Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:31 PM Page 1

May 2009 | Volume 2 | Issue 2

| Code MAF Diagnosis | Battery Testing

| EVAP Codes

| Parts Department

| Dealer Listing

Brought to you by ’s Wholesale Mechanical Program Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:31 PM Page 2 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:31 PM Page 3

Nissan & Tech News | May 2009 | Volume 2 Issue 2 ®

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News is a publication of Nissan North America. No part of this newslet- ter may be reproduced without the express writ- ten permission of Nissan North America. |Contents

Group Publisher Christopher M. Ayers Jr. Features [email protected]

Senior Project Director Tamra Ayers 06 | No Codes? [email protected] No Problem! Editorial Director Bob Freudenberger We've all gotten used to starting a [email protected] driveability diagnosis with the help of Managing Editor a DTC or two. Don't panic when no Chip Keen codes are present. Instead, apply [email protected] a logical procedure. Contributing Editors Phil Fournier [email protected] 12 | Testing the Battery, Paul Cortes [email protected] Starting and Charging

Art Director Systemsis Not Just for Jef Sturm No-Starts Anymore [email protected] Why test? Because you'll not only Nissan North America Project Manager head off electrical breakdowns, you'll Steve Wagner also prevent subtle electronic glitches [email protected] that can defy normal troubleshooting. Nissan North America Technical Content Advisor Edwin J. Hibma 18 | EVAP Codes are [email protected] Nothing to Fear Part I Editorial and After reading this series, you’ll be on Circulation Offices: 598 Pine Point Drive your way to becoming a fearless con- Akron, Ohio 44333 queror of EVAP maladies, not a finger- Phone: 330.666.9886 crossing gas cap tightener who hopes Caution: Veh icle servicing performed by untrained per- sons could result in serious injury to those persons or oth- that the be assigned to some- ers. Information contained in this publication is intended for one else when it comes back. use by trained, professional auto repair technicians ONLY. This information is provided to inform these technicians of conditions which may occur in some vehicles or to provide Departments information which could assist them in proper servicing of these vehicles. | 18 Nissan & Infiniti Parts Department Properly trained technicians have the equipment, tools, safe- ty instructions, and know-how to perform repairs correctly | 26 Nissan & Infiniti Performance and safely. If a condition is described, DO NOT assume that a topic covered in these pages automatically applies to your | 27 Nissan & Infiniti Dealer Listings vehicle or that your vehicle has that condition.

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 3 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:31 PM Page 4

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News ®

| “We use Genuine Nissan/Infiniti Parts”

Do you use that statement to build value in your marketing? Do you say it to your customers? If you do, you know its value: one short sentence that gives your customers absolute confidence. For the fact is, the original factory part is the standard by which all others are judged. When you’ve used a Genuine Nissan/Infiniti part, you know the repairs you’ve performed have been done to the best standard available. The parts will fit right the first time, helping you save time and money. When you hand the keys to your customer, you’ll know that the job’s been done with the right parts at the right time – done right the first time. Nissan/Infiniti Tech News is brought to you compliments of your local Nissan/Infiniti Wholesale Mechanical Program Dealer, whose commitments to you include: • Stocking an extensive inventory of Genuine Nissan Parts • Giving personalized service from a dedicated wholesale parts department • Delivering the right part the first time • Providing dependable express delivery • Sharing expert technical advice Your local Nissan/Infiniti Wholesale Mechanical Program Dealer is dedicated to helping you meet the needs of your Nissan and Infiniti customers. Please consult the listing of Nissan and Infiniti dealers at the back of this issue, then place your next order for express delivery of Genuine Nissan and Infiniti parts. |

4 | Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:31 PM Page 5 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 6

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Feature

| NoCodes? NoProblem! We've all gotten used to starting a driveability diagnosis with the help of a DTC or two. Don't panic when no codes are present. Instead, apply a logical procedure.

| Customer concern: “Sometimes it sounds like marbles."

6 | Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 7

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Getting your direction without a trouble code to kick off diagnostics SELF-DIAG RESULTS DATA MONITOR can be intimidating. Modern 131’’ -- 196’’3 DTC RESULTS TIME vehicles have the ability to detect ENG SPEED most faults that would cause a 6400 customer concern. In some ways, NO DTC IS DETECTED FURTHER TESTING 4800 3200 this can spoil us; we become reliant MAY BE REQUIRED 1600 on the stored codes to give us that 0 much-needed nudge. In most A/F ALPHA-B1 cases, however, sticking to a sound 150 diagnostic strategy and logical 125 problem-solving path will lead to 100 success in short order. Having the 75 50 proper tools, information, and train- ing are keys to pinning down all F.F. DATA << < > >> root causes of a customer's ERASE PRINT Scroll SFT concerns, especially when we don't Down RANGE have trouble codes to start with. Recently, our shop had a good MODE BACK LIGHT COPY BACK LIGHT COPY customer bring in her 2004 Her complaint was, | Figure 2: No codes means “Two days ago the throttle had DATA MONITOR we need a different starting no response when taking off 131’’ -- 196’’3 point. from a stop. It’s since become A/F ALPHA B2 better, but now I hear abnormal 150 noises when I accelerate.” 12 DATE MONITOR 100 When pressed for more informa- 75 tion, it was determined that the MONITOR NO DTC 0 noise sounded like “marbles.” VHCL SPEED SE Armed with this information, ENG SPEED 713 rpm 160 we plugged in the Consult 2, and A/F ALPHA-B1 114% 120 80 performed a self-diagnosis, which A/F ALPHA-B2 119% 40 showed there were no DTCs stored VHCL SPEED SE 0 mph 0 (Figure 2). We then went into Data INT/A TEMP SE 145° F << < > >> Monitor mode, left it on Auto IGN TIMING 13 BTDC Trigger to allow Real Time Scroll SFT CAL/LD VALUE 18% Scroll Up Diagnostics, then selected the MASS AIRFLOW 2.55 gm/s Down RANGE data items that we wanted to view. BACK LIGHT COPY With this type of complaint, we like to look at A/F Alpha, Calculated Load, and various other items, as RECORD | Figure 4: A/F Alpha rises shown in Figure 3. rapidly with increased air flow. We then took the vehicle for a MODE BACK LIGHT COPY drive to duplicate the customer's In the course of the drive, the concern. We didn’t feel any issues Consult 2 never displayed a DTC, | with throttle response, and the Figure 3: Real Time but we did note some issues with noise from the engine compart- Diagnostics settings. the A/F Alpha that gave us a hint ment was fairly minor – even barely of what the problem could be noticeable – but it was abnormal. (Figure 4).

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 7 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 8

No Codes? No Problem!

DATA MONITOR DATA MONITOR DATA MONITOR DATA MONITOR

00’’00 – 65’’55 00’’00 – 65’’55 00’’00 – 65’’55 00’’00 – 65’’55

ENG SPEED A/F ALPHA B2 IN T/A TEMP SE IGN TIMING 6400 150 234 64 4800 125 176 48 3200 100 110 32 1600 75 61 16 0 0 3 0 A/F ALPHA-B1 VHCL SPEED SE IGN TIMING CAL/LD VALUE 150 160 64 100 125 120 48 75 100 80 32 50 75 40 16 25 50 0 0 0

<< < > >> << < > >>>> << < > >> << < > >>

Scroll SFT Scroll SFT Scroll SFT Scroll SFT Scroll Up Scroll Up Scroll Up Down RANGE Down RANGE Down RANGE Down RANGE

BACK LIGHT COPY BACK LIGHT COPY BACK LIGHT COPY BACK LIGHT COPY

| Figure 5: Reviewing the data after a test drive.

As can be seen from the data, we expected this vehicle to be able | How about in Figure 4, the A/F Alpha was to achieve at least 90% Calculated calculated load? showing somewhat lower fuel Load. Clearly, was not occurring. corrections at idle, but rose rapidly Nissan service information says it in concert with increased airflow. | What exactly is “indicates the value of the current With that data, we suspected there A/F Alpha? air flow divided by peak air flow,” could be an issue with the MAF which means that Calculated Load sensor reading incorrectly. So we for this vehicle is the currently- did snapshots of a couple of wide- Nissan service information measured airflow (via the MAF open throttle accelerations to see (http://www.nissan-techinfo.com ) sensor), divided by the theoretical what the MAF is capable of read- describes it as “the mean value maximum airflow at unrestricted ing, and how close to reality it is. of the air-fuel ratio feedback throttle, under the current ambient Back in the shop, we took a correction factor per cycle.” conditions. As you can see, closer look at the data (Figure 5). In other words, it’s the average Calculated Load on this vehicle is The key pieces of data are the overall correction to the base fuel an excellent way to see either how Calculated Load (CAL/ID), A/F schedule. A 100% A/F Alpha well the engine is breathing, or how Alpha-1, A/F Alpha-2, rpm and indicates that the overall correction well the MAF sensor is reading. Throttle Position. to the base fuel schedule is 0% Since the A/F Alpha indicated a What we found in the data, as we (100% of the Base Fuel Schedule correction for a lean condition, and noted during the test drive, is that is being used). A reading of 90% the Calculated Load indicated the A/F Alpha would rise directly means that the correction is -10% significantly less measured airflow when the MAF rate (as indicated by (90% of the Base Fuel Schedule is than the theoretical maximum at Calculated Load) would increase. being used). Wide-Open Throttle, the MAF We also noted that the highest load In short, A/F Alpha is a total fuel sensor is the most likely reason for reading we could achieve at Wide- trim correction factor. To relate it the data seen on the Consult 2. Open Throttle was in the high 70% to Short Term Fuel Trim and Long But would a faulty MAF cause range. Normally, we expect the Term Fuel Trim, it’s the total fuel the customer's concerns? Yes. It A/F Alpha not to trend with the correction for the bank displayed, can cause both of the reported Mass Air Flow rate, and to stay at meaning both Long Term and Short symptoms. If the MAF sensor 100% A/F Alpha ± 10%. Further, Term are included in the reading. readings are significantly skewed

8 | Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 9

before the ECU has been able to learn the A/F Alpha correc- DATA MONITOR DATA MONITOR tion, the vehicle runs too lean to 131’’ -- 196’’3 131’’ -- 196’’3 stay running, which causes a loss of throttle response. ENG SPEED A/F ALPHA B2 Alternatively, if the vehicle lost 6400 150 4800 12 battery voltage for any reason, 3200 100 the long-term learned values for 1600 75 A/F Alpha would be reset, 0 0 which could also cause a loss of A/F ALPHA-B1 VHCL SPEED SE throttle response. The engine 150 160 noise was due to pinging 125 120 caused by over-advanced timing. 100 80 75 40 As Nissan Service information 50 0 shows, Base Fuel Schedule and rpm are the main parameters for << < > >> << < > >> scheduling the timing advance. Scroll SFT Scroll SFT If the MAF sensor under-reports Scroll Up Down RANGE the air flow, the base fuel Down RANGE schedule is less than nominal, BACK LIGHT COPY BACK LIGHT COPY which increases timing advance. The noise was resolved and throttle response felt great after | Figure 7: A/F Alpha no longer reflects pin. replacing the MAF sensor and clearing the Self Learning DATA MONITOR DATA MONITOR Control (Figure 6). 00’’00 -- 65’’55 00’’00 -- 65’’55 ENG SPEED PRE ENG SPEED POST WORK SUPPORT 6400 6400 4800 4800 SELF-LEARNING CONT B1 99% 3200 3200 1600 1600 B2 0 0 100% A/F ALPHA-B1 A/F ALPHA-B1 150 150 125 125 100 100 75 75 50 50

<< < > >> << < > >> CLEAR Scroll SFT Scroll SFT Down RANGE Down RANGE

MODE BACK LIGHT COPY BACK LIGHT COPY BACK LIGHT COPY

| Figure 6: Clearing the | Figure 8: Before and after replacement of the MAF. Self-Learning Control.

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 9 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 10

No Codes? No Problem!

DATA MONITOR DATA MONITOR The A/F Alpha on both banks looked fairly consis- 00’’00 -- 65’’55 00’’00 -- 65’’55 tent between idle and higher IGN TIMING PRE IGN TIMING POST airflows (Figure 7). Figure 8 64 64 shows how A/F Alpha has 48 48 settled down during wide- 32 32 open throttle – pre-repair 16 16 0 0 compared to post-repair dur- ing similar hard accelera- CAL/LD VALUE CAL/LD VALUE tions. 100 100 75 75 As can be seen in Figure 50 50 9, the Calculated Load has 25 25 changed drastically. At WOT, 0 0 the timing is not greatly << < > >> << < > >>>> affected, but, as shown in Figure 10, during steady Scroll SFT Scroll SFT Scroll Up Scroll Up acceleration and cruise Down RANGE Down RANGE conditions, the timing is BACK LIGHT COPY BACK LIGHT COPY advanced significantly more with an under-reporting MAF, which caused the “marbles” | Figure 9: Calculated load is now much closer to 100% during WOT. sound. The lessons to be learned from the Maxima are several: First, listen to your cus- DATA MONITOR DATA MONITOR tomer’s concerns, and ask 00’’00 -- 65’’55 00’’00 -- 65’’55 enough questions to develop a theory of what might be IGN TIMING PRE IGN TIMING POST going on with the vehicle. 64 64 Then, armed with the right 48 48 32 32 tools, the right information, 16 16 and a good understanding 0 0 of how the system works, CAL/LD VALUE CAL/LD VALUE monitor the items correspon- 100 100 ding to your theory, using a 75 75 sound problem-solving 50 50 25 25 approach. Finally, analyze 0 0 the results, modify your theo- ry if needed, then repeat the << < > >> << < > >>>> process until the problem is solved. Chances are, you’ll Scroll SFT Scroll SFT Scroll Up Scroll Up Down RANGE Down RANGE make quick work of getting to the solution that will keep BACK LIGHT COPY BACK LIGHT COPY the vehicle running like new, and send your customer on her way smiling. | | Figure 10: Ignition timing was substantially advaned with the old MAF.

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Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 11 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 12

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Feature | Testing the Battery, Starting and Charging Systems is Not Just for No-Starts Anymore Why test? Because you'll not only head off electrical breakdowns, you'll also prevent subtle electronic glitches that can defy normal troubleshooting.

| The new way versus the old.

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Today’s and are units, yet not the HICAS unit, but • Test the state of charge. Unless loaded with electronics. Ten years that was the case. A few minutes the battery has rested for about ago, you might still have had a spent checking the basics before six hours before the voltage Nissan wander into your shop with launching into diagnosis likely measurement is taken, using a a single computer. Today, it’s not saved hours of diagnostic time. hydrometer or refractometer is a uncommon to find these vehicles At minimum, a starting and far more accurate way to test with 30 different control units all charging system inspection should SOC (State of Charge) than connected and talking to each include a test of the battery condi- open circuit voltage. After the other. If you ask yourself, “What tion, an alternator test, and a starter proper rest, the open circuit requirement is common to every test. This is an important part of voltage should be 12.45V (75% single one of these control units?” what's known as "base-lining" a SOC), or higher, before load you’ll have the answer to why the car. Key-off parasitic-draw testing testing. starting and charging system is so and voltage drop testing may also important today. All electronic mod- be needed, depending on why the • If the battery is discharged, ules must have good, clean power test is being done and upon the charge it properly. Charging to work properly. If the battery, results of the alternator and starter voltage should not exceed 14.7V. starting and charging systems testing. Plan on a battery that is aren’t working properly, digital This may seem like a lot of extra discharged to 11.89V or lower chaos will ensue. Starting and work to do before starting a seem- taking 10 to 16 hours (or more) charging system testing is not just ingly unrelated electronic diagnosis. to fully charge. A battery that is for towed in “no start/no The good news is that the new 12.24V will take about 5 hours to crank” anymore; it’s a starting point generation of conductance testers, charge enough to test. The all-to- for any electrical or electronic such as the hand-held Midtronics common practice of a 90-minute diagnosis. EXP-1000, or the Midtronics GR-8 fast charge on “HI” will damage a Here’s a quick case study to diagnostic station, are able to per- battery with less than a 70% demonstrate how charging system form just such tests in less than charge (12.40V), and if open problems can cause some very odd five minutes, which makes check- circuit voltage is used as an symptoms. The High Capacity ing the basics on every car a lot indicator of SOC, the battery may Actively Controlled Suspension more attractive. undeservedly fail a subsequent (HICAS) light was illuminated on a load test. 1994 J30t with HICAS 4-wheel steering, and it seemed to have no | The old way: Evaluate a battery load test power assist. The Consult II was Testing the battery as follows: able to connect to the PCM, TCM, with a carbon-pile tester. and SRS control units, but the The voltage measured after 15 HICAS control unit was not avail- Testing the battery with an old- seconds with a load equal to ½ the able. The problem? Shorted alter- fashioned carbon-pile load tester battery’s CCA rating applied should nator diodes and a battery with a can be accurate, but only if the test be greater than or equal to 9.6V dead cell. Temporarily disconnect- is done properly. with an electrolyte temperature of ing the alternator and battery, then 70 deg. F. running the car with a booster Before testing: pack connected restored communi- However, if the electrolyte cation with the HICAS control unit • Always be sure to check the temperature is not 70 deg. F, as well as normal power steering electrolyte levels. If a plate is you must compensate with the operation. exposed, the battery may explode following formula: It may seem strange that a during load testing, assaulting 10.45V battery and an AC-produc- you with flying plastic, acid spray, Add 0.1V for every 10 deg. over 70 ing alternator were adequate for and a boom that may cause deg. F, or subtract 0.1V for every communication with three control hearing loss. 10 deg. under 70 deg. F.

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 13 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 14

Battery Testing

The temperature compensation is • A recent charge will not “fool” more accurate testing, it’s also a often left out of load testing, even the tester into falsely reporting it good idea to connect the amp when the battery is tested after sit- as good. clamp. ting out overnight or right after a test drive on a hot day. However, • There is no danger of explosion it’s necessary to include tempera- during testing. ture compensation if accurate • The temperature correction is results are your goal. made automatically, so there’s no Another pitfall when load testing: need for a chart or manual Recharging a battery just prior to a calculation. load test may temporarily mask a bad battery. A second load test • Test results are as accurate as may be a good idea if the battery load testing, when load testing is required charging before the test. done properly, and more accurate than improper load testing. | The new way: • Tester algorithms are able to Using the Midtronics quickly find shorted cells. System Test • Electrolyte level should still be checked, but the battery won’t | Connecting the explode if this step is forgotten. EXP-1000 is simple The Midtronics System Test per- forms a quick menu-guided series of checks. The entire procedure takes less than five minutes, and can be done with a small hand-held tester, so there’s no need to roll a cumbersome cart across the shop. Many Midtronics testers are able to print a diagnostic report at the end of the system test. In fact, Nissan and Infiniti dealerships are | The Midtronics EXP-1000 required to submit a printout from analyzes the starting the Midtronics GR-8 testing station /charging system in less for warranty claims on batteries, than five minutes. starters, and alternators as proof that proper testing was performed. As you can see, testing a battery Independent repair shop patrons | The amp probe clamps properly with a load tester can be will likely also appreciate documen- on the negative cable very time-consuming, especially if tation of problems with a manufac- the battery needs to be charged turer-approved testing system. With Midtronics testers, connect- before testing. ing the amp clamp is easy. It is Hook it up simply placed around the negative Testing the battery with a conduc- battery cable (Figure 5). In contrast, tance tester has numerous advan- The Midtronics testers are easy conventional VAT testing requires tages: to hook up. A system test can be the amp clamp be placed on the performed with just the positive B+ cable at the back of the • The battery can be tested in and negative probes clamped on alternator, which can require a bit discharged condition. the battery terminals. However, for of contortion on some cars.

14 | Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 15

Test the battery Once the engine starts, the tester reports any starting The Midtronics System Test system problems. If the battery is begins with a battery check. discharged or bad, the tester The Midtronics tester uses will remind you of this instead of conductance to determine the displaying the starter test results, battery’s state of health and so the starting system test will predict how long it might contin- need to be performed again after ue to function adequately. A small the battery has been recharged or AC ripple is applied to the bat- | Conductance testing yields replaced. The starting system test tery, which generates an AC quick results takes only a few seconds, but response. The relative ratio of AC provides very accurate results. current variation to AC voltage variation is measured, and an algorithm is applied to the meas- Test the urement to charging system produce a Good/Bad/Marginal response, as well a CCA rating In the charging system test, the equivalent. tester takes measurements during Understanding load testing is four phases: certainly more intuitive, but luckily we don’t need to fully understand • 2,000 rpm with accessories how conductance testing works | Starting system test: off for five seconds for it to work well for us. Just fol- cranking voltage • idle with accessories off for low the on-screen prompts, and five seconds rest assured the results will be as accurate as a properly performed • idle with high beams, blower, load test, just a whole lot faster. and rear defroster on for five seconds Test the starting system • 2,000 rpm with high beams, blower, and defroster on for After the battery test is com- five seconds plete, the Midtronics unit prompts This 20-second test yields a you to start the car while it moni- wealth of information. The tors cranking voltage (Figure 7) | Starting system test: Midtronics tester determines the and amperage (Figure 8). The cranking amperage health of the diodes, checks for an tester’s sample rate is quite high open or shorted stator phase, and – similar to an oscilloscope’s – so verifies adequate alternator output. it’s able to measure, record, and Although it’s no longer the offi- graph spikes in both voltage and cially recommended Nissan tool, a amperage in the short period of carbon pile tester (Figure 10) can cranking before the engine starts still be useful to test alternator up. This means the ignition or output beyond what accessory fuel systems don’t need to be load will pull. So even though the disabled to test cranking voltage Midtronics tester will nearly always and starter draw, which saves be the best choice, don’t roll the time compared to standard | VAT-40 out to the curb yet. It may starter testing with an amp clamp Charging system test: still come in handy in a few cases. and voltmeter. ripple voltage

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 15 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 16

Battery Testing

ammeter capable of accurately measuring current in milliamps. Simply hook the leads in series with the negative cable by discon- necting the negative cable from the battery post, then attaching one meter lead to the negative battery cable and the other to the negative battery post (Figure 11). The level of acceptable drain varies depending on the battery’s capacity and the length of time the car’s likely to be sitting unused, but as a general rule, key-off drain should be less than 80 mA, and is usually | A carbon pile can be used to add accessory load. much lower. When testing for key-off drain, The results of the the battery. You know whether or it’s important to remember that control units normally stay active five-minute test not the starter is getting the power it needs to crank the engine. for a while, or even become active at certain times. A draw of 400 mA, • You know whether the vehicle’s There are a few more things that or even 800 mA, may be normal, so power supply system is working. need to be tested if the customer concern is a no-start condition. long as it doesn’t last too long. One method of differentiating battery- • You know whether the electronic draining draws from normal components have adequate Test for key off drain momentary draws is to use the power when the starter load is MIN/MAX feature built in to many pulling the system voltage down. Key-off drain should be checked to DVOMs. The average draw can be ensure the battery is not going to found by recording the key-off • You know whether running volt discharge while the vehicle isn’t in drain over a period of time then age is too high or contaminated use. The best tool for this job is an deciding if it’s acceptable. with AC ripples.

In short, you know whether an inadequate power supply might be the cause of your troubles, or whether you should continue with the normal diagnostic procedure. If the reason for the test was a check of the basics, you’re done. However, starting and charging system inspection can also be used for the more traditional reason – finding problems that might prevent the vehicle from starting. Now that the System Test is complete, you know if the battery has the neces- sary capacity to start the car reli- ably. You know if the alternator is able to power the car and recharge | Measuring key-off drain

16 | Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 17

| Voltage drop testing in one simple step

Test for voltage drops 2. Select the circuit rating (150A the alternator circuit and the bat- is the default, but the tester can tery body ground strap. Beyond If the System Test finds a prob- test circuits with ratings up to that, any circuit can be voltage-drop lem with the starter or alternator 1000A). tested by selecting OTHER, circuit, voltage drop testing may be then manually entering the 3. Connect battery probes to the necessary. In a nutshell, voltage amperage rating. starter: B+ to the starter’s drop testing is measuring how battery stud, B- to the starter much voltage a given segment of a housing. circuit is consuming. In starting and Wrap up charging system testing, the focus 4. Connect the DMM probes to the is usually on the battery cables and battery: positive probe to positive In the past, battery, starting and the alternator B+ cable. terminal, negative probe to charging system diagnosis was By using conductance technolo- negative terminal. most often performed because a gy, Midtronics testers provide a car either wouldn’t start, or died new and timesaving way to perform 5. Wait for the test to complete while driving. On today’s Nissan voltage drop testing without even and read the results. and Infiniti cars, these systems’ operating the load. The tester critical responsibilities go far comes with two sets of leads, the There’s no need to crank the beyond providing power for the standard leads used for battery engine, disable the ignition, or test starter and ignition system. testing, and an additional set for one side of the circuit at a time. Digital communication’s role DMM and scope testing. By con- The results are displayed in voltage will only increase with every new necting both sets, one at the com- drop for both sides individually. model year. Quickly verifying a ponent and the other at the battery, There’s no need to memorize the good power supply will be key to both sides of the circuit can be maximum allowable voltage drop avoiding unnecessary diagnostic tested at the same time. for a given circuit; the tester will difficulties. So, whether you’re alert the user to any problems. diagnosing a warning light or a For testing the starter circuit: In addition to the starter circuit power window, start with the test, the Midtronics tester also has basics -- verify a good power 1. Select STARTER CIRCUIT. preset tests for the voltage drop on supply. You’ll be glad you did! |

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 17 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 18

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Feature

This is Part One of a two-part series on how to diagnose evaporative emissions systems. It starts with an overview of the Nissan/Infiniti evaporative emissions system logic, then discusses leak testing and best repair practices. | EVAP Codes are Part Two will focus on specific EVAP system faults. After reading this series, Nothing to Fear you’ll be on your way to becoming a fearless conqueror of EVAP maladies, rather than Part I a finger-crossing gas cap tightener who hopes that the car will be assigned to someone else when it comes back. If you Some technicians dread being are already an EVAP pro, you assigned a car with an EVAP code. may still be able to pick up a useful tip or two, so read on. If you’re uncertain how the various What is EVAP? types of EVAP systems work, it’s easy to get confused during a The evaporative emission control system (EVAP) is designed to diagnosis. Even hard-code faults reduce the amount of fuel vapor that escapes from the fuel tank can sometimes seem difficult to while the car is in use or parked. The fuel tank must be vented. nail down, but when the problem Without a vent, the tank would is intermittent or temperature- over-pressurize due to thermal expansion, and draw into a vacuum dependent, these codes can and collapse as the engine used fuel. seem like a real nightmare. Before EVAP systems were introduced in 1971, the tank was vented directly to the atmosphere, which avoided the pressure and vacuum issues, but allowed fuel vapors to escape into the atmosphere where they can combine with oxides of nitrogen and create ground-level ozone. This compound can damage lungs and aggravate respiratory conditions.

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Intake Manifold

Purge line Vacuum cut valve bypass valve

EVAP canister purge volume control selenoid valve Vacuum cut valve Refueling control P EVAP control system pressure sensor valve and refueling Water separator EVAP vapor cut valve Relief of vacuum | Figure 1 EVAP A modern EVAP System Fuel filler cap with cannister pressure relief valve Fuel tank and vacuum relief valve EVAP canister vent control valve

What’s been done? mid-1990s, Nissan/Infiniti added Components purge control to more accurately Evaporative emissions account manage the burning of stored for a large percentage of the total vapors. This was accomplished by HC vehicles emit. Therefore, reduc- adding an EVAP canister purge ing evaporative emissions has been control solenoid valve to regulate of some concern for Nissan/Infiniti the flow of fuel vapor into to intake for decades. The company has while the throttle is open. The only made many improvements to its detectable fault is an open or short EVAP systems over the years. in the canister purge control What was once a very simple sys- solenoid valve circuit. tem has grown in efficacy and Around the turn of the century, complexity. In the , Nissan Nissan/Infiniti gave its EVAP sys- (no Infiniti division yet) used a basic tems a complete makeover. Many system with a charcoal canister to major changes were made over the store vapors from the fuel tank and space of just a few years, and a carburetor (remember them?) float number of new components were | Figure 2 bowl. When the engine is running, added to the systems. The purge valve is a Use Figure 1 and the component fuel vapors are purged from the duty-cycle controlled descriptions that follow to familiar- canister and burned by the engine. by the PCM There is no facility for monitoring ize yourself with the type of EVAP whether or not the EVAP system is system you’ll most likely encounter Nissan/Infiniti usually calls the working, and no feedback control in the service bay. Today’s EVAP purge valve the "EVAP Canister of the purge flow. systems resemble one another Purge Volume Control Solenoid In the early 1990s, Nissan/Infiniti more than they differ. Sorting out Valve," which is an extremely accu- added an EVAP and EGR control any peculiarities is easy when you rate name, but quite a mouthful. solenoid valve to prevent EVAP have a good grasp of the basics, so The purge valve regulates the flow purge and EGR flow under certain having an idea of how this example of fuel vapors from the canister into conditions. The self-diagnostic system should work – even before the intake manifold. It also provides system was not able to detect any you crack a book or open a hood – vacuum for OBD II leak testing. The EVAP system faults. In the will save you a lot of time. valve is duty-cycle controlled by the

Nissan Tech News | 19 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 20

EVAP Codes

| Figure 3 The fuel tank pressure sensor works like a MAP sensor.

The canister vent valve is an ON/OFF solenoid valve controlled by the PCM. It goes by a lot of names and abbreviations. Nissan/Infiniti usually calls it a "Canister Vent Control Valve" in the manuals, but your scan tool may call it by another name. Regardless, PCM, so it does more than just The EVAP canister is typically a the vent valve always functions the allow or block flow; it regulates the plastic box with three ports. The same way. When active, the valve flow based on feedback from the canister is packed with very fine closes to seal the canister vent, oxygen sensor. You’ll almost always charcoal powder. Its exposed sur- thereby shutting the EVAP system find the purge valve mounted close face area is substantial enough to off from the atmosphere. The only to the intake manifold. absorb a fair amount of hydrocar- time the PCM closes the canister The fuel tank pressure sensor is bons before it becomes saturated. vent is during OBD II EVAP system a pressure/vacuum transducer. It’s When fuel vapors are forced from self-testing; the rest of the time similar to a MAP sensor, but can the tank by thermal expansion, there’s no voltage applied, which respond to much smaller changes they’re routed through the canister allows air to flow though the canis- in pressure. The sensor has three where the charcoal absorbs the ter. You’ll almost always find this wires. Two are for 5V reference and hydrocarbons. Only fresh air is valve bolted directly to the canister. ground; the third is the signal out- allowed to escape into the atmos- The water separator is a plastic put. Its output is a voltage that will phere. Once the engine is running, tank with baffles inside, designed change as the pressure changes. air is routed through the canister to keep water (from puddles, etc.) The pressure sensor can be located and into the intake manifold, which out of the canister. If the charcoal on the fuel tank, but most often it is strips the HCs from the charcoal in the canister is waterlogged, it found in the purge line between and carries them into the engine cannot absorb HCs. A badly satu- canister and the purge valve. where they’re burned as fuel. rated canister can also become

| Figure 4 | Figure 5 | Figure 6 The canister stores and The canister vent valve is The water separator is the separates fuel vapors. activated on during self-test. canister’s fresh air intake.

20 | Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 21

clogged. The water separator has The efficacy and reliability of no moving or wearing parts, so it’s Nissan/Infiniti’s EVAP systems not a high failure item. However, have greatly improved over time. In sometimes bugs build nests inside spite of this, EVAP system repairs the water separator, which can are on the rise, but only because cause symptoms similar to a stuck- 10-year-old cars with 10-year-old closed canister vent or a clogged rubber components are capable of canister. detecting tiny leaks, whereas a 13- The vacuum cut valve is not elec- year-old car (pre-OBD II) wouldn’t tronic. It’s a mechanical check know if you left the gas cap off valve that only allows flow in one entirely. If the measure of an EVAP direction. Its purpose is to prevent system’s efficacy is its ability to vacuum in the purge line from reduce evaporative emissions, then reaching the fuel tank. It is always Nissan/Infiniti’s current systems | located in the line between the fuel Figure 8 are better than ever, which is a tank and the canister. The bypass valve good thing for everyone who bypasses the check valve breathes air, as well as techs who during self-test. know how to fix them.

Other players So, you found an EVAP • Fuel cap: Laugh if you must, but this is a critical component! code. What’s next? Did you know there are calibrat ed pressure and vacuum reliefs The first step, no matter what built into the fuel cap? Choosing code you find, should be to copy or the proper cap is very important. print the freeze frame data (Figure Just because it fits, doesn’t mean 9), then note any information you it’s right. Buying from Nissan or find in it that might help your Infiniti by VIN is the best way to diagnosis. avoid headaches. | Figure 7 The vacuum cut valve is a • Fuel Tank Temperature Sensor: This is a thermistor, mechanical check valve. just like a coolant temperature sensor. Not all Nissan and Infiniti The vacuum cut valve bypass cars have fuel tank temperature valve is an ON/OFF solenoid valve sensors. Its primary purpose is as controlled by the PCM. It’s mounted an input for Engine Off Natural in parallel with the vacuum cut Vacuum (EONV) testing, where valve. Its purpose is to bypass the the PCM uses the naturally- vacuum cut valve during EVAP self occurring pressure changes in a testing, which makes perfect sense closed chamber – in this case when you think about it – if the the fuel tank – to determine vacuum cut valve’s job is to block whether the system is vacuum to the tank, how else well sealed. could a vacuum be applied to the tank during testing? The bypass • Fuel Level Sensor: On some | valve can be easily identified vehicles, the fuel tank level Figure 9 because the vacuum cut valve is sensor provides additional input Capture the freeze always right next to it. to the PCM for EVAP testing. frame data.

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 21 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 22

EVAP Codes

| Figure 10 The Consult’s Confirmation Procedure can save you time.

smoke machines exceed this pres- sure, and are not suited for EVAP testing. In addition, some types of smoke machines use a glow plug than can ignite fuel vapor if any is You might also want to collect (http://www.nissan-techinfo.com), allowed to flow back from a pres- the Mode 6 data for the EVAP or the Infiniti Service surized EVAP system into the monitor before clearing the codes. Information website smoke machine. This data can be used after the (http://www.infiniti-techinfo.com). Some auto manufactures that repairs are complete to determine recommend smoke machines for how much improvement the repair If you find a relevant TSB, paying EVAP diagnosis also recommend caused, rather than just a pass/fail for a one-day subscription may using nitrogen instead of pressure- on the monitor status. save you hours of diagnostic work. regulated shop air. Nitrogen is an If you have a Consult II, clear the Unlike many aftermarket informa- inert gas, so a combination of fuel code then use the DTC confirma- tion services that are updated on a vapor and nitrogen will not ignite. tion procedure (Figure 10) to verify quarterly basis, Nissan/Infiniti However, using nitrogen does the problem is still present. If you Techinfo always has the latest not eliminate the need for common don’t have a Consult II, you are and most accurate information sense, nor does it make it probably better off just jumping into available. impossible for you to burn your diagnosis. It will likely take at least customer’s car and your shop to 20 minutes to get the EVAP moni- Testing for EVAP leaks tor to run; your time will likely be better spent following the diagnos- You may have noticed that tic procedures for the stored code. Nissan/Infiniti recommends using Finally, before you spend a bunch a hand-held pump, low-pressure of time, do yourself a favor: Check gauge, and an ultrasonic leak for TSBs. Some EVAP problems detector for EVAP leak detection. are well known and documented. However, since most independent A relevant TSB for your code may shops do not own an ultrasonic lead you straight to the cause of leak detector, this article will focus the trouble. Some EVAP problems on using smoke machines, which might be nearly impossible to fix are becoming common. without engineering help. It is extremely important to use a Even if you don’t have a smoke machine that regulates Nissan/Infiniti Techinfo subscrip- pressure to 0.5 psi (14 inches of tion, you can read through the TSB water). If pressure exceeds 0.6 psi descriptions for free (Figure 11). (Figure 12), it may damage EVAP | Figure 11 Just visit the Nissan/Infiniti Service system components and produce Review Nissan/Infiniti TSB Information website invalid findings. Many types of descriptions for free.

22 | Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 23

| Figure 13 Remove the Schrader valve for smoke testing.

the ground. Whether using shop air purge valve, somewhere near the after the system fills. If the ball or nitrogen in the smoke machine, intake manifold. The EVAP service continues to float, the system vapors escaping from the EVAP port has a high-flow Schrader has a leak. system will mix with air and valve, similar to those found on become combustible. Always post A/C systems, but with one impor- Once the smoke machine is “Inflammable” signs in your work tant difference: The EVAP service hooked up and pumping smoke area when doing EVAP work, and port valve core has reverse into the service port, it will take a keep potential sources of ignition threads; it must be spun clockwise while to displace the air in the away from fuel vapors. for removal, and counter-clockwise EVAP system. Many smoke for installation. If you didn’t read machine manufacturers recom- Service port that last sentence, replacement mend removing the gas cap to service ports are available from Most modern Nissan and Infiniti allow trapped air to escape faster, your Nissan or Infiniti dealer. cars have an EVAP service port then replacing the cap once smoke In order to use the service port (Figure 13). The port has a green comes out of the filler neck. for testing, the valve core must be cap, and can be found near the However, if you disturb the gas cap, removed. Typically, smoke and it wasn’t fully tight or its gasket machines designed for EVAP test- seals only intermittently, you’ll have ing come with an adaptor to con- removed the cause of the problem nect to the port. without knowing it. A better way to let the air escape Leak check, then smoke is to open the canister vent. If the canister vent is still being held Before filling the system with closed from the leak check, you’ll smoke, it’s a good idea to do a need to open it with the scan tool. quick leak check as follows: The canister vent close valve is normally open, so if you didn’t close • Close the canister vent control it during the leak check, it will valve using a scan tool. already be open.

• Apply 0.5 PSI using the smoke There are two advantages to machine without smoke. this technique: | Figure 12 • Monitor the flow gauge. If there Use only a smoke machine are no leaks, the ball should • It leaves the system as found, designed for EVAP testing. settle at the bottom of the gauge without disturbing the cap.

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 23 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 24

Cooling System Diagnosis

• Fuel vapors are vented through • Use Genuine Nissan/Infiniti the canister, reducing the amount EVAP hose with the proper of explosive vapor that is pumped constant-tension clamps to avoid into your shop. future temperature-dependent leaks. Once the system is full of smoke, • Use Nissan/Infiniti fuel caps, you’ll be able to see it escaping ordered by VIN. Some fuel caps from the leak. Using a very bright look the same, but are in fact light will make the smoke much different. easier to see. Just follow the purge line from the purge volume control • Replace the canister vent valve solenoid valve to the canister, then O-ring any time the canister vent from the canister to the by-pass valve is removed. valve and vacuum cut valve and on to the tank and filler neck. Completing the monitors Some leaks are affected by tem- | Figure 14 perature changes. If you can’t find After diagnosis and repair, The Consult makes a leak on your first try, it might be a you could deliver the car to the running the SRT’s easy. good idea to let the car sit customer with the trouble codes overnight and check it first thing in cleared and the System Readiness ter, completing the drive cycle can the morning. Your customer may Tests (SRT), or Monitors, incom- be time-consuming. not be happy about leaving the car plete, and it would probably be An easier way to cause the overnight, but he or she will likely okay. But what if you made an error EVAP monitor to run is to use the be more upset if the car must in diagnosis, or a hose disturbed DTC confirmation procedure avail- return several times to figure out during service is now leaking? able on the Consult II/III (Figure what the problem is. The only way to check your repair 14). This allows a single SRT to run work is to verify that the EVAP without completing a drive cycle. Repair it right monitor completes successfully. Availability and procedure vary from There are two ways to cause the car to car, so consult service infor- Very small EVAP leaks can cause monitors to run. mation for specifics. In general, very big headaches. Why add to One way is to drive the car in a 1999 and newer Nissan and Infiniti someone’s future frustration way that meets certain criteria nec- vehicles will have DTC confirmation (maybe yours!) by using incorrect essary for the monitor to run. This procedures available to speed or sub-standard parts? It may occa- is known as a “drive cycle.” Drive clearing EVAP monitors. sionally seem like a good idea to cycles vary from car to car, so to replace a defective section of find the exact procedure, you’ll Use what you’ve learned purge hose with some bulk fuel line need to check http://www.nissan- and a couple of screw clamps to techinfo.com or http://www.infiniti- If you weren’t very familiar with avoid waiting for parts to arrive techinfo.com. EVAP systems, you now have some from your Nissan or Infiniti dealer. The typical drive cycle begins new things to try the next time But when the repair starts to leak with a cold engine, idled until warm, you’re assigned a Nissan or Infiniti later, it won’t seem so wise. Here then driven alternately between with an EVAP code. Better yet, play are a few tips to avoid comebacks periods of steady 55-60 mph driv- around with a known-good car the and embarrassment: ing and idling. Many techs find that next time you have some free time. using a dynamometer to complete A few moments borrowed from • Lubricate EVAP O-rings with the drive cycle makes completing your boss to improve your knowl- mineral oil, Nissan/Infiniti part the SRTs easier, since traffic and edge of how a car should work will number 999MP-AJ000. This is road conditions make adhering to surely be repaid with faster diagno- not just for lubrication on installa the drive cycle pattern difficult. sis the next time you encounter a tion; it also improves the seal. However, even with a dynamome- car that isn’t working as it should. |

24 | Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 25 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 26

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | Nissan performance Nissan Motorsports Competition Parts New Parts Announcement Whiteline Flat out BLACK BOX now Available for 350Z Track Model

Nissan Motorsports Competition is unique in allowing cockpit comprehensive installation and Parts is excited to offer the adjustable handling bias via a tuning instructions however some Whiteline Flat out BLACK BOX for single dial that will deliver more modification of wiring is necessary. 350Z Track Model vehicles as part oversteer or understeer on Installation by qualified technicians of their broad selection of racing demand. This allows the driver to is recommended. | and off road components. tune the amount of stability control Whiteline’s BLACK BOX is a intervention desired without error To find out more about this world first allowing the driver to codes or warning lights. and other Nissan Motorsports electronically tune the stock BLACK BOX is designed for competition parts contact stability control system to give racing and off road use and is Nissan Motorsports Competition control back to the driver. The currently available for the 350Z Parts at: 888-833-3225 or email: patented BLACK BOX system Track Model. It comes with [email protected].

26 | Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 27

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News

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Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 27 Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 28

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28 | Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Nissan-TechNews-Spring-2009_MarchStarTuned2005 6/30/15 3:32 PM Page 29

Waldorf Burnsville Matthews Stanhope Manhasset Sheehy Nissan Of Waldorf Walser Nissan Infiniti Of Charlotte Lynnes Nissan West, Inc. Infiniti Of Manhasset 301.843.5300 952.435.5550 704.847.9010 973.347.2200 516.773.1000 Golden Valley | MASSACHUSETTS Raleigh Toms River Mt. Kisco Jim Lupient Infiniti Crossroads Infiniti, Inc. Pine Belt Automotive, Inc Nissan City North Auburn 763.546.5577 919.981.5656 732.349.3030 Bertera Nissan, Inc. 914.242.3990 Inver Grove Winston Salem 508.832.9611 Union Beach New York Heig Luther Nissan Modern Inf/Winston-Salem Pine Belt Nissan/Keyport Infiniti Of Manhattan Inc Beverly 651.457.5757 336.767.7800 732.264.4333 Roland D. Kelly Nissan 212.399.1900 Maplewood Winston Salem 978.922.1405 Woodbury Ozone Park Kline Nissan Modern Nissan, Inc. Woodbury Nissan, Inc Bourne Nissan Of Queens 651.379.4300 336.767.8260 856.853.0150 Nissan Of Bourne 718.835.8300 | MISSOURI 508.759.4400 | NEBRASKA | NEW MEXICO Port Chester Danvers Creve Coeur Omaha Nissan City/Port Chester Plaza Infiniti Albuquerque Kelly Infiniti Infiniti Of Omaha Garcia Infiniti 914.937.1777 314.301.1707 978.774.1000 402.592.2200 505.217.3000 Saint James Ellisville Fitchburg Omaha Albuquerque Competition Infiniti Ron Bouchard's Nissan Moore Nissan Nissan Of Omaha, Llc 631.361.4636 636.394.0330 Melloy Nissan 978.345.1800 402.493.4000 505.265.8721 Schenectady Hyannis Kansas City Albuquerque Lia Nissan Balise Nissan Of Cape Cod Jay Wolfe Nissan | NEW HAMPSHIRE Reliable Nissan 518.579.2000 508.771.3636 816.459.4800 Manchester 505.338.3888 Smithtown Lynnfield Kansas City Team Nissan, Inc. Smithtown Nissan, Inc. Kelly Nissan Of Lynnfield Major Infiniti, Inc. 603.644.8326 | NEVADA 631.361.9696 781.598.1234 816.941.0770 Nashua Henderson Syosset Saint Louis Infiniti Of Nashua Marlborough Douglas Nissan Legend Nissan, Ltd Suntrup Nissan Volkswagen 603.891.1400 Marlboro Nissan 702.558.5800 516.496.8181 508.481.3232 314.892.8200 Nashua West Islip Springfield Peter's Auto Sales, Inc. Medford Desert Nissan Atlantic Nissan Superstor Infiniti of Springfield 603.889.1166 Colonial Nissan/Medford 702.871.7000 631.587.0700 781.395.5300 866.963.2577 | NEW JERSEY Las Vegas Westbury Norwood | MISSISSIPPI Planet Nissan Advantage Nissan Infiniti Auto Of Norwood Avenel 702.876.8000 Brandon 516.338.5600 781.329.3040 Nissan Woodbridge Las Vegas Gray-Daniels Nissan Brand White Plains 732.815.2500 Towbin Infiniti Raynham 601.948.3050 Pepe Infiniti, Inc. Mastria Nissan, Inc. Bloomfield 702.252.8800 Gulfport 914.428.0900 508.824.8614 Lynnes Infiniti Las Vegas Pat Peck Nissan 973.743.3100 West Springfield 228.864.6411 United Nissan | OHIO Jerry Rome Nissan 702.457.8061 Bloomfield Bedford 413.746.2266 Hattiesburg Lynnes Nissan City Inc. | NEW YORK Infiniti Of Bedford Petro Automotive Group 973.743.2111 601.264.4411 440.439.0400 | MICHIGAN Butler Albany Armory Nissan Inc. Jackson Route 23 Nissan, L.L.C. Brunswick Farmington Hills 518.641.7777 Deuce Mcallister Niss Jak 973.838.0800 Ken Ganley Nissan,Inc. Suburban Nissan/Farm Hill 601.352.2626 248.471.0044 Cherry Hill Amherst 330.273.1555 Mike Barney Nissan Jackson Cherry Hill Nissan, Inc. Columbus Grand Rapids 716.833.9888 Gray-Daniels Nissan North 856.667.8300 Germain Nissan Pfeiffer Infiniti, Inc. 601.956.7522 616.940.8989 Bayside 614.418.4500 Egg Harbor Star Nissan, Inc. Tupelo Dayton Novi Townsh Holman Infiniti 718.423.0500 Carlock Nissan Of Tupelo 609.383.6100 Matt Castrucci Nissan Suburban Infiniti, Inc. 662.844.3113 248.471.2220 Blauvelt 937.434.4723 Englewood Rockland Nissan | MONTANA Dublin Portage Infiniti Of Englewood Llc 845.358.6700 Cole/Gilmore Pn-Cd-Nissan Billings 201.568.1200 Infiniti Of Columbus, Llc Brooklyn 269.323.3200 Billings Nissan, L.L.C. Flemington 614.793.1000 406.655.1111 Bay Ridge Nissan, Inc. Traverse City Flemington Infiniti 718.238.8000 Hilliard Traverse City Auto Plaza Bozeman 908.782.6868 Buckeye Nissan, Inc. Brooklyn 231.946.5540 J.C. Billion Inc Flemington 614.771.2345 406.582.7777 King's Nissan Inc Troy Flemington Nissan 718.376.0538 Streetsboro Suburban Infiniti Of Troy Missoula 908.782.3673 Classic Nissan Greenvale 330.422.7300 248.731.3300 Missoula Nissan, Inc. Freehold 406.549.5178 Baron Nissan, Inc. Troy Dch Freehold Nissan 516.621.2300 Tallmadge Suburban Nissan, Inc | NORTH CAROLINA 732.780.3600 Tri-City Nissan 248.649.2300 Huntington Statio 330.633.3234 Cornelius Hasbrouck Heights Habberstad Nissan, Inc | MINNESOTA Lake Norman Infiniti Meadowlands Nissan 631.439.7000 Toledo 704.237.8000 201.796.5050 Yark Nissan Jackson Heights Bloomington Gastonia 800.848.9275 Maple Shade Koeppel Nissan Inc Feldmann Imports Inc. Nissan West Holman Infiniti 718.898.7800 Willoughby 952.837.6300 704.867.0000 856.231.4400 Sunnyside Nissan Bloomington Greensboro Monmouth Junction Lynbrook 440.951.1100 Luther Inf Of Bloomington Crown Nissan Acme Nissan Legacy Infiniti, Ltd. 952.888.5555 336.292.9191 732.821.9300 516.536.9000 | OKLAHOMA Brooklyn Park Greensboro North Plainfield Malta Broken Arrow Brooklyn Park Automotive Modern Infiniti, Inc. North Plainfield Nissan Nissan Of Saratoga, Llc Nelson Nissan 763.424.4400 336.852.5981 908.755.6400 518.886.4800 918.258.6581

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Edmond Pittsburgh | TEXAS Mckinney Midlothian Bob Howard Nissan, Inc. Cochran Nissan/South Hill Arlington Nissan Of Mckinney Pence Nissan 405.478.5380 412.343.3200 Don Davis Nissan, Inc. 214.544.4900 804.378.3000 Oklahoma City Pittsburgh 817.467.7911 Mesquite Newport News Bob Moore Infiniti, Inc. Pittsburgh East Nissan Austin Trophy Nissan Nissan of Newport News 405.748.8000 412.824.9020 Austin Infiniti, Inc. 972.613.2200 757.369.6600 Oklahoma City Pleasant Hills 512.454.9489 Plano Hudiburg Nissan, Inc. Bowser Nissan Austin Crest Infiniti Norfolk 405.631.7771 412.469.2100 South Point Nissan 972.422.1100 Charles Barker Nissan 757.353.4878 Tulsa State College 512.444.1400 Round Rock Jackie Cooper N Nissan Of State College Austin Round Rock Nissan Richmond 918.249.9393 814.238.2447 Town North Nissan 512.244.8500 Pearson Infiniti 804.527.0300 Tulsa West Chester 512.451.7411 San Antonio Riverside Nissan, Inc. Infiniti Of West Chester Conroe Ancira Nissan, Inc. Springfield 918.628.0280 610.696.6700 Streater-Smith Nissan 210.558.5001 Sheehy Nissan/Springfield 936.760.2446 | OREGON Wexford San Antonio 703.922.7900 Wright Automotive Group Corinth Beaverton Gunn Infiniti, Ltd. Vienna 724.935.4646 North Texas Nissan Beaverton Infiniti 210.824.1272 Infiniti Of Tysons Corner 817.267.6411 503.626.8822 Willow Grove San Antonio 703.556.6900 Corpus Christi Eugene Infiniti Of Willow Grove Gunn Nissan, Ltd. Ed Hicks Nissan, Ltd. Virginia Beach Lithia Nissan Of Eugene 215.784.9320 210.496.0806 361.854.1955 Charles Barker Infiniti 541.686.2211 York San Antonio 757.437.4014 El Paso Gresham Apple Nissan, Inc. Ingram Park Nissan Casa Nissan, Inc. Virginia Beach Gresham Nissan Subaru Inc 717.755.9504 210.681.6300 915.772.1488 Hall Nissan Virginia Bch 503.661.1200 | RHODE ISLAND 757.631.7600 El Paso Tyler Medford Warwick Hoy-Fox Infiniti Peltier Nissan Lithia Nissan Woodbridge Inskip Infiniti 915.775.8585 903.561.7300 541.773.3655 Cowles Nissan 401.821.9790 Euless Weatherford 703.497.3000 | West Warwick Grubbs Infiniti, Ltd. Jerry's Nissan PENNSYLVANIA 817.596.3811 South Burlington Inskip Nissan 817.318.1200 Freedom Nissan, Inc. Allentown 401.821.1510 Rothrock Motor Sales, Inc Farmers Branch | UTAH 802.864.7400 Bankston Nissan Of Dallas 610.439.8485 | SOUTH CAROLINA Murray 972.450.2400 | Ardmore Tim Dahle Nissan WASHINGTON Infiniti Of Ardmore Charleston Fort Worth 801.262.5521 Auburn 610.649.3600 Baker Infiniti Charleston Thornhill Nissan Auburn Nissan, Inc. 843.852.4001 817.560.9000 Ogden Camp Hill Ken Garff Nissan Ogden 253.833.4700 Brenner Nissan Charleston 801.627.6700 Baker-Jackson Nissan No Bellevue 717.697.8400 Morris Motors, Inc Nissan Of The Eastside 843.571.2810 281.890.5656 Salt Lake City Concordville Ken Garff Nissan Of Sl 425.688.8800 Houston Concordville Nissan Columbia 801.322.5663 610.459.8900 Dick Smith Nissan Baker-Jackson Nissan So Burien 803.256.6600 713.661.9955 Burien Nissan, Inc. 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Tacoma Montgomeryville Nissan Carlock Nissan Of Jackson Clear Lake Nissan 434.385.7733 Bruce Titus Tacoma Nissan 215.661.9300 731.422.4658 281.557.5300 253.473.6200 Hampton Moon Township Johnson City Lewisville Pomoco Nissan Of Hampton West Hills Nissan Tri-Cities Nissan, Inc. Bankston Nissan Lewisvill 757.838.6111 | WISCONSIN 412.262.9020 423.282.4731 972.420.9500 Green Bay Pennsdale Knoxville Longview Manassas Alexander Nissan Inc. Harper Infiniti, Inc. Sheehy Nissan Of Manassas Gandrud Nissan Patterson Nissan/Longview 920.468.6800 570.546.4925 865.690.1970 903.758.4135 703.361.5161 Philadelphia Memphis Mcallen Mechanicsville Madison Chapman Nissan Llc Jim Keras Nissan Inc Bert Ogden Nissan Victory Nissan Infiniti Of Madison 215.492.1200 901.373.2800 956.631.6666 804.417.1012 608.277.2277

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