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Introduction of Lady Beetle Oenopia Conglobata (L.) As Predator Of

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Introduction of Lady Beetle Oenopia Conglobata (L.) As Predator Of ﻣﺠﻠﻪ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷ ﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان ﺟﻠﺪ 22 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1388 ﻣ ﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك (.Oenopia conglobata (L ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺎرون Tinocallis saltans Nevsky در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ آن در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ 4 3 2 1 زﻫﺮا ﻣﺠﻴﺐ ﺣﻖ ﻗﺪم *، ، ﺟﻼل ﺟﻼﻟﻲ ﺳﻨﺪي ، ﺳﻴﺪ اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ و ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﭘﻮر 1 ﻻﻫﻴﺠﺎن ، اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻞ و ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎ ن زﻳﻨﺘﻲ 2 رﺷﺖ ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻴﻼن، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي ، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ 3 ﺗﻬﺮان، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎ و ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻛﺸﻮر 4 رﺷﺖ ، ا داره ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 25/4/ 86 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : 4/4/ 87 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮي ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك (Oenopia conglobata (L.,1758 ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷ ﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل آﻓﺎت راﺳﺘﻪ ﺟﻮرﺑﺎﻻن از روي درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﺜﻤﺮ ، ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻤﺮ و ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﻲ از اﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻛﺸﻮر ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻣﺬﻛﻮر روي ﺷﺘﻪ Tinocallis saltans Nevsky,1929 در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آ زﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ، ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ رﺷﺪي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﻞ ﭘﺮورش ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ در آزﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﻧﻔﺮادي در داﺧﻞ ﻇﺮوف ﭘﺘﺮي در اﺗﺎﻗﻚ رﺷﺪ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪ و ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر روزاﻧﻪ زﻣﺎن ﺗﻔ ﺮﻳﺦ ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎ ، ﻃﻮل دوره رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ و ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﺷﺪ ي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد 6 ﺟﻔﺖ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر و ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺎده اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و در اﺗﺎﻗﻚ رﺷﺪ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻛﻠﻴﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎي ﻓﻮق در ﺣﺮارت 25 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاد، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 5± 65 درﺻﺪ ، 14 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ روﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ و 10 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﺎرﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﺷﺘﻪ T. saltans اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎي ﻓﻮق ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﻮل دوره رﺷﺪ و ﻧ ﻤﻮ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ رﺷﺪي ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺨﻢ، ﺳﻨﻴﻦ اول ﺗﺎ ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﭘﻴﺶ ﺷﻔﻴﺮه و ﺷﻔﻴﺮه اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺎرون ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 0/03 ± 4/2 ، 02/0± 13/2 ، 02/0± 13/2 ، 01/0±93/1، 03/0± 33/4 ، 1 ، 03/0± 33/4 روز ﺑﻮد . ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري روزاﻧﻪ 84/0± 28/ 30 ﻋﺪد، ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻣﺎده در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ 31/ 92± 17/ 1854 ﻋﺪد و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﻮل دوره ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري 56/2 ± 83/ 60 روز ﺑﻮد . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ روزاﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻻرو ﺳﻦ اول 69/0± 31/ 12 ، ﻻرو ﺳﻦ دوم 41/0± 46/ 24 ، ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﺳﻮم 67/0± 53/ 44 ، ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎرم 8/0± 02/ 62 و ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺎده 4/0± 16/ 40 ﻋﺪد .ﺑﻮد .ﺑﻮد واژه ﻫ ﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : Oenopia conglobata (L.), Tinocallis saltans Nevsky,1929 ، زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ، ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ، اﻳﺮان . * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌ ﻮل، ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﺗﻤﺎس : 09113378790 ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ: Zahra_mojib@ yahoo.com ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻧﺎرون از ﺗﻴﺮه Ulmaceae ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ درﺧﺘﺎن در اﺛﺮ اﺑﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻣﺮگ ﻧﺎرون در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﻧﻘﺮاض ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮان ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد (1 ). ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ 2 ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﻲ Zelkova Pall.1849 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳﻦ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺑ ﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﻲ carpinifolia Ulmus carpinifolia آ( زاد ) ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده Gled, 1773 ( اوﺟﺎ و) Ulmus glabra Huds, 1897 ( ﻣﻠﺞ ) در ﻓﻀﺎي ﺳﺒﺰ ﭘﺎرﻛ ﻬﺎي ﺷﻬﺮ رﺷﺖ ، ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در زﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ 363 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷ ﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان ﺟﻠﺪ 22 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1388 و ﭼﺸﻢ اﻧﺪاز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ا ﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺄ ﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ در در ﺳﺎل 1342 اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ را از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﮔﻴﻼن، ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران، ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺘﻪ Tinocallis آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن، ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن، ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎن، ﻛﺮﻣﺎن و ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس ﮔﺰ ارش saltans Nevsky,1927 ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ از ﻧﻤﻮد ( 10 ) . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ از روي درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﻴﻮه ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Aphididae ، در ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن ﻫﺴﺘﻪ دار ، داﻧﻪ دار، ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ، ﭘﺴﺘﻪ و ﻣﺰارع ﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻫﻮا روي ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎي درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﭘﺪﻳﺪار و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﺷ ﻴﺮ ه ﻛﺮﻣﺎن، اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ، ﻫﻤﺪان، ﻛﻬﻜﻴﻠﻮﻳﻪ و ﺑﻮﻳﺮ اﺣﻤﺪ و رﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎن ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﺧﺘﻼل ﺷﺪﻳﺪ در ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻓﺮاوان ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزﻛﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت در زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ و آوري و ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ(2 ، 5 ، 6 ، 7 و 9 ) . ﻣﺠﻴﺐ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﺷﺘﻪ ﻓﻮق ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎن ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . اﻣﺮوزه در ﻫ ﻤﻜﺎران در ﺳﺎل 1381 در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژي ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻳﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ آﻓﺎت، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺷﻤﻨﺎن O. conglobata در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ را در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ زﻳﺎدي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ . در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن ﺣﺎل ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از روي ﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺎرون Tinocallis saltans ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ در Nevsky ، ﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ Chaitophorus leucomelas اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎي زراﻋﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ارزﻧﺪه اي در ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ (Koch), Chaitophorus populeti (Panz) و ﺳﻨﻚ ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺎدل و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﭘﺴﻴﻠﻬﺎ، ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜ ﻬﺎ، (.Monosteria unicostata (M.& R ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﮔﺰارش زﻧﺠﺮﻛﻬﺎ، ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﺗﺨﻢ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻻرو ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﻌﻬﺪه ﻧﻤﻮد ﻧﺪ (8 .) .) دارﻧﺪ و ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻘﺎط دﻧﻴﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ا ﻧﺪ . ﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺘﻬﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك (Oenopia conglobata (L.,1758 ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺑﻪ آﻓﺎت ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﻤﻮم ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﺑ ﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻛﺮوي ، از ﻧﻈﺮ رده ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده روﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در Coccinellinae Coccinellidae ، ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ، ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ آﻓﺎت از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ زﻳﺎدي 16 Oenopia Coccinellini و ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارد ( ) . اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ ﻟﺬا ﺟﻬﺖ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑ ﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻫﺪف، ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﺎل آﻓﺎت ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ 2 از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﺘﺮ را ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ روي ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻻزم و ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ . ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻛﻢ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺟﻬﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ و زﻳﺴﺘﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك O. conglobata ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ آن روي ( 17 ) و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮي ﻻرو و ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ آن از روي ﺣﺸﺮات راﺳﺘﻪ ﺟﻮرﺑﺎﻻن ﺑ ﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﺎ و ﺳﻨﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آن روي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ( درﺧﺘﺎن و درﺧﺘﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ) ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﻗﻠﻴ ﻤﻲ دﻧﻴﺎ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ روﺳﻴﻪ ، ﭼﻴﻦ، ﻋﺮاق و اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺆ ﺛﺮي در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺎرون داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . 14 13 12 10 اﺳﺖ( ، ، و .) در آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ در ﺧﺼﻮص زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ (Psylla pyricola (Forst ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﻲ در ﻣﻮرد روي ﺷﺘﻪ T. saltans ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﺑﺮرﺳﻴ ﻬﺎي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﺸﺪه ﭘﺮورش و رﻫﺎﺳﺎزي ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزﻛﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮي اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك O. conglobata ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺑﻌﻨﻮان در اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ اﻳﺮان ﺿﺮورت اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﮔ ﺮي زﻳﺎد در اﻣﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل اﺣﺴﺎ س ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ آﻓﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ (15 ). ). در اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰارﺷﻬﺎي ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك O. conglobata وﺟﻮد دارد . وﺟﺪاﻧﻲ 364 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷ ﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان ﺟﻠﺪ 22 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1388 ﻣﻮاد و روﺷﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﺮار از ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﻻروي و 6 ﺗﻜﺮار از ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺎده در اﺑﺘﺪاي ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻃﻮل دوره رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ در داﺧﻞ ﻇﺮوف ﭘﺘﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ 10 و ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك O. conglobata ﺗﻌﺪاد 30 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ( ﺗﻜﺮار ) از ﻫﺮ ﺑﻠﻨﺪي 5/1 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ و ﻇﺮوف ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺷﻔﺎف ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ 12 ﻳﻚ از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ رﺷﺪي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﻞ ﭘﺮورش ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ در و ﻋﻤﻖ 8 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ درﭘﻮش ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﻮا آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه از اﺑﺘﺪاي ﺷﺮوع ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ در ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮري ار ﮔﺎﻧ ﺰا ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ، ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . روزاﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد داﺧﻞ ﺗﺸﺘﻜﻬﺎي ﭘﺘﺮي ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر روزاﻧﻪ اﻳﻦ 100 ﻋﺪد ﭘﻮره ﺷﺘﻪ T.saltans ﺷﻤﺎرش و در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻇﺮوف از ﻧﻈﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻻروي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎزدﻳﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻫﺎ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و ﭘﺲ از 24 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻃﻮل ﻣﺪت ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﺨﻢ، ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل Hodek ﻴﺗﻌ ﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ( 16 ) . ) ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻻروي، ﭘ ﻴﺶ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﮔﻲ و ﺷﻔﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ . 1- F= N-(S 24 + M 24 ) ﺗﺸﺘﻜ ﻬﺎي ﭘﺘﺮي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ 10 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ =N ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ =F ﻗﻄﺮ و 5/1 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع داﺷﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﻮا د ر ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻃﻌﻤﻪ زﻧ ﺪه ﭘﺲ از 24 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ = S 24 ﭘﻮش آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮري ارﮔﺎﻧﺰا ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ 2 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻣﺮده ﭘﺲ از 24 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ = M24 ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري روزاﻧﻪ و ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎ ي ﻧﻬﺎده ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻣﺎده در ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ، اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻋﻤﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل رﺷﺪي ±1 ﺗﻌﺪاد 6 ﺟﻔﺖ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻳﻜﺮوزه ( ﻧﺴﻞ اول ﭘﺮورش ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك اداﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ . ﻛﻠﻴﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ) از اﺑﺘﺪاي ﻇﻬﻮرﺷﺎن اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و در ﻇﺮوف 25 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاد، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 5± 65 درﺻﺪ ، 14 10 آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺷﻔﺎف ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ 12 و ﻋﻤﻖ 8 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ روﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ و ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﺎرﻳﻜﻲ در اﺗﺎﻗﻚ رﺷﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧ ﻲ درﭘﻮش ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮري ارﮔﺎﻧﺰا ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺪ . ﺷﺪ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﻮا ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ، ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﭘﺲ از ﺷﺮوع ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ و ﺑﺤﺚ ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري ﻫﺮ 24 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻳﻜﺒﺎر ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات دوره زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻛﺮوي ﻣﺎده در زﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻮﻛﻮﻻر ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺷﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ دﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻃﻮل دوره رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ : O.conglobata ﺗﺨﻢ، در ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎر ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري ﻣ ﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ از ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ 18 26 ±0 1 ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎ ي ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك در ﻫﺮ / / روز ﻃﻮل ﻛﺸﻴﺪ . ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﻮل دوره ﻛﻠﻴﻪ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ روزاﻧﻪ در ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ رﺷﺪي ( ﺗﺨﻢ، ﺳﻨﻴﻦ اول ﺗﺎ ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﭘﻴﺶ ﺷﻔﻴﺮه و زﻣﺎن ﻣﺮگ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺎده اداﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ . از اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ) اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺎرون ﺑ ﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 2 13 ±0 02 2 13 ±0 02 2 4 ± 0 03 ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري روزاﻧﻪ، ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎ ي / / ، / / ، / / ، 4 33 ±0 03 1 4 33 ±0 03 1 93±0 01 ﻧﻬﺎده ﺷﺪه و ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺎده اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ .
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    ZooKeys 1053: 107–144 (2021) A peer-reviewed open-access journal doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1053.64268 RESEARCH ARTICLE https://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research An annotated checklist of ladybeetle species (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Portugal, including the Azores and Madeira Archipelagos António Onofre Soares1, Hugo Renato Calado2, José Carlos Franco3, António Franquinho Aguiar4, Miguel M. Andrade5, Vera Zina3, Olga M.C.C. Ameixa6, Isabel Borges1, Alexandra Magro7,8 1 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculty of Sci- ences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321, Ponta Delgada, Portugal 2 Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal 3 Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal 4 Laboratório de Qualidade Agrícola, Caminho Municipal dos Caboucos, 61, 9135-372, Camacha, Madeira, Portugal 5 Rua das Virtudes, Barreiros Golden I, Bloco I, R/C B, 9000-645, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal 6 Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal 7 Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité biologique, UMR 5174 CNRS, UPS, IRD, 118 rt de Narbonne Bt 4R1, 31062, Toulouse cedex 9, France 8 University of Toulouse – ENSFEA, 2 rt de Narbonne, Castanet-Tolosan, France Corresponding author: António Onofre Soares ([email protected]) Academic editor: J. Poorani | Received 10 February 2021 | Accepted 24 April 2021 | Published 2 August 2021 http://zoobank.org/79A20426-803E-47D6-A5F9-65C696A2E386 Citation: Soares AO, Calado HR, Franco JC, Aguiar AF, Andrade MM, Zina V, Ameixa OMCC, Borges I, Magro A (2021) An annotated checklist of ladybeetle species (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Portugal, including the Azores and Madeira Archipelagos.
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