LES MASSIFS FORESTIERS DE LA REGION DE LA LOKY- MANAMBATO (DARAINA), Écorégion De Transition Nord : Caractéristiques Floristiques Et Structurales

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LES MASSIFS FORESTIERS DE LA REGION DE LA LOKY- MANAMBATO (DARAINA), Écorégion De Transition Nord : Caractéristiques Floristiques Et Structurales UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES MADAGASCAR DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES THESE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLÔME DOCTORAT « SCIENCE DE LA VIE » Spécialité : ECOLOGIE VEGETALE LES MASSIFS FORESTIERS DE LA REGION DE LA LOKY- MANAMBATO (DARAINA), écorégion de transition Nord : Caractéristiques floristiques et structurales. Essai de modélisation des groupements végétaux. Présentée par RANIRISON Patrick Soutenue le 24 avril 2010 devant la commission d’examen suivante : Président : Professeur Miadana Harisoa FARAMALALA Directeur de thèse : Professeur Charlotte RAJERIARISON Rapporteur : Docteur Laurent GAUTIER Examinateur : Professeur Samuel RAZANAKA Examinateur : Professeur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA REMERCIEMENTS De nombreuses initiatives et efforts se sont associés pour contribuer au bon déroulement de ce travail de thèse par des personnes et Institutions, directement ou indirectement. Je ne saurais les oublier et j’aimerais témoigner ma reconnaissance et remerciements envers eux. En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier particulièrement : - Professeur Harisoa Miadana FARAMALALA, Responsable de l’option Ecologie Végétale au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales – Faculté des Sciences – Université d’Antananarivo, qui non seulement, a apporté des conseils et critiques constructives pour améliorer la qualité de ce manuscrit, mais nous a fait un grand honneur de présider le jury. - Madame Charlotte RAJERIARISON, Professeur Titulaire à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, malgré ses lourdes responsabilités, a accepté d’encadrer ce travail de doctorat en nous faisant bénéficier de ses profondes connaissances de la Flore et Végétation de Madagascar. Ses conseils et corrections m’ont été très précieux pour la finalisation de ce travail. Nous lui adressons nos vifs remerciements. - Docteur Laurent GAUTIER, des Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève, Chargé de Cours à l’Université de Genève, a supervisé depuis 2004 le déroulement de ce travail de thèse à Madagascar ainsi que pendant mon séjour en Suisse, n’a pas ménagé ses efforts, ses encouragements. Ses partages de connaissances et expériences en flore et végétation m’ont été indispensables pour assurer l’objectivité de ce travail. Qu’il trouve ici le témoignage de ma reconnaissance. - Professeur Samuel RAZANAKA, Chercheur au CNRE, malgré ses lourdes obligations, nous fait l’honneur de siéger parmi les membres de jury et a accepté d’examiner ce travail et d’apporter des recommandations et améliorations du document. - Professeur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA, enseignant au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, a apporté des conseils et corrections sur le traitement statistique qui est un des points clés de ce travail. Ses encouragements amicaux m’ont été nécessaires pendant la finalisation de ce travail. Nous lui adressons nos vifs remerciements. - Docteur Edmond ROGER, Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, malgré ses lourdes responsabilités et son emploi du temps très serrés, a bien voulu m’encadrer sur le terrain pendant la mise au point de la méthodologie de collecte de données. Ses précieux conseils et ses encouragements m’ont été utiles pour comprendre beaucoup de choses sur l’Ecologie et sur l’environnement. Merci infiniment. Ensuite, je voudrais adresser mes remerciements aux différentes Institutions qui m’ont aidé à la réalisation de cette thèse : - L’Association FANAMBY, les Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève (CJBG), Conservation International (CI) et le Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales (DBEV) ; ces quatre institutions constituent les pierres d’édifice par leur rôle initiateur, bailleur et partenaire de ce projet de thèse. - La Commission Fédérale des Bourses Extérieures (CFBE Suisse) qui m’a permis d’approfondir mes connaissances en terre Helvétique et en Europe en m’octroyant une bourse d’étude. - Les divers herbaria tels que TEF, TAN, G et MNHN qui m’ont ouvert leurs portes et m’ont laissé accéder aux patrimoines végétaux pour la détermination des nos récoltes botaniques. - Les différentes institutions malagasy qui ont délivré les autorisations de recherche tout au long de ce travail de thèse. Je tiens à remercier tous les amis du Jardin Botanique de Genève qui m’ont chaleureusement accueilli pendant mon séjour en Suisse et m’ont beaucoup aidé tout au long des analyses et traitements de mes données de thèse (outils statistiques, cartographie, …). Mes sincères remerciements s’adressent également à la famille Gautier et à la famille Nusbaumer avec qui j’ai partagé des moments forts et inoubliables parmi les magnifiques montagnes et paysages Suisses. Je ne saurais oublier les gens de Fanamby à Tana et à Daraina qui m’ont procuré une ambiance de travail familiale et fraternelle, et plus particulièrement à Serge Rajaobelina, le Secrétaire Exécutif de m’avoir accueilli au sein de cette grande Institution malgache sur l’environnement, à Sébastien Wohlhauser, qui m’a sélectionné pour ce projet de recherche sur la flore et végétation de Daraina. Je remercie également les gens du Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales et les étudiants de la promotion « kasoka », ils m’ont initié à la recherche dans une ambiance familiale. J’adresse mes cordiaux remerciements à nos collègues assistants de terrain : Narcisse Amavatra, Anselme Be, Jaonjara dit Coco, Morel Tsilailay, Victor dit Vazaha, Gregoire dit Rababone, Morille, qui ont enduré avec nous, pluies et beaux temps pendant la réalisation des travaux de terrain. Un remerciement fraternel à Louis Nusbaumer, du Jardin Botanique de Genève, mon sakarivo, avec la pluie, le beau temps, la neige, le vent, mes humeurs, tu es toujours efficace et toujours disponible et tu ne ménages pas tes forces et ton temps pour aider tes proches. Un grand merci à mes parents, qui m’ont inlassablement soutenu et encouragé pendant les dures épreuves de ma vie depuis mon enfance jusqu’à maintenant. Merci également à ma famille, ma sœur, Amadou, Sonia, merci d’avoir enduré mes humeurs pendant ce travail de thèse, merci de m’avoir encouragé et soutenu sans retenue. Vous m’avez toujours apporté de la joie, de la motivation et du positivisme et surtout beaucoup d’amour. Table des matières Remerciements…………………………………………………………………. Liste des figures……………………………………………………………….. i Liste des tableaux……………………………………………………………… iii Liste des cartes………………………………………………………………… v Liste des planches……………………………………………………………… vi Liste des abréviations…………………………………………………………. vii Liste des publications…………………………………………………………. viii Liste des annexes………………………………………………………………. ix INTRODUCTION…………………………………………...………. 1 Première partie : CONSIDERATIONS GENERALES………….………… 4 I - CARACTÉRISTIQUES GENERALES SUR LE MILIEU MALGACHE..….………. 4 I.1 - Milieu physique……………………………………………………… 4 I.1.1- Localisation et relief…………………………………………………………… 4 I.1.2- Géologie………………………………………………………………………… 4 I.1.3- Sols……….…………………………………………………………………….. 7 I.1.4- Climat……………………………………………………………………………. 9 I.2 - Flore et Végétation……………….……..……………………………… 11 I.2.1- Subdivisions phytogéographiques …………………………………………….. 11 I.2.2- Les domaines phytogéographiques de Humbert ……………………….……. 11 - Région orientale ………..…………………………………………………… 11 - Région occidentale …………………………………………………………… 13 II - PROBLÈMES ENVIRONNEMENTAUX À MADAGASCAR………………………. 15 II.1 - Principales causes et conséquences probables………………………. 15 II.2 - Politique générale en matière d’environnement……..………………. 16 III - MILIEU D’ÉTUDE……………………………………………………………………. 17 III.1 - Milieu abiotique……………………………………………………. 17 III.1.1- Géologie et géomorphologie………………………………………………….. 17 III.1.2- Pédologie……………………………………………………………………… 19 III.1.3- Hydrographie…………………………………………………………………. 19 III.1.4- Bioclimat………………………………………………………………………. 19 III.2 - Données biotiques…………………………………………………….. 22 III.2.1- Végétation…………………………………………………………………….. 22 III.2.2- Faune………………………………………………………………………….. 23 III.2.3 - Données socio-économiques…………………………………………………. 24 III.2.3.1- Démographie……………………………………………………………. 24 III.2.3.2- Principales activités anthropiques…………………………………….. 25 III.2.3.3- Infrastructures de base………………………………………………….. 26 Deuxième partie : METHODES D’ETUDES………………………………. 27 I – ETUDES PRELIMINAIRES……………………………………………………………. 28 II – ECHANTILLONNAGE………………………………………………………………… 28 II.1 - Choix des sites d’études………………………………………………. 28 II.2 - Localisation des sites des relevés de végétation………………………. 28 II.3 - Profil schématique transversal d’Est en Ouest des sites d’études…….. 30 III- COLLECTE DES DONNEES PRIMAIRES…………………………………………. 31 III.1-Inventaire floristique …………………………….…………………… 31 III.2-Méthode de relevé linéaire……………………………..……………… 31 III.3-Méthode de relevé de surface………………………………………… 32 III.4 -Collecte des données écologiques…………………………………… 33 III.4.1- Données géographiques ………………………………………………….. 33 III.4.2 – Données topographiques….……………………………………………… 33 III.4.3 – Données climatiques…………….……………………………………….. 33 III.4.4 - Données édaphiques……………………………………………………… 35 IV - TRAITEMENT DES DONNEES……………………………………………………… 35 IV.1 - Etudes structurales………………………………………………….. 35 III.1.1- Etablissement du profil structural de la végétation…………………….. 36 III.1.2- Calcul du recouvrement par classe de hauteur…………………………. 36 III.1.3- Calcul de la hauteur moyenne de la canopée……………………………. 37 III.1.4- Calcul de la longueur de la ligne reliant les hauteurs maximales des contacts (ligne des Hmax)…………………………………………………………………… 37 IV.2 - Etudes dendrométriques…………………………………………….
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