Copyright © 2000 by The University Press of Kentucky The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-8131-2131-4 (cloth: acid-free paper) This book is printed on acid-free recycled paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials. Manufactured in the United States of America. Member of the Association of American University Presses For Robert B. and Jane G. Lawes This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 Keeping the Faith Women's Leadership in an Orthodox Congregational Church 9 2 Missionaries and More Women, Sewing, and the Antebellum Sewing Circle 45 3 Maternal Politics Gender and the Formation of the Worcester Children's Friend Society 83 4 "Rachel Weeping for Her Children'' Mothers, Children, and the Antebellum Foster Family 113 5 From Feminism to Female Employment Organized Women in Worcester in the 1850s 161 Conclusion 181 Appendix: Statistical Data 185 Notes 189 Bibliography 237 Index 259 Illustrations follow page 118 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments This study began as a dissertation in the Department of History at the University of California at Davis, under the direction of the late, and gready missed, Paul Goodman. Whatever insights the following pages might offer are due in no small measure to his example of thorough and nuanced scholarship. I am also deeply indebted to F. Wilson Smith, professor of history emeritus, and to Karen Halttunen, professor of his­ tory, for their generous guidance, unyielding standards, and constant support. The Department of History provided many years of financial support through liberal teaching assistantships and the Emmanuel Ringleblum Fellowship in History. The Graduate Division of the Uni­ versity of California at Davis funded the preliminary work upon which this study was based with a Humanities Graduate Research Award and a Humanities Institute Dissertation Fellowship. The vast majority of the archival research for this book was con­ ducted at the American Antiquarian Society in Worcester, Massachu­ setts, a premier library ofAmerican history. At the AAS I was privileged to be selected as a Kate B. and HallJ. Peterson Fellow, which not only supported my research financially but introduced me to a congenial schol­ arly world I scarcely imagined existed. Among the society's unparal­ leled professional staff, I wish to thank John B. Hench, Joanne D. Chaison, Marie Lamoreaux, Thomas Knoles, Caroline F. Sloat, and Laura Wasowicz for their many efforts on behalf of this project. Other individuals in Worcester also eased this study along. Ken­ neth]. Moynihan, professor of history at Assumption College, took an early interest in my work. He not only shared with me his extensive knowledge oflocal history, but graciously read the manuscript and saved me from several errors. Kenneth and Mary Jo Moynihan also welcomed me into their Paxton home and made my after-library hours something to which I gready looked forward. My thanks as well to Nancy Gaudette of the Worcester Public Library, Theresa B. Davitt of the Worcester Historical Museum, Mary Kate McMaster, formerly of the American x Acknowledgments Antiquarian Society, Jane B. Griesheimer and Amy Cardullo of the Worcester Children's Friend Society, and the staff of the Pitt Theologi­ cal Library at Emory University for their assistance. The research foundation of Old Dominion University provided a Spring Faculty Grant in 1994 and a Summer Faculty Research Grant in 1995 which together enabled me to return to the Worcester archives for two successive summers while I expanded my dissertation into a book. The dean of the College of Arts and Letters, Karen Gould, generously funded the book's illustrations. I would like to thank Deborah van Broekhoven, one of the readers for The University Press of Kentucky, for her cogent suggestions. Certain friends and colleagues have been instrumental in helping me to stay focused over the years. To Scott E. Casper, Mona}. Danner, Anita Clair Fellman,J.C.Johnson,JeffKolnick,Jane T. Merritt, Sujata Moorti, Sandra Pryor, Michael L. Smith, and Alan S. Taylor, I offer my deepest appreciation for your aid and comfort. To several individuals I owe still more. DanielL. Letwin was present from the beginning and heard me out with great patience. David J. Garrow offered constant encouragement while this book took shape. Karin Wulfhas redefined the very meaning of friendship. Finally, with­ out a lifetime of unwavering support from my sisters, Susan ]. Lawes and Julie Goodson-Lawes, and my father and mother, Robert B. and Jane G. Lawes, nothing would have ever been possible or even imagin­ able. Materials from the collections ofthe Worcester Historical Museum and the American Antiquarian Society are used with permission. Portions of chapter 1 are excerpted from the author's essay "Trifling with Holy Time: Women and the Formation of the Calvinist Church of Worces­ ter, Massachusetts, 1815-1820." Religion and American Culture 8, no. 1 (1998). © 1998 by Center for the Study ofReligion and American Culture. By permission. Introduction The Mother at Home! The amount on't is, she's never at home! -Worcester resident Joseph Boyden, on the 1835 bestseller, The Mother at Home In 1835,]oseph Boyden, a Worcester, Massachusetts, jeweler and some­ thing of a local wag, remarked upon a common antebellum contradic­ tion. On the one hand, American culture assumed that women-primarily middle-class, northern, urban white women, although this was usually left unstated-were wives and mothers and that they were at home. On the other hand, the reality was that although most antebellum women were indeed wives and mothers, they often were someplace else. Women and Reform in a New England Community, 1815-1860, explores that someplace else and argues that a close examination of the many orga­ nized activities of women in antebellum Worcester clarifies the ways in which women held prominent leadership roles in their community. From the churches to the sewing circles, from the nursery to the orphanage, and from feminism to female employment, women in this antebellum city were notably absent from home and hearth. Over the past thirty years, historians of women and gender have developed a significant body of literature examining women's roles in American society, and the impact upon scholarly narratives has been impressive. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, many historians now agree, a new ideal of femininity emerged that assigned to women the chief responsibility for shepherding social morality and pur­ veying civilization unto the next generation in order to ensure the virtue of the new American republic. Domesticity thus became the "sphere" of the true antebellum woman, and while most historians are careful to emphasize that this was an ideal, not necessarily a reality, it was none­ theless a dominant cultural symbol. The emergence of the market 2 Introduction economy in the early nineteenth century further relegated women to the domestic sphere by marginalizing their contributions to the family economy. A gendered separation of "public" and "private" meant that real women remained at home, their lives increasingly narrowed by a pervasive ideology of feminine passivity and weakness. Indeed, so thor­ oughgoing was this cult of domesticity, some historians suggest, that partly as compensation for their social and political invisibility, and partly because it was expected of them as the "religious avatars of embattled altruism" (to use Charles Sellers' phrase), middle-class women devoted themselves to their families, denying their own hopes and ambitions so that others might prosper. 1 Historians from a variety ofperspectives have embraced the rheto­ ric of domesticity and rigid gender spheres, and thus routinely charac­ terize the antebellum middle-class family as "secluded," its female inhabitants isolated from the "real" world. However,
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