TRANSACTIONS OF THE LEICESTER LITERARY & PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

Tower Karst in Southern China

Nuclear Test Verification East Midlands Airport S. C. Mason Dartington Chemistry and Society Lower Lias at Catthorpe

Volume 82 August 1988

ISSN 0141 - 3511

TRANSACTIONS OF THE LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 82 August 1988

CONTENTS

THE SCIENCE OF VERIFICATION 1 Presidential Address by M.A. Khan

DARTINGTON - A UTOPIAN COMMUNITY 3 D. Davis

THE CONCEPTION AND OPERATION OF THE EAST MIDLANDS AIRPORT 7 E. Dyer

MOLECULES AND ME - CHEMISTRY AND SOCIETY 9 R. Malpas

THE LAST OF THE AMATEURS; S. C. MASON, CBE, DIRECTOR OF 15 EDUCATION FOR LEICESTERSHIRE, 1947-71 D.K. Jones

THE TOWER KARST OF SOUTHERN CHINA 1 7 A.C. Waltham

THE LOWER LIAS AT CATTHORPE, SOUTH LEICESTERSHIRE 21 D.M. Blake and R.G. Clements

PRESIDENT'S REPORT, 1987-88 27

PROGRAMME FOR 146th SESSION 28

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GEOLOGY SECTION 29

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SECTION 30

MEMBERSHIP LIST 1987-88 33

Cover picture: Tower karst on the Li River, Guangxi, China.

© Copyright: The Leicester Literary and Philosophical Sodety, 1988 Published by the Leicester Lit,erary and Philosophical Society, c/o Leicestershire Museums Service, 96 New Walk, Leicester LE1 6TD

Transactions of the Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society Volume 82, 1988

THE SCIENCE OF VERIFICATION

Presidential Address by Dr M, A, Khan delivered on 5th October 1987

The "verification" of the title refers to In 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty that of a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT), (LTBT) was signed by 120 nations (but one of the most urgent and difficult excluding France) prohibiting nuclear diplomatic issues of the day. Verification explosions in the atmosphere, the oceans, and of compliance is the obstacle to the signing in space, permitting them only underground. of a treaty. The subject is timely and In 1976, the bilateral Threshold Test Ban appropriate here in view of involvement of Treaty between the USSR and the USA was seismologists from the University of signed limiting underground tests to less Leicester in the discussions on installation than 150 kilotons - the equivalent of 150,000 of the first instruments from the UK to tons of TNT. These release energy comparable monitor underground nuclear tests within the in magnitude with that of moderate USSR. earthquakes and can easily be detected by seismograph stations e.g. nuclear tests in the USSR are regularly detected at Leicester University's seismic station in Charnwood British· USSR Forest. Seismologists have been concerned for many years with the detection of nuclear explosions and with distinguishing them from SeismicVerification earthquakes, They believe seismic networks could detect clandestine tests as small as one kiloton and that there should be no Research Project obstacle to a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. ~ ~ ' ~ ---J V"\,J\ • EARTHQUAKES • ••• • • • Figure 1

The wiggle in the LOGO is the record of a seismograph to an underground nuclear explosion of a kind carried out repeatedly in .. the USSR, the USA, and to a lesser extent by ...... a number of countries as part of programmes ..... of nuclear weapon development. Research on ·- President Reagan's space-based defence system includes five nuclear powered weapons - x-ray EXPLOSIONS and optical laser, directed microwave, particle beam, and hypervelocity pellets.

There will be a need for 100-200 nuclear 21--___._ ___ .._ __ _._ ___ ._ __ ..,.., __ ~ tests to develop each of these. There will 4 U 5 ~5 6 &5 also be tests to ensure that existing weapons MAGNITUDE OF ONE-SECOND BODV WAVES (mbl are in good working order. Without an international treaty, proliferation will Figure 2 follow, and one day, either by accident or design, there will be a disaster. Earthquakes and explosions generate two kinds The aim of the civilised world must be to of waves which travel through the body of the preserve peace in a less threatening way. earth - P (or Primary) waves, and the slower We must get rid of nuclear weapons S (secondary or shear) waves. An explosion eventually. The first step is to stop generates mainly P waves as it produces further development - testing must cease. compression in all directions. Earthquakes The obstacle to a test ban treaty, the result from the shearing motion between large politicians say, is that a treaty cannot be crustal blocks and thus produce mainly S verified - that there is no way of telling if waves. The spherical symmetry of an someone is cheating, Seismologists believe explosion means that the signal received at that they are wrong. any distance is the same regardless of

1 direction. In cont rest, earthquakes give able to verify a test ban treaty. The s:ignals which are strongly dependent on problem will become more difficult as the direction. These veriations are used to size of tests becomes smaller and attempts study the mechanisms of earthquakes. In are made to disguise tests by making them addition to body waves, there are also simulate earthquakes or carrying them out in surface waves which travel over the surface loose rocks or large cavities to reduce their of the earth and are responsible for the seismic effects. It has been estimated that damage produced by earthquakes. These ere a network of 15 stations outside the USSR named Rayleigh and Love waves after their would detect events within an Mb of 3.8 and discoverers. Earthquakes generate both types Ms of 2.6. The addition of 15 stations but explosions generate only Rayleigh waves. within the USSR would greatly reduce these Seismologists describe the size of figures to 3 .4 and 2.3. earthquakes in terms of magnitudes. For example, the magnitude M is based on A great step in this direction was made in Rayleigh waves with a pe&d of 20 seconds. July 1986 when an historic agreement was made The magnitude Mb is based on P waves with a between the Soviet Academy of Sciences and period of one seeond. Both of these the Natural Resources Defence Council magnitudes have been determined (Fig 2) for a (NRDC), a non-Government body in the US. number of earthquakes and explosions and show This provided for an exchange of that the relationships between the two are seismologists to install end operate seismic quite different for earthquakes and recording systems et each other's test explosions. sites. The US seismologists set up three stations within 300 km of the test site at The location to within less than 20 km of a Semipalabinsk, Similar stations have been seismic event can be determined from the set up near the Nevada Test site. The differences in arrival times of the P and S operation has not been proceeding smoothly waves at a number of seismic stations. From due to diplomatic obstacles. The Soviet the location alone, most of the seismic military have interrupted the flow of data events recorded each year can be attributed and the stations may be relocated more than to earthquakes rather than explosions. About 1000 km from the test sites. The American half of the events ere at sea. Most of the Government have so far not allowed the remainder occur in regions where tests are Soviets to use the Nevada stations. It is unlikely. It is also possible to eliminate therefore important that the invitation to most natural events using their depth of the UK seismologists to install equipment in origin. As no holes have yet been drilled to the USSR be taken up. Funds have been raised depths of 10 km, all events originating at for the minimum equipment for a single this depth or greater can be attributed to station and for six months of operation by earthquakes i.e. about 90%. Most nuclear voiunteers. It is expected that these modest tests are in holes less then 2 km deep. beginnings will be the start of permanent networks which will provide the verification From the above considerations, it is clear mechanism needed for the signing of a why seismologists are confident about being Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

M. A. Khan Geology Department University of Leicester

2 Transactions of the Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society Volume 82, 1988

DARTINGTON - A UTOPIAN COMMUNITY

David Davies

Lecture delivered on November 2nd 1987

economy, their social balance and their I want to introduce you to an unusual couple, creative arts. Leonard agreed to go once he Leonard and Dorothy Elmhirst, and to their unusual creation - Dartington. Although many had finished his course, but neither of them people are aware of some aspect of spoke about money for Leonard or the Dartington, I want to try and describe the p~oject. So back he went to Dorothy, who, he totality of a complex organisation that works discovered, had already met Tagore and become just outside the mainstream of English public interested in the project. Before Leonard life, that does not place great emphasis on left for India he and Dorothy were friends public relations, and yet which has with this bond between them of support fo; small-scale development, rooted in the throughout its existence had quite an impact on the way we live. village and not omitting the arts. Leonard worked for Tagore for more than two years· Leonard Elmhirst was born in 1893, the son of many initiatives were started and plans mad~ a Yorkshire clergyman whose family's for a new school, free of the traditional connections with the land around Barnsley repression and able to 'open wide the mind's could be traced back at least to the caged door'. Leonard sought Dorothy's hand fourteenth century. Leonard's education was in marriage, both by mail and in person. conventional for the son of a landed Eventually she agreed; they married in 1925, clergyman, although his schooling at boarding Fired by Tagore's example, they wanted to school was not particularly happy. After establish a small community where they could taking a degree in history at Cambridge he develop some of their ideas. These have been spent the First World War in India and clearly expressed by Michael Young in his Mesopotamia working for the YMCA and feeling definitive biography ('The Elmhirsts of steadily less like following his father into Dartington', Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982) the Church. His interest in the problems of as follows: rural communities (agriculture was in depression and jobs on farms were being cut Mankind can be liberated through down by mechanisation) led him to look for a much better grounding in agriculture; in education. 1919 he went to Cornell University. A new flowering of the arts can transform Dorothy Whitney, born in 1887, was the a society impoverished by daughter of an American railroad baron, industrialisation and secularisation. William Whitney, who had been Secretary of the Navy in the cabinet of President Society should combine the best of town Cleveland. She lived to the full the life of and country. an heiress, but unlike most heiresses there was a profound side to her. She travelled A concern for the individual and his much and had an international perspective, right to self determination can be and was active in the women's and trade union combined with the efficient operation of movements in New York. In 1911 she married agriculture and industry. Willard Straight, a young diplomat, and, with The scientific spirit (social as well as the help of Dorothy's money, they founded the natural science) can be a continuous spur New Republic, now one of America's most to progress. distinguished political journals. Willard died in Paris in 1918, a victim of influenza There was no party-political or specifically leaving Dorothy with three children. ' religious veneer to any of these statements nor did Dorothy or Leonard show any stro~g Leonard and Dorothy first met in 1920. He, a interest in party politics or organised relatively impecunious student, was religion. It may seem to us now that there fund-raising for a hostel at Cornell and he is nothing particularly remarkable about the went to see Mrs Straight to ask her to principles, indeed they have a slightly dated contribute. He was successful - not only did feel to them, but in the context of the she help the hostel but she proposed to build 1920a, of rural depopulation, of inadequacies a Union building in memory of her late of the education system, of relative husband, who had been at Cornell. Before isolation of the arts, and of the idea that Leonard met Dorothy again, he fell under the progress meant industrialisation, they were spell of Rabindranath Tagore, an Indian poet, quiet but powerful assertions of a new spirit. who was visiting America. Tagore asked Leonard to go back to India to live on The Elmhirsts acquired the partially derelict Tag<;>re's farm near Calcutta. Tagore was medieval manor house in the village of looking for someone to diagnose the village's Dartington, near Totnes in South Devon, and troubles, and give villagers the tools and nearly 1000 acres of agricultural and wooded ideas to help them re-establish their land, The farmlands were pointed towards

3 much greater eficiency, through Leonard's Dorothy, in particular, was a powerful skills and through principles of experimental supporter of the arts. Numerous individuals farming. Extensive laboratories were and companies made their home at Dartington provided and comparative statistics for a period. and the work of others was accumulated. Artificial insemination was purchased, A roll-call would include introduced into the UK through Dartington Kurt Laban, the Jooss Ballet, the Chekhov Farms. Leonard hired the distinguished Theatre, Henry Moore, lmogen Holst, the forester, Wilfred Hiley, to make the Dartington String Quartet, Bernard Les.eh, woodlands into a sound business. Leonard was Ben Nicholson, Uday Shankar and many others. more than a farmer, he was an agricultural Eventually the work of the Arts Department, economist, dedicated to making farms perform as it was called, moved into education in the better; for many years he was president of arts, and the Dartington College of the Arts the International Congress of Agricultural - a college of higher education taking about Economists. three hundred students was established in conjunction with Devon County Council. The Meanwhile Dorothy was at work around the Dartington Summer School of Music, very much manor house converting the adjacent grounds associated with the names of William Glock into a breathtakingly beautiful and very and Peter Maxwell Davies also took up extensive garden of which Edward Hyams was to residence for four weeks every year. write in his book 'The English Garden' - 'This is the kind of garden with which it is The hand of the Elmhirsts could be seen possible that today's and tomorrow's beyond Dartington in numerous places, such institutions, industrial, administrative, as support for PEP (Political and Economic educational, even residential, could well Planning), for the Aldeburgh Festival, for surround themselves. It provides recreation plays launched in London, for the Department not for one man • • • but for a working of Agricultural Economics in Oxford, for community of people'. Tagore's company at Santiniketan in India, for numerous enterprises in the United States and for a highly imaginative exchange between The Elmhirsts were hard at work on the Dartington Hall School and the secondary buildings too. The manor house was in poor modern school in the mining community of condition - its Great Hall had no roof, and Conisbrough in Yorkshire. there was an immense amount of restoration to be done. Two businesses were established - Most of the elements of the Dartington Staverton Contractors and Staverton Joinery venture were in place by the beginning of the (Staverton is the next village to Dartington) Second World War, and the structure was - to do this work using 10981 labour under roughly this: a charitable trust called the the guidance of William Weir the architect. Dartington Hall Trust was shareholder of the The result was a manor house where Leonard, Dartington businesses; the trustees included Dorothy and family lived, surrounded by a Leonard, Dorothy and a handful of others; large variety of working and performance the Trust was responsible for recycling spaces and residential accommodation for profits from the businesses into its visitors. There were also houses and charitable activites, particularly education, institutional buildings to be built on the research, welfare and the arts. This estate; the Dartington environment is rich structure has broadly persisted although some with examples of architecture from the 1930s, businesses are now jointly owned (such as notably by Louis de Soissons, Walter Gropins Staverton Contractors) and some (such as and William Lescaze. The two Staverton Dartington Tweeds) have been sold. Even companies were soon also looking for work all during Dorothy's lifetime unprofitable over the country. businesses were not propped up indefinitely, even though this meant job losses. Education was always seen as the centre of the Dartington endeavour, and as soon s.s the Elmhirsts moved in they started a school. The pace of innovation rose again in the For a start Dorothy had her own three 1960s. This was when the College of Arts was children, and two more came from their founded, when a short-course centre for marriage. And they soon discovered other teachers was started, when the Dartington parents prepared to send their children to Amenity Research Trust was established to do the Dartington Hall School, an independent, work nationally on the environment and its progressive, coeducational boarding and day interpretation, and when the Trustees first school. The school was to be an integral began to look to North Devon, almost a part of the estate, drawing strength from its separate county the other side of Dartmoor. close association with small-scale industry, South Devon, with its prosperous towns, good farming, the arts and a beautiful communications and progressively more environment. Like Ta gore's school it was to affluent populations had moved a long way be a liberating, child-centred place, with from the depressed 1920s. North Devon, with few rules, easy relationships between none of these benefits and with a steadily teachers and pupils, no organised religion. declining population, still had profound It was a potential recipe for anarchy, but problems. The Elmhirst response was not to the Elmhirsts had the good fortune in 1930 to set up a second Dartington, but to establish light on Bill Curry as headmaster - a man who two ventures which might spread their was not only in sympathy with the progressive benefits widely across the thousand square ideal but also believed in the importance of miles of the region. At Torrington, a academic work as well, Its progressive glassworks was established, founded on high character was not so much in the curriculum quality design, using the skills of Frank content but in the human relationships Thrower, and importing a team of glassblowers between and amongst pupils and staff; many from Sweden whose skills were gradually of these ideas have now filtered into the imparted to the locals. At Bea.ford, a tiny general run of schools, especially primary village, an old rectory was converted into an ones. arts centre which catered for the far-flung population by offering residential courses for schoolchildren and by taking professional performers, including a theatre company, to every community in the area.

4 Dorothy died in 1968; Leonard in 1974, free to go where they wished on the estate. By then Dertington had grown deep roots and But this idea did not - could not - last was beginning to spread. Without Dorothy's long. The coming of Curry made the school purse it had to learn to live within its more of the institution that it neded to be means, and looked more and more to to convince the outside world. A few people collaborations with like-minded individuals, do give Dartington their whole life and enjoy with local and national government, with the the tremendous variety offered by this 'town EEC and with other charitable organisations. in the country•. But most people who work But the sense of experiment has not there don't look to Dartington for their declined. By 1987 th.e Trust or its leisure activities. Probably this is more so subsidiaries employed about 800 people. now that there is so much more choice than The School, always vulnerable because of its there was in the past. progressive image, had finally closed but Dartington Tech - a training ·establishment - There were also obvious contradictions when now thrives. The construction, joinery and the Elmhirsts were alive. They financed it glassmaking businesses are healthy, Tourism and so in the end they decided what did and is increasingly cstered for through a large didn't happen, Although they tried to craft retail centre and through a major withdraw from detailed decision making, it industrial archaeology site at Morwellham. was of course, never fully possible. And the Farming continues through share-farming effluence end comfort of the Elmhirsts living arrangements. The arts are full of life. in the middle of it all was understandably A whole range of new activities have ambiguous to people both inside and outside. developed in North Devon particularly in The local landed gentry and the church, in the world of training, craft workshops and particular, could never figure out what was activities for retired people. There is even going on at the Hell! a merchant bank, Dartington and Co Ltd, to finance regional businesses. And a new There has been no dynastic succession. The chapter is being started in Yorkshire where Trustees, none related to the Elmhirsts, are the ties with the South Yorkshire coalfields drawn from the arts, industries, farming and are being strengthened in collaboration with education. They have the ultimate authority, the local authorities there. but increasingly this authority is being devolved on to managers to run their own It may sound as if Dartington is some sort of shows with minimum interference. ideal community where all is sweetness and light, Not so; throughout its sixty year For all its ambiguities and contradictions, life, both during the time that the Elmhirsts Dartington is a good, human, innovative and were alive and now, Dartington has been as exciting place to work, It is still a rich with contradictions, tensions and remarkable example of whet a rich couple can ambiguities as any large and complex achieve if they decide not to hoard their organisation, Perhaps the most fundamental wealth but to ·use it. is the falling away from the utopian dream that the community could be integrated - that David Davies work, leisure and learning could all be of a Houndhill, piece. In the early days the school was seen Worsbrough as the integrative force, with the pupils Barnsley, South Yorkshire

5 6 Transactions of the Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society Volume 82, 1988

THE CONCEPTION AND OPERATION OF THE EAST MIDLANDS AIRPORT

Summary of lecture given by Eric Dyer, O.B.E. on December 7th 1987

The idea that an airport should be built to Following completion of the terminal service the East Midlands region was buildings, administration block, transmitter conceived after Derby Corporation's airport station, hangar and workshops - erected by at Burnaston - a grass airfield - proved J. Searson Ltd. of Sutton in Ashfield - the inadequate for future air transport trends in Duke of Edinburgh formally opened the airport the 1960s. Nottingham Corporation suggested by unveiling a commemorative plaque on July that local authorities in the area should 21st, 1965, form a consortium to provide finance and policy to build a joint airport. Meetings The original size of the airport was based on took place between the five interested local a survey that suggested the new airport authorities - Derby Borough Council, should be capable of handling 75,000 Derbyshire and Leicestershire County passengers in its first year of operations, Councils, Nottingham City and Nottinghamshire allowing for an increase of about 14 per cent County Councils - and the Joint Committee was a year to follow the national trend. But in constituted. its first year, the airport handled 118,000 passengers, 57% over the estimate! The first task of the five local authorities was to study the commercial viability of an Within six months of the airport opening the airport in the area and select a suitable airport authorities approved a development site, plan to improve facilities,

A Joint Report, produced by a firm of In May 1970, the runway was extended to 7,480 consultant engineers, on the possibility of feet, the taxiways were widened to 75 feet establishing a civil airport capable of and the new taxiway to the eastern end of the dealing with modern, medium haul aircraft, runway were all constructed by B. Monk and said the former Royal Air Force station at Co. Ltd. at a cost of £660,000. Castle Donington was the ideal location. This work involved the filling in of a This was accepted and the five authorities natural valley with 90,000 cubic yards of agreed to share the capital cost of the pulverised fuel ash and laying 70,000 square airport - an estimated £.1. 375m - and the yards of reinforced concrete to the same running cost in the proportion of two ninths design as that used on the original scheme. each, with the exception of Leicestershire, which took one ninth. At the same time, the airport engineering division, using its own labour force, altered Divisions of responsibility were allocated all runway edge lighting from imperial to and in 1963 the .go-ahead for the new airport metric, installed touch-down lighting, was given. The first appointment was made in centre-line lighting, full Category II March 1964 when Mr Eric C. Dyer was nominated approach lighting and made major alterations as the Airport Director, a position he held to the terminal building. until his recent retirement in 1986. The engineering division was also responsible The site was handed over to Richard Costain for installing a Category II instrument (Civil Engineering) Ltd, on March 9th, 1964. landing system on runway 27, making the The contract, which was worth over £840,000, airport the first non-state airport to have involved site clearance, bulk earthmoving this facility. (some 630,000 cubic yards), breaking out the existing defective concrete runways used by Since then, the taxiway has also been the RAF, concreting of a runway 5,850 feet extended to the western end of the runway; long by 150 feet wide, the laying of taxiways the apron has been extended, two cargo 60 feet wide, and a terminal apron 722 feet terminals and a transit shed have been built, long by 364 feet wide, and a cargo village has been developed, The latest sophisticated instrument landing Included in the contract was construction of systems have been installed on both about 1.5 miles of internal roads and parking approaches to the runway, and early in 1987, areas for 850 cars. the airport's first hotel, the four star, 112 bedroom Donington Thistle was opened. All this had to be completed by the scheduled opening day, April 1st, 1965, and the While business was not so hectic in 1985, deadline was met, though not without some members of the airport authority decided to last minute difficulties in meeting the press ahead with a £3m extension and stringent requirements of the Ministry of refurbishment scheme for the airport terminal Civil Aviation. building to cope with passenger figure projections up to 1.5 million. The first

7 stage of this - conversion of the airport's Derby Corporation transferred their old fire section into a new domestic arrivals shareholding in the airport to Derbyshire and departure area (masterminded by County Council on local government Nottinghamshire County Council's Architects' reorganisation in 1974 and the shareholdings Department) - has been open for some time now now are Derbyshire (4/9ths), Nottinghamshire and has received praise from many quarters. 3/9ths), Nottingham City (119th) and Leicestershire ( 1/ 9th). This was quickly followed by the new check-in area and main concourse where the airline East Midlands International Airport was the desks and tour operators' facilities have United Kingdom's fastest growing airport from been revamped and expanded. Behind the 1979 to 1984. But in 1985, because of a scenes, a new baggage conveyor installation combination of factors, business took a . will speed up baggage handling. A long tumble with passenger figures declining by overdue feature in the main concourse is to 13. 1 per cent in the period from April 1st, be a lift to the first floor which will prove 1985 to March 31st, 1986. Air mail and air invaluable for disabled travellers. cargo, however, grew by ll.5 per cent.

On the exterior, passengers can see some of The airport's 21st birthday year, 1986, was the results of construction work on the more or less back to 'business as usual', eastern end of the main terminal building with traffic increases and rosier profits to where a new baggage reclaim area, help to limit future financial demands from international arrivals lounge and remodelled the constituent authorities, Conservative Customs control are now operational. -estimates indicate a continuing substantial rise in passenger traffic, which could bring The airport now has its own tourist in an extra f.2m in annual income. attraction - the Aero Park and Visitor Centre - where a Vulcan bomber has been put on The airport handled something like 1.25 display and a children's play area with an milllion passengers in 1986-87 compared with aviation theme has been established as the the 118,000 in its first year of operation airport authority's birthday gift to children. and it provided the ratepayers of the constituent authorities with a return of over In the three years since it opened, the Aero f.3m on their investments, The airport became Park and Visitor Centre has firmly a Public Limited Company on April 1st 1987 established itself as one of the top tourist and is now responsible for servicing its attractions in the region - as the original capital liabilities, although the local feasibility study said it would. In 1985, authorities remain the sole shareholders. 72,369 people visited the attraction, as The general manager, Terry Lovett, became the against 55,000 in 1984. In January 1986, in first managing director. spite of the bad weather, 1,872 people visited the Centre compared with 553 in the The asset value of the airport is put at same month of 1985. around f.40m,; it employs about 400 people; it has about 80 tenant companies with many The first big event of the year at the more employees (approximately 2,000) and now Visitor Centre, a visit by a British Airways provides parking for 4,000 cars. In the Concorde, drew over 30,000 visitors. league table of UK airports it stands at number 11 for passengers handled and number Leicestershire Museums Service, which managed three in England for air cargo. the attraction for the airport until April 1987 ( when the airport became a pie), said Planning approval has been obtained to extend that the Centre was the second most popular the runway to nearly 10,000 feet, a necessity attraction in its organisation. for operation of long-haul (Transatlantic) aircraft, though the decision to go ahead with the substantial investment has been deferred.

Eric C. Dyer, O.B,E. 147 Loughborough Road Hathern Loughborough LE12 5HZ

8 Transactions of the Leicester Literary & Phl1osophical Society Volume 82, 1988

MOLECULES AND ME: CHEMISTRY AND SOCIETY

Robert Malpas

Lecture sponsored by the Royal Society of Chemistry and delivered on 4th January, 1988.

A task of enormous importance is to improve Eating too much may lead to internal chemical the public perception of how chemists, problems - so we take an antacid such a chemistry snd the chemical industry are sodium bicarbonate to restore the natural fundamentally woven into the very fabric of balance. If we have a headache, we might society. take an aspirin - or, to give it its chemical name, acetylsalicylic acid. One piece of I have enjoyed nearly 40 years of association chemistry most of us appreciate is that which with the chemical industry. I entered turns the sugars in grapes or grain into university as a mechanical engineer and ethyl alcohol by fermentation, using yeast although, almost to the day of my graduation, enzymes. had no thought of working in chemicals, I did have an excellent chemistry master who Even the most apparently "natural" products introduced me to the magic, symmetry and involve chemistry. Take leather: have you logic of molecules. ever seen uncured skins? Stiff and smelly, but treat them by a chemical process called Boundaries between disciplines are difficult tanning - nowadays usually done with chromium to determine. Where does chemistry begin and salts, and you have what some call a end in relation to physics, biology, medicine "natural" product. So, if a leather sandal and so on? Though I shall highlight the role is "natural", then perhaps a plastic bag is of chemistry, chemists and the chemical too. It started out as a gas which came from industry to make them more visible, I do not two miles under the sea bed. seek to emphasise their importance at the expense of all other fields of knowledge and The gas molecule - ethane - is broken up in a endeavour. Why then, is chemistry so cracking plant to turn it into ethylene, the important? To begin with, I would go so far basic raw material for much of the as to it is say one of the two basic petrochemical industry. It can be sciences, The whole universe can be polymerised to form long chains and made into described in terms of chemistry and physics. polyethylene, from which come plastic bags Everything, be it natural or synthetic, is a and a host of other things. chemical. You and I are made of chemicals, the world is made up of chemicals, as is the From ethane via ethylene, we can make ethanol universe. - chemically the same as the alcohol in, whisky, but without the impurities from the Chemistry is about molecules and the atoms grain and the water which make drinking which constitute them - what they are and how whisky a pleasure, and incidentally, cause they relate to each other, Chemistry is the hangovers. Ethanol on the rocks doesn't about identifying those molecules, making have quite the same appeal, but ethanol has them, shaping them and re-shaping them. It become an essential industrial solvent. is about turning what we have into what we want. We have 108 known elements which are Starting from methane, we make acetic acid - the basic constituents of all earthly matter. vinegar. Using pure starting materials and carefully engineered plant, we produce a very Our bodies contain 26 elements, including six pure product - ideal for industrial uses. in trace amounts, one of which is arsenic! It's actually not bad on fish and chips Why we need these six has not yet been either, once it has been watered down and established. Each element is locked into coloured with a little caramel. Caramel? many different molecules. The motor car That is made from sugar, by another chemical contains about 40 elements, but only some 150 process. prime molecules. It is interesting to note that to produce We all practice chemistry daily - usually relatively simple molecules, we build without thinking about it. Like the most enormous plants, whereas, in nature, small primitive societies we still depend on fire plants produce enormous molecules, like the or, if you prefer "an exothermic oxidation code to life itself - DNA or deoxyribonucleic reaction in which the heat evolved results acid. Only five elements are involved, from rupture of chemical bonds". carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus, but they are arranged in a Cooking involves complicated chemical complex, bes utiful symmetry. reactions. It uses the controlled action of heat on complex biochemical compounds, Some nine million different molecules have breaking them down, reshaping the molecules. been identified to date, and the number is In the subtler forms of the culinary art, we increasing rapidly. Pharmaceutical and use acids, enzymes, solvents and emulsifiers agrochemical companies each screen something to produce the tastes and textures we want. of the order of ten to twenty thousand mostly new compounds per year, seeking a handful

9 which will be developed, tested and taken One of the impurities was oxygen, which through the stringent approval procedures turned out to be the catalyst for the before they can be marketed. Of the nine polymerisation reaction. By pure chance, million molecules, only about 100,000 are the amount of oxygen in the ethylene had been produced for general sale. The low level of just enough to start the reaction. Any more public perception of the role of chemistry in and the experiment would have blown up, society is largely due to the fact that the presumably taking with it Michael Perrin's public is in contact with only 15% of these career in ICI - for he was later to become 100,000 products. one of the founders of the nuclear energy industry and was knighted in 1967. Many reach the public through the pharmacist. Others, like washing-up liquid, The material had outstanding dielectric paint, plastic bags, buckets and textile properties - it was a fantastic insulator. fibres may not be immediately recognised as No other product could match it. So it was chemicals at all. The remaining 85% of as an insulator that polyethylene was first commercially-produced chemicals are made and sold on a commercial scale in 1939. intermediate products sold to industry to In those days it cost 5 shillings a pound. produce other things people want. So the That is about £5. 30 in today's money. It was chemist rarely holds centre stage in the an expensive, high-technology product, used public's view, He is seen at best in a only in specialised applications like radar neutral light, a benign backroom boffin, in aeroplanes, where weight and space were at making stinks and blowing himself up a premium. It was vital to our defence occasionally. during the war.

As for the chemical industry, It is seen, Polyethylene production only really took off somewhat dimly and suspiciously, as a during the 1950s - increasing by the business which produces hazardous products by extraordinary factor of 33 during that dangerous processes, polluting the atmosphere decade. In 1951 at Wilton, at Teesside, ICl and waterways. Its products, for example started up its first polyethylene production fertilisers and herbicides, cause worry about units. At around 30,000 tonnes per year side effects. capacity, the ethylene plant was among the largest in the world, though a baby compared Medicines prevent and cure illnesses. Yet with some of today's enormous crackers, like the pharmaceutical industry is unjustly the new Mossmorran plant, with its tinged with exploiting the public and with half-million tonne cspacity. using animals to test its products, a procedure required by law for safety, but The fifties saw what was then considered a which causes indignant reactions from many revolution with its production of household whose existence may depend on such tests. articles such as washing-up bowls. With the growth of the supermarket in the sixties came We, the public, cannot maintain life, feed, transparent polyethylene film to keep produce clothe or house ourselves without chemicals, fresh and clean, but still visible, and some reactive, some potentially hazardous. containers for the products themselves. The public seems to take a poor view of how Polyethylene became a product people wanted these things it likes and wants are made, and in vast quantities. Gas and water pipes are generally wishes the chemical industry would made increasingly from polyethylene, for they all go away. It is up to those of us who do not rust, and are flexible enough to appreciate the true situation to redress the accommoda,te movement in the soil. balance. As an insulator, polyethylene is used for POLYETHYLENE high tension electricity and telecommunications cables. Take the eJQlJllple of polyethylene, a very familiar chemical. The story of its In the 1970s, a new form of polyethylene was evolution dramatically illustrates the role developed with a different molecular of the chemical industry in society. structure, so a plastic bag can be made thinner but just as strong. Polyethylene was discovered by Fawcett and Gibson of ICI who were conducting a series of The story of polyethylene leads me to stray speculative experiments on the effect of very into geography. BP's polyethylene high pressure on reactions between organic manufacturing sites, and its research, chemicals back in 1933. One such experiment development and customer service laboratories involved ethylene. After the experiment, a run down what I call the spine of Europe with waxy solid was left in the reaction tube. all nationalities working as a single team to serve the European market. As a committed A number of subsequent experiments, including Europhile, this is a situation I relish, one which blew up, established that this solid was in fact a polymer of ethylene. One final story about the chemical industry, geography and society. In 1966, ICI set Two and a half years later another ICI up a Continential European headquarters in chemist called Perrin decided to look again Brussels, to accelerate the company's at the experiment which had produced the new, involvement in the markets of Europe. waxy substance, this time using ethylene Pre-war, !Cl had tended to concentrate on the alone. At 2,000 atmospheres, the pressure in Empire. In 1960, ICI's continental European the reaction vessel dropped. They suspected sales represented only some 6% of its world a leak and more ethylene was fed in. But the turnover. Today that figure is 22%. In BP pressure continued to fall, because the Chemicals' case, about half its sales are on ethylene had polymerised into a solid. This the continent. time they produced about 8 grams of polymer.

There was an element of luck involved, for what Perrin was using was not pure ethylene.

10 THINGS PEOPLE WANT - HOW THE CHEMICAL 25,000, died in 1979 in India when a dam INDUSTRY PERFORMS burst. In April 1986, in Sri Lanka, another gave way, with 150 dead and 2,500 missing. Most material things people want can be grouped under nine headings. Housing, On the other hand, people's understanding of clothing, health, education, transport, chemical plants is almost nil. They find it leisure, food, energy and communications. difficult to accept that they will not be The chemical industry is a strong and healthy harmed by what goes on in the chemical part of this system. It is a prime supplier plant. Moreover, they feel that the to all industries which serve those needs, long-term effects of mishaps when chemicals representing about a tenth of British do escape are unknown. We must remember that manufacturing output. It is the fifth 85% of chemicals are never seen by the largest chemical industry in the free world; public. What little they see of the industry it employs about 6% of the country's consists of storage tanks, pipes and manufacturing workforce; it exports 46% of complicated plant. Accidents such as its total production, half going to the EEC; happened in Switzerland in 1986 which it is Britain's largest exporter of polluted the Rhine do not help. However, manufactured goods, and creates a trade no-one was hurt and the damage is not surplus of £2500 m; and invests over f.1000 permanent. million pounds per year. The industry is expending great effort to The chemical industry is showing the way to increase public comfort with what it does. develop on a European basis. It has for a In September 1986, on the initiative of the long time set out to win world markets and so Chemical Industries Association, many UK is now one of Europe's strongest industries, chemical factories held an "Open Door" day. with the USA its main rival. At its sites, BP Chemicals found it a huge success with many more applicants to visit The chemical industry's contribution to than could be managed. Equally important, better living is very evident as one looks our workforce showed off their factories with around. We are all well dressed, great pride. particularly the ladies, in attractive coloured cloth. Man-made fibres, which are Simply stated, society wants more of all chemical products, currently supply about everything industry produces, including the half of the .world demand for textile fibres. chemicals from our industry. We are A single polyester fibres plant producing 150 conscious that, in satisfying these needs, we tonnes per day provides the equivalent of must take increasing care not to degrade the twelve million sheep. These sheep would environment in which we live. We need to require a grazing area the size of Belgium. demonstrate that we do care •• lt is also impossible to feed the world without chemistry's contribution to Acid rain should be mentioned because it is agriculture through fertilisers, herbicides often thought to be the fault of the chemical and fungicides. industry. It isn't. The main polluters are in fact in power stations, particularly those Contributions in other fields are many, burning coal, and motor exhausts. including plastics which reduce the weight of cars and aeroplanes, and save energy, and Chemistry is already unlocking the secrets of brilliant dyestuffs and pigments which colour precisely what is happening, and it is our clothes and many other things. chemistry that will provide the ultimate cure. Recently published research in the USA It is also important to recognise another suggests that heating cyanuric acid (a quite prime need of society: man's insatiable harmless chemical, in spite of its name) in quest for knowledge. We want to harness the the waste gas stream can remove up to 99% of 108 elements the world provides into things the harmful nitrogen oxides. Meanwhile, people want: better health, cleverer scrubbers on power station chimneys and electronics and better crops to safer and catalytic converters on car exhausts will even cheaper transport. We want to know what help. is happening to our environment and how to protect it. Chemistry as a fundamental and In the UK, f.600m is to be spent on enabling science is essential to all these. environmental improvements at only three coal-burning power stations. That sort of THE ENVIRONMENT AND HAZARDS massive cost and much more will have to be put in the balance and compared unemotionally Some chemicals are potentially hazardous to with the risks and benefits of other energy move around, to make and to store. Ammonia sources like nuclear power - the cleanest, and chlorine are examples, both vital to our and cheapest form of energy widely available society - ammonia for fertilisers and on a realistically economic scale today. chlorine for safe drinking water. Society Also into that risk/benefit equation should ultimately must balance risk against go the number of deaths which occur in mining benefit. As individuals, we cross roads, coal - a hazardous occupation in our deep drive cars, smoke, drink, fly in aeroplanes mines. In a full year of production, the all involve considerable risks. What is it, number of deaths runs at over 20. The then that increasingly singles out the chemical industry suffers on average three or chemical industry for public attack? It is four fatalities a year, with a much larger lack of knowledge, contrasted with imagined workforce. familiarity. A colleague who is a recognised authority on safety says that the most THINGS BP THINKS PEOPLE WILL NEED hazardous man-made artifacts are not chemical plants, not atomic reactors, but dams. Every company has to engage in some educated crystal-ball-gazing to determine what people People feel they understand dllllls, and trust are likely to need in the future. BP does they will not burst. ln a disaster they may this through a strong research and drown, but there should be no unknown, development activity in which chemists play lingering, long-term effects. At least 1,300 an essential role. Let me mention just a few people, some estimates said as many as of our projects.

11 ., Photovoltaics - the sun's energy converted uneconomic. I have no doubt that the problem directly into electricity - uses the will eventually be solved. properties of silicon crystals. Silicon is the second most abundant element on the earth 99% of the oil shipped across the world after oxygen. Its most recognisable form is arrives safely at its destination. The tiny sand, and the most common product based on fraction that is spilt can, however, make a silicon is glass. We are all familiar with terrible mess. BP has a product to deal with silicon chips as well. Converting light Into oil spills. The thinking behind it is, as power is the result of clevel" chemistry and ever, delightfully simple. As long as oil physics which have produced sophisticated is liquid, it is messy and spreads over materials with the desired properties. The anything it touches. If it were solid, it technology is moving fast, and, as usual the would all stay in one place. costs are falling with experience. In a much more manageable form it can be Light is transmitted through our windows by netted, or bulldozed and then simply burnt. one silicon product - glass - and is now It can even be bounced. We call the product being harnessed as electric power through which binds the oil Rigidoil. It is, in another. It will, however, be many years molecular terms, a polymer with reactive before this form of power makes more than a groups - like hooks. This polymer mixes with minute dent in the world's needs. the oil and is then cross-linked - that is, the chains of molecules join together to make A new range of products called advanced a 3-dimensional network. The oil is held in composites is emerging - combinations of the spaces. A lot of chemistry went into metals, fibres, plastics, resins and developing a process based on the right materials like carbon. They are lighter than molecule - maleinised polybutadiene. It is a traditional materials, yet just as strong. product with interesting properties, and, as Fibres give them directional strength, and is usually the case, other applications resins capable of withstanding high emerge. Cracks can appear in the welds in temperatures hold them together. Just as oil tank roofs. Vapours leaking through the polyethylene was initially expensive and is cracks are an obvious fire hazard. Our now twenty-one times cheaper In real terms, EPOK is now sold as a sealant coating to so it will be with composites thirty yeal"s combat this problem. It can be applied to from now. An application of particular rusty, oily welds while the tank is full, interest to BP's more traditional business is without the need to clean meticulously the the familiar liquified gas bottle. Made from cracked area. No other product can be used composite materials, they are lighter and like maleinised polybutadiene - truly a safer than the traditional steel bottle. versatile molecule!

Chemistry continues to play its part in BP's What of the future for chemistry? It could prime activity - oil production. Oil under hardly be more important or exciting, for the' ground is held in porous l"ocks. It often society has entered a phase of unprecedented flows up the well under the natural pressure technological advance. The advances in the of the reservoir. Injecting water and gasses aerospace industry and the information and can increase the flow, but on average more communications revolution which really has than half the oil is left in the reservoir. only just started. Spectacular advances in One way of possibly increasing production physics have given us new analytical further - called, as is the way of these equipment to measure and reoord information things, enhanced oil recovery - is to use on chemical activity at molecular and atomic· surface active agents - a cocktail of levels. The electronic g11dgetry gets smaller molecules which reduce the surface tension because of our ever-increasing knowledge of between the trapped oil and the porous l'ock, solid-state and surface chemistry. This is The oil can then flow more freely. where most interesting activity takes place, resulting in the development of new materials. There are abundant supplies of very heavy oil in the world, mainly in Venezuela, Canada and In our BP Research Laboratories we have a Alaska, as much as the more conventional microscope that can see atoms on surfaces - crude oils. But it is very viscous. Leaving for the first time, we can actually see aside the problems of getting it out of the reactions happening. Catalysis involves the ground, just imagine trying to pump it down a interactions of molecules at surfaces. Some pipeline. catalysts act simply as minute sieves - a whole family of them called zeolites hsve BP in partnership with the Venezuelan oil come into prominence over the last twenty industry have developed a special emulsifier years. They are compounds of silicon, which allows the viscous oil to be thinned aluminium and oxygen with the atoms arranged with 25% water. It looks rather like black in a beautifully exact network pattern. By ink and flows freely. The emulsion remains carefully choosing the size of the channels stable for a very long time and the oil can through the network, the chemist can be used in this form as a boiler fuel. determine which chemicals are produced, One, Indeed the water helps the oil to burn more used in a process called Cycler, was devised cleanly. and made by BP chemists to convert liquified petroleum gases, LPG - mainly propane and Another fuel in considerable supply is butane, into aromatics such as benzene, natural gas, mainly methane. It is a very toluene and xylene which can be added to stable molecule, difficult to transform to gasoline and are raw materials for many other hydrocarbons. Much of it, however, is chemicals, such as polyester fibres. in remote parts of the world, and it is difficult to transport - it has to be The environment is an area of direct concern liquified under pressure, or moved along to us all. All the advances I have mentioned pipelines like the famous one from Siberia to will have an effect on the environment - Europe. How much more convenient it would be better fuel use, better catalysts, better if methane could be converted economically clean-up capabilities when accidental oil into easily transportable gasoline. There spills occur, solar energy which has no are processes available, but they are effluent at all, and so on. In blunt,

12 commercial terms, there is business underneath. Chemistry at work again! The opportunity in providing things people went bell sits in a hemispherical socket made of in ways which manifestly do not degrade the high density polyethylene, which is cemented environment. into the hip bone - the acetabulum,

I must st least mention the great advances The finished job is a beautiful piece of which will result Crom better understanding combined medicine, chemistry and of the biological processes in nature: engineering! Both the spigot and the bearing "Consider the lilies of the field, how they cup are held in place with a methyl grow; they toil not, neither do they spin". methacrylate cement, very strong and fast Nature takes compounds from the soil and the setting. The ring is a stainless steel air and reshapes them at ambient temperature insert marker to measure wear over time. The and pressure. joint itself could last thirty years. On average, though, the replacement lasts about Manmade dyestuffs and pigments are not made ten years because the spigot loosens in the as cleverly as are nature's colours. bone. So, of course, research continues. At Understanding how nature does it will help Queen Mary College, they are developing a chemists synthesise these and other products composite material more like natural bone, more efficiently. Given this fundamental using high density polyethylene, among other need for chemistry in the future, we must things. The composite is more flexible than ensure that our universities turn out top metal and, it is claimed, more readily class scientists, Universities must maintain accepted by natural bone tissue. There is and enhance their capability to do still a long way to go in this work, fundamental research - research whose primary purpose is to push forward the frontiers of But, back to the current, highly successful knowledge and understanding with no specific implant. As with many other metals, it is commercial application in mind. chemistry that obtains the product we want from the titanium ore. Ilmenite is treated Industrial research applies this knowledge to with chlorine to prise the titanium away from make things people want. Without first class the ore, and then with sodium to free the university research, industry's applied titanium from the chlorine and sodium. The research would quickly decline in quality, materials of the prosthesis require four and British industry would lose in the potentially hazardous chemicals: chlorine, competitive world. sodium, hydrogen cyanide and ethylene to manufacture products so safe that they can be University funding, which properly comes from introduced into our bodies. the taxes we pay as individuals and as corporations, must be sufficient to sustain An anaesthetist may use Halothsne - made by high quality scientific effort. Chemistry in ICI and invented in the nineteen fifties by universities has not recently been receiving Dr Charles Suckling. Very little had adequate funds to maintain the excellence happened in anaesthetics in the previous required, hundred years, and there was a clear need for an anaesthetic which was safer, less Britain's past record of achievement in explosive, less toxic and with fewer after research is impressive. Names of chemists effects than nitrous oxide, chloroform and like Cavendish, Priestly, Dalton, Davy, cyclopropane then in use. The spectacular Rutherford are part or our scientific advance was the direct result of work on heritage. In more recent years, we have chemistry for atomic energy. Fluorine is benefitted from the work of Dorothy Hodgkin used to make uranium hexafluoride, which is , on vitamin B12 , Fr-ancis Crick - with safe to handle for further processing to the J.D. Watson - on DNA, Todd, Sangar, Wilkinson desired uranium isotope. Some clever lateral ••• the list goes on. 21 of the 104 Nobel thinking led to its use in anaesthetics. Chemistry prizes awarded have gone to Halothane was the result of brfiliant Britons. We must ensure that this record of predictions about the molecular structure excellence continues. that would give non-flammability, low toxicity and anaesthetic potency. It is imperative for Britain to increase the number of people who are scientifically Other anaesthetics in common use today are literate, as well as being numerate and Ethrane and Forane, more recent products articulate. Whatever walk of life they invented by the American arm of the BOC group. ultimately follow, they will then understand the importance of science and technology in Of course, the list of chemicals connected modern society. Britain is underpopulated in with a hip replacement operation goes on. this respect, because of social attitudes to Chemicals for muscle relaxation, to suppress science, technology and industry and because, bleeding, antibiotics, anti-emetics, for many children, chemistry is a badly pain-killers etcetera, etcetera, the constant taught, unimaginative subject. manipulation of molecules.

To close, take an arthritic hip joint. The By now it must be obvious why I chose this causes of this condition are not yet fully 1 particular example to medicine to illustrate understood, so here again, the need to know the role of chemistry. Not only does it drives research aimed at possible involve both chemistry and engineering, the prevention. Though prevention is still two major disciplines in my career, but I elusive, the cure is very successful in the have been associated with all the products form of a prosthesis of titanium spigot and used in the prosthesis and both of the ball joint which is inserted in the femur. principal anaesthetics in use today. Being titanium, the ball joint is lighter and stronger than the earlier stainless steel models, yet hard enough to form an effective ball joint. It is inert because the titanium forms an oxide layer when it comes into contact with air, protecting the pure metal

13 There is one more reason why I chose this I am therefore a grateful, fortunate and example. I said earlier on that the human walking beneficiary of the brilliant skills body contains twenty-six elements. Well, I of all concerned with the hip operation; and have one more - titanium. The X-rays you of chemistry's extraordinary contribution to have seen happen to be of my left hip. The . society. operation was performed in July 1986. Robert Malpas c/o BP p.l.c. Britannic House Moor Lane London EC2Y 9BU

14 Transactions.of the Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society Volume 82, 1988

THE LAST OF THE AMATEURS : S.C. MASON, CBE, DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION FOR LEICESTERSHIRE, 1947-71.

Summary of lecture given by D. K. Jones 1st February 1988.

Stewart Carlton Mason was by any measure one patronise artists. By such means of the great Directors of Education and, in Leicestershire has promoted the careers of view or the political constraints that now numerous artists in the process of building encumber that office, possibly one of the the collection. The county has also sent a last great individualists to hold it. stream of musicians into the national Certainly in· the present political climate it orchestras. is most unlikely that someone with his unorthodox background coming into local Outstanding though his achievements in government from Her Majesty's Inspectorate, Leicestershire were, it is probable that it as he did, rather than from within the was his work in the wider world of art which service, would be appointed to that office - gave Stuart Mason most satisfaction. Between hence his description of himself as the 'last 1959 and 1974 he served on the National of the amateurs'. Advisory Council for Art Education (the Coldstream Council), acted as vice-chairman Born in 1906 he was educated at Uppingham and later chairman of the National Council School and Worcester College, Oxford, where for the Diploma in Art and Design from 1961 he held a Maclure Exhibition. Undeterred by until 1974 and, finally, as chairman of the parental misgivings he decided to enter the council's Art and Design Committee, led art teaching profession 1md, having graduated in education into the Council for National 1928, taught initially at Berkhamsted and Academic Awards and hence into the mainstream later, from 1931 until 1937, at Harrow School of degree-awarding higher education. The under Sir Cyril Norwood. question of awarding degrees in art was a vexed one, yet Mason remained convinced that The truly formative phase of his career if art is to have the status it deserves in began, however, when as a trainee HMI he modern society, art institutions must be able went to Cambridgeshire, witnessing at first to award degrees. hand the work of the Director of Education, Henry Morris, founder of the Village Colleges His most enduring contribution however must and patron or the arts. After war service at surely be the establishment of the Institute the Admiralty, Mason was presented in 1947 of Contemporary Prints at the Tate Gallery with a unique opportunity to change the which, as a trustee from 1966 to 1973, he direction of his career when, as an HMI in inspired. As its curator, moreover, he was Leicestershire, he successfully and most personally responsible for persuading unusually applied for the post of Director of numerous eminent artists to make donations of Education in succession to Sir William their prints. Later as a member of the Brockington. Immediately he set about Standing Commission on Museums and Galleries cresting a climate conducive to experiment he argued strongly for setting up provincial and innovation for which the county became 'outposts' for the national art collections famous. In educational circles he will and worked vigorously for improvements in the always be remembered for the 'Leicestershire training of art restorers. He also served on Plan' by which, with the full cooperation of the Council of the Royal College of Art and a Conservative County Council, he implemented on the Advisory Council of the Victoria and between 1957 and 1969 a two-tier system of Albert Museums. Finally at local level he comprehensive education: his other chaired the Visual Arts Panel of the East achievements however were equally notable: Midlands Arts Association from 1971 until the schools advisory service, the Community 1975 and in the same capacity on behalf of Colleges, outdoor pursuits with their centre the Eastern Arts Association between 1972 and at Aberglaslyn, progressive primary schools 1978, established the Association's much admired by Americans and revolutionary exhibitions of contemporary art. school buildings inviting curricular innovation, are some which spring to mind. In both his professional life and in Two other achievements probably tell us most retirement Stewart Mason was an indefatigable about the man himself: namely the creation worker, a zealot whose home was an extension of the Leicestershire Schools Symphony of his workplace, and he made proportionate Orchestra, in collaboration with his music demands on others. Austere and adviser, the late Eric Pinkett, and the uncompromising in pursuit or his objectives building up of the Leicestershire County art he was never afraid to make enemies, which collection. The first was a fitting act for may explain why, in spite of his remarkable a man whose father was a professional educational achievements his only national musician and of whose three sons two are recognition was a CBE awarded at the behest similarly employed. The second is the of Jennie Lee. when Minister for the Arts, manifestation of his overwhelming conviction for his contribution to the arts. It is that not only is contact with works of art an worth noting, moreover, that it was Jennie indispensable component of education, but Lee who made him a trustee of the Tate that it is the duty of the Local Authority to Gallery.

15 Clearly v1s1onaries and individualists are irreparable harm should they eventuaBy uneasy bed-fellows, particularly in• the consider it no longer worth their while to politicized atmosphere of local government make it their career. which prevails at the time of writing, and not a few of them have either been muzzled or Donald K. ,Jones have disappeared from the scene. Education, School of Education however, has need of them and will suffer University of Leicester

16 Transactions of the Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society Volume 82, 1988

THE TOWER KARST OF SOUTHERN CHINA

Summary of lecture given by A.C. Waltham to a joint meeting of the Society and the G1c:ological Section on 7th March 1988,

Cone Jtarst near Anshun, in Guizhou Photographs by Tony Waltham

Southern China contains one of the For the British team, this was a golden geomorphological wonders of the world with opportunity to visit the karst. It was also its vast expanse of karst topography. Made a welcome chance to explore some of the great almost entirely of limestone it is several caves in the limestone, and also see how the times the area of the whole of Britain, and Chinese had exploited the water supplies from is best known for its prolific development of some of the caves which they had already tower karst, the basis of those fantastic explored. In addition some of the caves vertical-sided hills of limestone so often could be mapped to see how they related to seen in classic Chinese art. The tower karst the surface landforms, including the towers; in the province of Guangxi, especially around wider geomorphological studies could look the city of Guilin, is world famous as an into the problem of the evolution of the amazingly spectacular landscape with dramatic tower karst, uniquely developed in Guangxi to profiles across the precipitous limestone a scale which is unmatched elsewhere in the peaks. But the limestone also extends over a world. In return, the Chinese could learn much larger area, most notably across the Western techniques of cave exploration and huge karst plateau in the neighbouring mapping, which had hindered their own studies province of Guizhou. especially through their total lack of experience in deep and wet caves. They could Long unattainable for Westerners, the also learn more about the details of their People's Republic of China is now steadily caves, very relevant to their successful opening its doors, and within the field of exploitation for water supply, and gain in geology is now enjoying the benefits of their geomorphological studies from their · cooperative study projects involving teams of visitors' wide experience of karst in many both Chinese and foreign scientists. In 1985 parts of the world. a British team, encouraged by the British Cave Research Association, went to China on a joint cooperative project with both the Karst Institute of the Ministry of Geology, in Guilin, and al so the Guizhou Normal University; the objectives were both exploration and scientific study of the caveE and landforms in China's karstlands.

17 All the initial objectives were achieved in The story of the towers is perhaps best the very successful cooperative project in viewed in six stages; these can fall into a 1985 (Waltham, 1986) and a programme of sequence, as in figure 1, but the important future joint ventures with the Chinese and concept is that each stage introduces a new British teams was firmly established (and has component which is vital towards the ultimate since achieved substantial results). The development of the tower karst of Guangxi. caves and karst of China lived up to the expectations of the British team, besides providing some memorable experiences in a truly fascinating country.

THE LIMESTONE CAVES 2 3 The Guizhou Plateau proved to hav~ a great .. variety of caves including some very deep !I shafts, complex "fossil" cave systems (abandoned by their rivers) and some huge river passages, The trunk river caves and II the high-level fossil caves that were seen all pointed to the enormous age of the karst, Figure 1. Evolution of tower karst through indicating a history of landscape evolution six stages clearly stretching back for millions of years. Through, this time-span, many of the caves have achieved graded profiles as they cut through landscapes of spectacular cone Stage 1: sinkholes karst. Most or the cone karst has clustered peaks, in the style known as rengcong by the All karst landscapes develop sinkholes where Chinese, creating a chaotically disordered the drainage goes underground. Instead of landscape over the caves; in a few places river valleys being formed, the normal erosion has progressed to leave mainly erosional products are closed depressions (or surface river courses across alluviated dolines) which get larger and larger over plains on bedrock limestone, with just time. So sinkholes and depressions occur in isolated remnant peaks, forming the fenglin limestone areas all over the worlq. style of karst. Stage 2: cones In Guangxi, the steep-sided limestone towers overlook the alluvial flats in the dramatic As the depressions get larger and deeper, the fenglin tower karst. They are riddled with intervening hills become more isolated and multi-level caves, obviously of restricted eventually tend towards conical shapes. This extent due to the limits of the towers' size, occurs in the wet tropical regions where but often beautifully decorated with calcite rates of limestone solution and erosion are formations. On the other hand. the clustered high beneath the rich organic soils, 1 and towers of the fengcong karst contain some there are no interruptions to the process by spectacularly large river caves which can lee Age glaciations. So cone karst is common reach greater lengths. Again many or these in many countries, and also in Guizhou. caves have developed to graded profiles, beneath terranes of the wildest local relief, Stage 3: base level and they also tell of long and complex histories of landscape evolution. The cave As erosion progresse·s and surface lowering mapping projects revealed that the river continues, the depression floors approach caves bear no correlation to the patterns of base level. There, surface water can no towers and depressions beneath which they longer drain away efficiently, so surface pass, but this was only to be expected in a erosion almost ceases. But the conical hills well developed karst. Except for their continue to be eroded, and thel"efore decrease substantial age, there is nothing very in size with the direct result that the special about the Guangxi caves to explain depression floors increase in area. This why this area alone has evolved into the stage can be seen in many parts of Guizhou. uniquely spectacular tower karst. Stage 4: sediment THE ENIGMA OF THE TOWERS Any sand or mud washed onto the depression The two key questions posed by the remarkable floors creates an alluvial flat on which limestone tower landscapes of Guangxi are: surface streams can develop. The soul"ce or how did the towers form? and why are they the sediment is any rock other than uniquely spectacular in this one area? limestone, which does occur in adequate Answers to both questions are intertwined in outcrops scattered through the expanse of a remarkable combination of geological events karst. Migrating streams and swamp waters on and processes. these sediment floors then undercut the rock slopes of the adjacent hills, and steepen the The especially precipitous limestone peaks - slopes to start to turn the cones into known as towers in the strictest sense - are towers, This stage can also be seen in almost completely restricted to Guangxi (and various parts of Guizhou and elsewhere in the an extension of the same tower karst belt world. But, as this process continues, the over the border into Vietnam) • There are a cones and towers are progressively eroded few small areas of almost comparable towers away and never achieve any substantial size. in other parts of south-east Asia, but these are of no consequence to the overall Stage 5: uplift geological story. Significantly the towers do not extend in any great numbers into The crucial component at this stage is Guizhou, where cone karst dominates. tectonic uplift, whereby slow eal"th movements gently raise the whole area. This has been happening for a long time in southern China due to its position close to the major uplift

18 zone of the Himalayas, The uplift mec,.ns U,.st So the story of the towers is one of a the relative base level falls, and splendid coincidence of all the right consequently erosion of the depression floors geological components. Slight variations on can continue. And this is where the rates of the overall theme, through unevenness in the uplift and erosion are critical. If uplift relative rates of uplift, vertical and is too fast, then new sinkholes are formed lateral erosion and sedimentation, account and the whole cycle starts again, in a for the contrasts between the clustered rejuvenated landscape - as is characteristic towers of the £engcong karst and the isolated of Guizhou. If uplift is too slow the towers peaks of the fenglin; larger variations are still eroded away. But the perfect during the protracted landscape evolution balance of depression floo:r lowering, through millions of years have left the sediment renewal, lateral undercutting of the endless variety in the tower and cone karsts hills, and slower erosion of the hill tops, , of Guangxi and Guixhou (Smart, et al, 1986). allows the towers to get larger as the But the perfect harmony of natural processes depression floors fall between them. This has only been achieved where the remarkable has happened in Guangzi. limestone towers of Guangxi have evolved into a uniquely spectacular landscape. Stage 6: limestone thickness Acknowledgement The final component in the tower karst story is a massive thickness of limestone. Stages The author thanks Peter Smart for much of the 1 to 5 could occur in a number of places but solid thinking behind this story of the tower the processes take a long time to evolve, and karst, and also for reading the manuscript. during that time the surface lowering removes huge thicknesses of rock. In any normal References geological environment, the limestone is totally removed before the stages are Smart, P., Waltham, T., Yang,M. and Zhang, Y. completed, but Guangxi has such an incredible 1986. Karst geomorphology of Western thickness of limestone that the towers have Guizhou, China. Trans. Brit. Cave Res. continued to evolve on a scale that cannot be Assoc., Vol 13, pp.89-103. matched anywhere else in the world. Waltham, A.C. (editor), 1986. China Caves '85. Roy; Geogr. Soc., London, 60pp.

A. C, Waltham Civil Engineering Department Trent Polytechnic Nottingham NGl 4BU

lower karst on the Li River; in Guangx1

1Q

Transactions of the Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society Volume 82, 1988

THE LOWER LIAS AT CATTHORPE, SOUTH LEICESTERSHIRE

D.M. Blake and R,G. Clements

Abstract

The fauna of the Lower Lias seen in a temporary section at Catthorpe indicates the position of the Sinemurisn/Pliensbachian boundary for the first time in this area. Ammonites proving the Aplanatum Subzone cif~tl'ie Raricostatum Zone (Sinemurian) and the Jamesoni Zone (Pliensbachian) were found. Brachiopoda were abundant in the basal beds of the Pliensbachian,

INTRODUCTION AND LOCATION Several visits were made in 1970 by one of the authors (R,G.C.) and by Mr M.D. Jones During the construction of the Ml/M6 (formerly of the Leicestershire Museums interchange, a "borrow-pit" was opened near Service). On one occasion, 25 members of the Catthorpe (National Grid Ref, SP557788) Geology Section of the Leicestershire adjacent ot the B5414 road from Catthorpe to Literary and Philosophical Society assisted Swinford (see Fig.1.). with the work.

Beneath a variable thickness of soil and boulder clay (up to 5 metres) some 10.3 metres of Lower Lias (Lower Jurassic) rocks were seen. The latter consisted of grey, 56 blocky mudstones with scattered nodules and concretions with several thin, discontinuous N limestones (see Fig.2). 250m On completion of the motorway construction T Scale the pit was gradually infilled with refuse over a number of years before finally being 79 79 grassed over and returned to agriculture. MEI A collection of fossils and representative samples of the beds have been deposited in Leicester University Geology Department (accession numbers LEIUG 96494-96645 and micropalaeontological samples MP 262-270) and ln the Leicestershire Museum, New Walk, Leicester (accession numbers 031,1988).

STRATIGRAPHY AND LITHOLOGY

The only previous records for the immediate area are to be found in Poole et al, (1968). They described three exposures in nearby Ml motorway cuttings (marked 1, 2, 3 on Fig,1). 75-l...------».--r----..,__,.-18 Exposure 1 (SP55967924) consisted of 0.61m of 56 bluish grey Lower Lias mudstones beneath boulder clay, but yielded no diagnostic Fig,l, Sketch map showing location of fossils. Section 2 (SP56137858) exposed a "borrow-pit" at Catthorpe. 1, 2 and total of 10. 5m of Lower Lias mudstones with a 3 are localities referred to by Poole thin limestone bed, all underlying boulder et al. (1968). A, B, C and D are the clay. Although the lower part of this MS designations of the faces of the section was very fossilferous, no diagnostic pit used by R,G.C. and Jones, fossils were found, but it is likely to be Jamesoni Zone (see below). Exposure 3 (SP56117868) consisted of a total of 9.98 metres of Lower Lias silty mudstones beneath boulder clay. The basal 2.44 metres of Lower Lias were slightly higher in horizon than in Section 2, and yielded fossils characteristic

21 of the Jamesoni Zone. Fossils from the Measured Section higher mudstones at the locality suggest the Ibex Zone is present. Callomon (in Hallam, Pebbly, sand, clay - boulder clay 1968, pp.194-195) recorded some similar motorway and other temporary sections just to Bed 2c Mudstone, light grey to light brown, the south of this area. Old et al. (1987) yellowish brown near base. Scattered, gave an up-to-date account or the geology of small shelly, ferruginous nodules the Warwick-Rugby district, which lies with more persistent band at base. immediately to the southwest of our locality. 2.16 metres.

The "borrow-pit" lay some 600 metres to the Bed 2b Mudstone, medium to dark grey. Two eouthwest and west of those earlier exposures discontinuous, brachiopod-rich, and within the 150-170 metres thick sequence shelly, grey limestones at O. 23m of mudstones (Old et al., 1987) which form (c 30mm thick) and 0.56m (c 100mm the upper part of the Lower Lias. The thick) from top, Gryphaea mudstones contained scattered nodules which mccullochii J. de C. Sowerby; were generally small, ferruginous and Isocrinus sp ossicles; belemnites; sometimes shelly but one horizon (Bed le) bivalves indet.; brachiopods contained large, light grey, calcareous (abundant). concretions up to 0.30 m diameter. Some or 0.61 metres the ferruginous nodules in lower beds contained barite, pyrite and sphalerite. Bed 2a Mudstone, yellow brown becoming light Some thin, discontinuous limestones also grey towards base. Scattered small, occurred. Beds 2a and 2b were particularly calcareous, ferruginous nodules and fossiliferous, and contained a number of very brown ferruginous patches. shelly limestones. These beds are referred Discontinuous, irregular, grey, to informally as the "Brachiopod Beds". highly pyritic, shelly, limestone at The limestone at the base of Bed 2a was base with coprolites (some bored). discontinuous and very irregular, highly Gryphaea mccullochii J. de C. pyritic and contained phosphatic nodules some Sowerby; Isocrinus sp. ossicles; of which were bored. It may represent a Stylophyllopsis sp; belemnites; minor non-sequence. The exposure yielded bivalves indet.; brachiopods. ammonites indicative of both the Raricostatum 0,43 metes Zone and Jamesoni Zone (see Table 1). Bed le Mudstone, medium grey with calcareous, shelly nodules and between 0.46m from the top and the MDJ SAMPLES base thin, discontinuous, shelly, A A {shaded parts of columns) limestone lenses. Gryphaea A drift A A JONES SECTION G) mccullochii J. de C. Sowerby; Cardinia sp; Eoderoceras armatum (J. 0 - 0 Sowerby); Eoderoceras sp,; pyritised burrows; gastropod 2c indet.; bivalves indet.; ostracods; foraminifera; shell

0 0 debris. - JONES 0.76 metres SECTION 2b Bed ld Mudstone, dark grey with occasional - 0 ..... f) 0 2a ... _ 0 .... - a Mn70 0. calcareous nodules. Eoderoceras a MP269 sp.; Entolium sp.; Pseudolimea 1e --= - sp.; Isocrinus sp. ossicles and calices; echinoid spines; bivalves a MP268 KEY _o indet.; ostracods; foraminifera, 1d - shell debris, pyritised burrows, ..P mud$tone 2 - 1.00 metre a MP267 1c shelly Bed le Mudstones, medium grey with large 3 nodules and B MP266 light grey calcareous nodules/ 1b concretions concretions up to 0.30m diameter. limestone Isocrinus sp, ossicles and 4 pyritic brachioles, serpulids; echinoid limestone spines; belemnites; bivalves indet.; ammonites indet.; 5 0 ostracods; foraminifera; shell 1a debris; pyritised burrows. 6 0. 60 metres Bed lb Mud stones, dark grey with thin, discontinuous limestones at 0.25m, metres 0,35m, 0.45m, 9.85m, 1.05m from the t:,. top and at the base. Gemellaroceras sp.; Plicatula sp.; lsocrinus sp. RGC 3 metres SAMPLES ossicles; serpulids; gastropod indet.; bivalves indet,; ammonites Fig.2, Composite section of the Lower Lias indet.; ostracods; foraminifera; seen at Catthorpe "borrow-pit". shell debris. Correlation with M.D. Jones' two MS. 1.25 metres measured sections is shown by the two columns. Micropalaeontological samples collected by R.G.C. and Jones are indicated by the shaded squares and shaded sections of the columns respectively.

22 Bed la Mud stones, de:rk grey with few, small Eoderoceras armatum (J. Sowerby) was found in scattered, calcareous, ferruginous situ in Bed le along with other Eoderoceras nodules often with sphalerite. Thin, sp. Specimens of Eoderoceras sp. also discontinuous, clayey limestone at occurred in Bed ld. Gemellaroceras sp. were 1.85m from top. Gemellaroceras sp.; obtained from Bed lb and the top few ophiuroid; serpulids; ammonites centimetres of Bed la. The top of Bed la to indet.; bivalves indet.; ostrs.cods, the top of Bed le clearly falls within the foraminifera; pyritised burrows; Raricostatum Zone (Sinemurian) (Dean, Donovan shell debris. and Howarth 1961). No diagnostic ammonites 3.50 m seen were recorded in situ from Bed 2, but from that area of the pit where Bed 2 was exposed, DISCUSSION OF FAUNA examples of Polymorphites sp., Platypleuroceras sp., Tragophylloceras Ammonites numismale (Quenstedt) and a single fragment of U ptonia cf jamesoni (J. de C. Sowerby) Ammonites were not very abundant, and of were found. These indicate the presence of these only a few were found in situ. the Jamesoni Zone (Lower Pliensbachian) However, in many cases the position in the (Dean, Donovan and Howarth 1961). The exact pit and mode of preservation made it possible Sinemurian and Pliensbachian boundary could to assign the loose ammonites to either Bed 1 not be determined with certainty, but it or Bed 2 but not to the exact horizon within would seem that the pyritic base of Bed 2a those beds. The following discussion is was the most likely horizon. based on identifications kindly supplied by Dr M.K. Howarth.

Stage Zone Subzones

Prodactylioceras davoei

Lower Tragophylloceras ibex Pliensbachian Uptonia jamesoni • Uptonia Platypleuroceras brevispina jamesoni • Polymorhpites polymorphus Phricodoceras taylori

Paltechioceras aplanatum • Echioceras Leptechioceras macdonnelli raricostatum • Echioceras raricosta toides Crucilobiceras densinodulum

Oxynoticeras oxynotum

Asteroceras obtusus

Sinemurian

Caenistites turneri

Arnioceras semicostatum

Arietites bucklandi

Table 1 Ammonite zones of the Sinemurian and Lower Pliensbach!an of the Lower Lias (after Dean, Donovan and Howarth 1961; and Cope et al., 1980). [Ammonite zones proved at Catthorpe are indicated (•)].

23 The presence of a loose specimen of section: Cardinia sp., Gryphaea mccullochii Paltechioceras aplanatum (Hyatt) proves the (J. de c. Sowerby), Hippopodium ponderosum J. Aplanatum Sub11ane was present, The presence Sowerby, Placunopsis sp., Plicatula sp. of species of Eoderoceras throughout Bed 1 (quite abundant): belemnites; could be consistent with this. Loose Stylophyllopsis mucronata Duncan: specimens of Crucilobiceras sp., and Pleurotomaria tuberculata Zieten; ichthyosaur Gieviceras sp. might indicate that earlier vertebral centrum. parts of the Rariscostatum Zone were present but knowledge of the stratigraphical CONCLUDING REMARKS distribution of these forms is limited (Dean, Donovan and Howarth 1961). A specimen of The most significant horizon at the locality Gleviceras subguiba!ianum (Pia) was collected was the base of Bed 2a, which is taken to be in situ from towards the top of Bed 1 the local base of the Pliensbachian Stage. (probably Bed ld or le) and clearly might This is consistent with all the fauna! prove to have stratigraphical significance. evidence.

Similar difficulties emerged over the detail On the basis of fauna, lithology and zonal of the Jamesoni zone. Uptonia cf jamesoni position, it seems likely that the "Brachipod (J. de C. Sowerby) is taken to indicate the Beds" (beds 2a and 2b) represent (in part at presence of the Jamesoni Subzone, whilst the least) the local development of the several specimens of Polymorphites sp. might widespread '70' Market Member (Horton and indicate earlier subzones of the Jamesoni Poole 1977). This horizon is the Zone (Dean, Donovan and Howarth 1961). lithological expression of a geophysical marker seen in borehole logs obtained from Brachiopods the Lias of Oxfordshire. Old et al. (1987) have recognised this Member as a limestone­ Although not common in the Lower Lias above rich band, up to 4.5 metres thick, in the the basal part of the succession, brachiopods Lower Lias mudstone sequence south of Rugby. were found in abundance at Catthorpe in Beds This is the first time that the 2a and 2b - the "Brachiopod Beds". The Pliensbachian / Sinemurian boundary has been material discussed here was all collected determined in this area of south loose but there is no doubt it all came from Le ice st er shire. Beds 2a and 2b. Rhynchonellids, terebratulids and spiriferids were all ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS represented and the following species were identified (Prof. D. V. Ager pers. comm.); The authors wish to thank Mr M .D. Jones for Piarorhynchia juvenis (Quenstedt) (four permission to use his field notes and specimens) is recorded as being "rare (except unpublished sections, Mr J .G. Martin of the locally) above the Semicostatum Zone: (Ager Leiceatershire Museums Service for access to 1956-1967) although a specimen had previously the records and material in the museum, been found three years ago in Leicestershire Dr M.K. Howarth of the British Museum in the Ibex Zone at Billesdon (Blake 1986). (Natural History) for identifying the ammonites, and Prof. D. V. Ager, University Piarorhynchia radstockiens_is (Davidson) College of Swansea for identifying the

24 Old, R,A., Sumbler, M.G,, Ambrose, K. 1987. Geology of the country around Warwick. Mem. Br. Geol. Surv., Sheet 184 (England and Wales), HMSO, 93pp. Poole, E.G., Williams, B.J., Hains, B.A. 1968. Geology of the Country around Market Harborough, (Sheet 170). Mem. Geol. Surv. G.B. 92pp.

D.M. Blake Department of Chemical Engineering Loughborough University of Technology

R.G. Clements Department of Geology University of Leicester

25

Transactions of the Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society Volume 82, 1988

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1987-88

We have had a most interesting and successful Having seen some of the material which goes year. This is owing to many people who work to t.he editor, I think we owe a special debt quietly behind the scenes to see that things to Dr Ford for looking after the go smoothly and create the illusion that Transactions. We are indeed fortunate to there isn't very much to do. There have been have such a skilled and experienced editor. several Instances of meetings this session During the session council approved a when the President was overseas. The gap was recommendation that in the future the filled unobtrusively by the Vice Presidents Transactions should be in a new standard A4 Mr Orton, Mr Lloyd-Smith or Mr Baatz. format which will also be more economical. l\1r Orton has carried most of the extra burden, supported by :lirs Orton who graciously Our progr•mme for the year has been a mixture filled the gap left by Mr Mann in looking of science, art, history, and literature after the refreshments during the informal aimed to appeal to the interests of members. discussions. Some of our meetings were joint - with the Natural History and Geology sections, the Equally supportive has been our secretary East Midlands Society of Arts. The success Dr Lewis who performed his duties with calm of the programme owes a great deal to the new authority - he is one person who always knows programme secretary, Dr F1orance, who has what is happening and has given wonderful slipped naturally into the post, Next year's support to a whole succession of Presidents, programme looks most exciting. The courteous but most particularly to myself. lt was an and helpful Museum staff do a great deal of easy job for Council to decide who the next the preparatory work and look after the President should be. The Society will be in arrangements in an exemplary manner. good hands next year. We have had continued sponsorship from the Our finances continue to be in the capable Leicester Mercury and the University Bookshop hands of Mr Goodwin who ensures that we can but lost the support of the Leicester City continue to afford interesting programmes. Council who now only support very needy We noted that although there was an Increase cases. This loss was compensated by the in income following the increase in the Royal Society of Chemistry with whom we subscription, our membership continued to started a new joint venture which was a decline to a new low. I also thank our tremendous success and it has been agreed auditor, Mr Bailey for verifying the accounts. that this will continue for some years.

Our membership secretary, Mrs Rablen The only sad thing about the programme is cheerfully deals with the circulation and the that many more people would come if they knew welcoming of members. She and the other about it. It's anothe,r reason for improving members of council ensure that the society is publicity and increasing membership. in good order. The question of membership has been discussed by Council a number of M.A. Khan times during the year. We plan to improve President, 1987-88 the publicity and will be inviting members to help with recruitment.

27 PROGRAMME OF THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SIXTH SESSION 1987-88

5 October 1987 THE SCIENCE OF VERIFICATION - President's address by Dr M.A. Khan

19 October 1987 THE ICONOGRAPHY OF THE CHOIR CLERESTORY - Dr Tom Owen, Centre for Medical Studies, University of York. Joint meeting with the East Midlands Society of Arts.

2 November 1987 DARTINGTON - A UTOPIAN VENTURE - Dr David Davies, Director, The Dartington North Devon Trust.

16 November 1987 THE INCEPTION AND OPERATION OF THE EAST MIDLANDS AIRPORT - Mr E. Dyer, DBE MCIT l'rlRAcS. Former Director EMA, World Vice-President, International Civil Airport Association.

7 December 1987 LEICESTER MERCURY LECTURE. FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY: THE BALANCE FOR THE PRESS - Mr Ken Morgan OBE, Director, Press Council.

4 January 1988 MOLECULES AND ME - Mr Robert Malpas CBE, Managing Director, British Petroleum plc. Royal Society of Chemistry Lecture

18 January 1988 BIRD ART AND ILLUSTRATION Mr Robert Gillmor, President of the Society of Wild Life Artists. With Natural History Section

1 February 1988 THE LAST OF THE AMATEURS: S.C. MASON, DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION FOR LEICESTERSHIRE 1947-1971. Mr D.K. Jones, School of Education, University of Leicester.

15 February 1988 SIR JULIAN CAHN Professor John Lucas and Dr Basil Haynes, Department of English and Drama, University of Loughborough.

7 March 1988 THROUGH THE LIMESTONE CAVES OF CHINA Dr Tony Waltham, Deparment of Civil Engineering, Trent Polytechnic. With Geology Section

21 March 1988 FANNY AND FEMINISM: JANE AUSTEN AND THE RADICAL READING Professor Isobel Armstrong, Department of English, University of Southampton. University Bookshop Lecture

4 May 1988 7 .30pm. AGM. Followed by a VIENNESE EVENING with Michael Abbs (Tenor), Marie Abbs (Soprano) and Donald Newman (Piano). ANNUAL REPORT OF SECTION C, GEOLOGY, 1987-88

Officers and Committee

Chair John Martin BSc AMA Vice Chair Trevor D. Ford PhD Secretary Mrs Ann Montgomery Asst. Secretary Mrs Margaret East Treasurer Mrs H. Pat Marsden Field Secretary Alan Dawn Committee Diane Thurston PhD Andrew 0. Saunders PhD Michael P.A. Howe PhD David Martin Life President R.J. King PhO

Excursion Progr- 1987-88

May 14 Upper Estuarine, Stamford. Mr Alan Dawn Hay 23 Minerals in Leicestershire. Dr John Faithfull June 6 Carboniferous succession, Ashover. Mr Alan Dawn June 11 Lower Lias, Long Itch1ngton. Dr Roy Clements June 28 Castleton. Dr Trevor Ford July 8 Maxey gravel quarry. Dr Gordon Chancellor July 11 Coalfield North quarry. Mr John Hasefield July 25 Marine reptiles, Oxford Clay. Or Dave Martill Sept Kimmeridge Clay and lower Chalk. Dr Mike Chaikowski March 26-28, 1988 South Wales. Mr Alan Dawn, Mr Tom Sharpe

Lecture Prograiae 1987-88

October 7, 1987 A VISIT TO COWBOY COUNTRY TO COLLECT FOSSIL FISHES. Dr D. Hartill, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Open University. October 21. 1987 THE FALKLAND ISLANDS - A ROTATED MICROPLATE. Or C. Mitchell, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Oxford University. November 4, 1987 FROM DESERT TO HIGH CORDILLERA - WALKING IN THE HIGH ANDES. Mr S. Timberlake, Area Museum Service for South East England. November 18, 1987 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CONTINENTS COLLIDE. Prof B. Windley, Dept. of Geology, University of Leicester. December 2, 1987 A SUMMER BEYOND THE NORTH - SPITZBERGEN. Mr H. Hammond, University of Shef.f i e ld. January 13, 1988 MAKING MAPS OF OLD OCEANS FROM OLD ROCKS. Or K. Pickering, University of Leicester. January 27, 1988 GEOLOGY BY MULE - AN ADVENTURE IN THE CHILEAN ANDES. Dr T. Rex, Dept. of Geology, University of Leicester. February 20, 1988 LEICESTERSHIRE - THE LAST ONE BILLION YEARS. Saturday School in Association with University of Leicester Oept of Adult Education, Vaughan College. Mr John Martin, Leicestershire Museums: LEICESTERSHIRE LANDSCAPES Dr Peter Maguire, University of Leicester: BENEATH OUR FEET Dr Mike LeBas, University of Leicester: ANCIENT VOLCANOES Dr Bob King, National Museum of Wales: MINERALISATION IN LEICESTERSHIRE Or Mike Whateley, University of Leicester: CARBONIFEROUS SWAMPS ANO SEAS Or Dave Hartill, Open University: MESOZOIC SEAS AND DESERTS Or John Rice, University of Leicester: THE ICE AGES February 24, 1988 SILURIAN "RED BEDS": A GEOLOGIST'S VIEW OF THE U.S.S.R. Dr D. Siveter, University of Leicester March 7. 1988 Joint meeting with Parent Body (q.v.) March 9, 1988 A PALAEONTOLOGIST IN AFRICA. Dr A. Cruickshank, Leicestershire Museums Service. March 23, 1988 Annual General Meeting, and Chairman's address: LOOKING FOR, ANO SOMETIMES FINDING DINOSAURS IN NORTH AMERICA. Mr J. Hartin, Leicestershire Museums.

29 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SECTION, 1987-88

Officers and Committee

President I.M. Evans MA FMA Chairman P. Lucas Vice Chairman Mrs M. Gillham Hon. Treasurer Miss E.I. Clay Hon. Secretary Mrs E. Loosmore Hon. Asst. Secretary Mrs D. Thompson B.Se Hon. Programme Secretary Miss J.E. Dawson MA AMA Editor Mrs D. Thompson BSc Committee Mrs J. Allen M. R. Baker H Godsmark Mrs V. Hennessy W.R. Morris BSe PhD E.J.W Venable BA MEd Mrs G. Warren D. Lott BSc

To bring the report of the Natural History Section into line with the format adopted by both the Parent Body and the Geology Section, which runs from AGM to AGM rather than per year, our activities for the periods January to March 19B7 and 1988 are also included.

Newsletter

During this extended period, three issues of the Newsletter were produced under the editorship of Doreen Thompson.

Summer Excursion Programme 1987

During Summer 1987 there were two full-day coach excursions, the first to Cressbrookdale, Derbyshire led by our Chairman Phil Lucas and the second to Woodwalton Fen, Cambridgeshire, to which we were introduced by the NCC Warden, Mr Ron Harold. Mr Briggs of Windmill Farm, Kibworth, gave us an extremely worthwhile afternoon demonstrating how he manages to reconcile the interests of wildlife with modern agricultural practice and, a new venture, the Section joined up with members of the Geological Section for a very interesting trip round the.caves of the remarkable limestone .gorge at Cresswell Crags, Derbyshire, after which we visited "behind the scenes" at the visitor centre and museum there. The Section's complete programme of summer excursions was as follows, the average attendance on these field meetings being 26.

April 25 1987 Braunston and Knossington I. M. Evans May 16 Swithland Wood S.F. Woodward May 20 Sharnford Meadows and Fosse Way Miss J.E. Dawson May 30 South Wood, Ashby T. Wright June 7 Full day excursion to Cressbrook Dale P. Lucas June 20 Ketton Grange 0. Tomlinson July 4 Greetham Meadows G. Sellars & D. Tomlinson July 18 Farm Walk, Windmill Farm, Kibworth s. Jackson & B.J.E. Briggs July 22 Anstey Lane and Gilroes Spinney P. Lomax August 2 Full day excursion to WoodwaLton Fen R. Harold August 8 Lea Meadow - moth trapping H. N. Ball August 22 Gopsall Park H. James & Mrs E. Hesselgreaves September 12 Normanton-le-Heath Mrs P.A. Evans September 27 Cresswell Crags - Joint Meeting with Geology Section Dr R.D.S. Jenkinson October 10 Dimminsdale - fungus foray R. Green & Mrs G. Warren

30 Winter Lecture Programme, 1987-88

After a successful members' slide evening at the beginning of January 1987, the Joint Meeting with the Parent Body, later in the month was given by Dr Malcolm Coe on the natural history of the Kera Reserve in Kenya. In March, Will Peach of Leicester Polytechnic gave us a fascinating insight into the extraordinary winter flocking behaviour of starlings in Abbey Park and followed his talk up with an evening meeting on site to watch the birds' flight in. In the autumn, Jan Dawson gave us a thought-provoking talk on our "Hedgerow Heritage", standing in at the last moment for Or Libby Lenton, who was indisposed and the speaker for the 15th Sowter Memorial Lecture in November, 'Cases for and Against the Conservation of Lichens' was Dr Mark Seaward, Reader ,in Env-ironmen,tal Botany at Bradford University.

The Joint Meeting with the Parent Body for 198B was held in the Ratcliffe Theatre at the University where a packed audience heard a splendidly illustrated lecture from Robert Gillmor, the bird artist. Peter Gamble, standing in for our President Ian Evans in February, gave the Section a fascinating tour of the Soar Valley, currently under threat, from the natural history point of view, from "improvement" by the Water Board. Our Chairman, Phil Lucas talked on his favourite hobby - ferns and Howard Mendel, Keeper of Natural History at the museum in Ipswich gave us a back-up lecture for a proposed summer expedition to the Suffolk Brecklands. As in 1ga7, our AGH was followed by an exacting slide quiz and a buffet. The average attendance at the meetings listed below was 52.

January 7 1987 Members' Slide Evening January 19 KORA - KENYA'S LANO OF FRANKINCENSE AND MYRRH. Or M. Coe January 21 NO STONE UNTURNED •.. A NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BEASTS BENEATH. Or A. Rundle February 4 FARMING AND CONSERVATION IN LEICESTERSHIRE. S. Jackson Febru•ry 18 BRITISH ALPINES. Dr S. Page March 4 THE STARLINGS OF ABBEY PARK. Dr W. Peach March 18 ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC. Dr J. Flenley

October 14 Members' exhibition evening October 28 THE FASCINATION OF SMALL FLOWERS. Mr and Mrs D. Rands, Bedfordshire Natural History Society November 11 OTTERS AND THEIR CONSERVATION. Miss L. Lenton, Mammal Society November 25 Fifteenth Sowter Memorial Lecture: CASES FOR AND AGAINST THE CONSERVATION OF LICHENS. Dr M. Seaward, Bradford University December 9 'A FROG HE WOULD A-WOOING GO' Dr R, Oldham, Leicester Polytechnic January 6 1988 Joint Meeting with Parent Body (q.v.) January 18 BIRD ART AND ILLUSTRATION. Robert Gillmor January 20 RHODODENDRON TIME IN EAST NEPAL. Dr G. Smith, Alpine Garden Society February 3 THE SOAR VALLEY. Mr P. Gamble February 17 SPIDERS. Or R. Preston-Mafham March 2 FERNS AND •LL THAT, Mr P. Lucas March 16 BRECKLANO. H. Mendel, Ipswich Museum March 30 Annual General Meeting and Social evening with quiz

As in other years we thank Jan Dawson for all the time and energy she puts into arranging our summer and winter programmes. The Section would also like to thank all leaders and landowners who co-operate to make our summer excursions so successful and the Museum for all the facilities it provides for our indoor meetings during the winter months.

Mrs EC Loosmore Hon Secretary Mrs D Thompson Minutes" Secretary

31 1969 Alexander, Dr C.P., MB MRCP 22 Ratcliffe Road, LE2 3TB 1987 Alvarez, Dr A.S., MB FRCS 39 Tyne Road, Oakham, LE15 6SJ 1983 Amoler, Mrs A.J., OipEd 6 Cottesmore Avenue, The Grange, Oadby, LE2 4SX 1982 Armitage, Mrs R. 3 Wilmington Court, Glebe Road, Oadby

1975 Baatz, M.A. 48 The Woodlands, Market Harborough, LE16 7BW 1969 Bailey, Mrs D.M., JP BSc 1 Beresford Orive, LE2 3LB 1969 Bailey, M.H., MA 1 Beresford Drive, LE2 3LB 1967 Baker, A.G., FRICS 113 Foxhunter Drive, LE2 5FH 1962 Banner, J.W., BA FHCIMA FRSH 15 Oak Greeo, Markfield, LES ORX 1983 Barker, G.R. 8 Oak Meadow, Glenfield, LE3 BQY 1958 Barker, Miss M.H., HA 20 Tavistock Drive, LE5 5NT 1986 Beeson, Mrs J. The Hollies, Frolesworth, Lutterworth 1978 Bentley, Mrs H., BA 27 Brocks Hill Drive, Oadby, LE2 5RE 1972 Boylan, Or P.J., BSe PhD FGS FMA AHBIM 96 New Walk, LEl 6TD 1984 Boynton, 0., BSc CEng MIMechE 7 The Fairway, Oadby, LE2 2HH 1978 Brock, Dr W.H., BSc MSc PhD 431 London Road, LE2 3JW 1985 Brown, Miss E.A., SRN SCM COSM 207 Leicester Road, Wigston, LES lDS 1981 Brown, Dr K.F.C., BA MB BCh FRCGP The Green, Anstey 1972 Brown, L.B. 3 Wood Hill, LE5 3SP

1960 Bulman, J.R. 42 Holmfield Avenue, LE2 2BF 1983 Bumford, E.C. 28 Grenfell Road, LE2 2PA 1985 Burch. B., MA ALA 4 Tynedale Close, Oadby, LE2 4TS

1959 Cameron, Mrs J.B., BEM 48 Desford Road, Kirby Muxloe, LE9 9BD 1960 Carpenter, Miss W.S. 236 Kimberley Road, LE2 lLJ 1980 Catchpole, Mrs D.W. 2 Youngland Court, Evington Lane, LE5 6DH 1956 Chamberlain, M.A. The Manor House, Burrough on the Hill, LE14 2JQ 1985 Chapman, C.L., MSc CEng MICE 15 Paddock Close, Quern, Leics, LE12 BBJ 1982 Clark, E.K., OBE BSc Friends Meeting House, Queens Road, LE2 lWP 1981 Cloud, J.D., MA BLit 20 Vandyke Road, Oadby, LE2 5UB 1985 Cockshaw, W. 14 Shropshire Road, LE2 8HW 1984 Coleman, Miss M.E. 7 Braids Court, London Road, LE2 2PP 1969 Cooke, Mrs S.J., BA 447 London Road, LE2 3JW

1987 Davidson, Dr Iain M.T. 80 Stoughton Road, LE2 4FN 1958 Davis, Miss M.J. 25 Kingsway Road, LE5 5TL 1981 Davis, Mrs P.H. 121a Glenfield Road, LE3 6DP 1963 Dixe, R.W., FFB FIBE 83 Lutterworth Road, LE2 8PJ i980 Dixon, D. 27 Hedgerow Lane, Kirby Muxloe 1983 Dodwell, Miss C.W. 11 Holme Drive, Oadby, LE2 4HF 1986 Donner, Mrs H.T., MA 46 Knighton Drive, LE2 3HB 1976 Dunn, B. The Manor House, Graby, Sleaford, Lines MG34 OHS

1965 Edwards, Mrs D. 43 Lorne Road, LE2 lVA 1978 Edwards, Mrs J.N. 19 Rosemead Drive, Oadby, LE2 5SE 1959 Evans, I.M., MA FMA MIBiol 96 New Walk, LEl 6TD 1979 Ewen, Miss R.M. 9 Midway Road, LE5 5TP

1982 Finch, Mrs R.L., BA 105 Shanklin Drive, LE2 3QF 1963 Findley, Miss E.R. 13 Bankart Avenue, LE2 2DD 1966 Fisher, Dr B.A. 29/4 Sderot Jabotinsky, Netanya 42.277, Israel 1976 Fisher, H.O. 27 Southernhay Road, LE2 3TJ 1986 Flinders, Mes. 8.D. 63 Overdale Road, LE2 1981 Float, R.H. 31 Halfmoon Crescent, Oadby LE2 3HD 1985 Florance, Dr J.A., BA PhD 16 Elmfield Avenue, LE2 lRD 1963 Ford, Dr T.D., BSc PhD FGS Geology Dept, University, LEl 7RH 1985 Gibson, H.L. 15 Links Road, Kibworth, LES OCV 1987 Glasse, Dr M.D. 8 Canvey Close, Wigston 1981 Goode, T.R., BE CEng FIEE 30 Cherrytree Avenue, L.F.E., LE3 3HN 1958 Goodwin, P.R. 18 Palmerston Boulevard, LE2 3VR 1965 Gray, Miss S.R. 350 Green Lane Road, LE5 4ND 1983 Green, D. 46 Chapel Lane, LE2 3WE 1983 Gregory, W.E. 11 Ellis Drive, Kirby Muxloe, LE3 3LT 1969 Griffith, Miss E. 32 Morland Avenue, LE2 2PF 1969 Gundry, Rev, Canon D.W., MTh 3 Morland Avenue, LE2 2PE

1960 Hamer, L.C., ACIS AIB 18 Barbara Avenue, L.F.E. LE3 3HD 1981 Hamilton, M~s B.P. 78 Anstey Lane, LE4 OFB 1983 Harrington, W.W. 13 Poynings Avenue, LE3 5HP 1972 Hatton, W. 8 Sybil Road, LE3 2EX 1984 Henson, Mrs S.A., RGN SCM RHV 39 Priory Walk, L.F.E., LE3 3PQ 1981 Hetherington, Dr R.R., BSc PhO FBPsS 35 The Bridle, Glen Parva, LE2 9HR

32 1967 Hickenbotham, P.F.J,, ChM FRCS 69 Main Street, Bushby, LE7 9PL 1967 Higginbotham, J.E., MA 16 Holmfield Avenue, LE2 2BP 1978 Holloway, Prof. J.H., BSc PhO DSc CChem FRSC 43 Morland Avenue, LE2 2PE 1935 Holme, Mrs H.J.E., 92 Shanklin Dri11e, LE2 3QE 1987 Hopton, Or G. 46 Knighton Drive, LE2 3HB 1951 Humphreys, Prof. A.R. Flat 7, 2 St. Mary's Road, LE2 lXA 1966 Humphreys, E.H. Quoits House, 102 Hinckley Road, L.F.E. LE3 3JS

1976 James, J.N. 6 Elsalene Court, London Road, LE2 1975 Janes, P .J., JP 52 Kirkland Road, LE3 2JP 1982 Johnson, C.A.G. 6 Upperton Rise, LE3 1962 Johnson, Hiss F.M. 98 London Road, Oadby, LE2 SDJ 1953 Judge, Miss E.M. 13 North Avenue, LE2 lTL

1974 Khan, Or M.A., PhO FGS FRAS 144 Evington Lane, LES 60G 1974 King, Or N.W., BSc LRCS FFARCS White House Farm, 22 Main Street, Barkby 1958 Kirkby, Rev A.H., HA BO Pho 27 Westminster Road, LE2 2EH 1987 Kirkman, D. 46 South Knighton Road, LE2 1987 Kitching, D.V. 14 Lyneham Close, Hinckley LElO OXV 1986 Koffman, Dr D., HO FFCH OPH 30 Broadway Road, Oadby LE2 2HE 1982 Laine, J .R. 46 Kimberley Road, LE2 lLF 1976 Lamb, Miss F.H. 5 Farley Road, LE2 3LD 1971 Lane, Miss D. 112 Queens Road, LE2 3Fl 1984 Lapworth, L.W. 64 Hilders Road, LE3 1976 Lawson, Dr B. 27 Brookside, Rearsby 1963 Le Bas, Dr H.J., BSc PhD FGS l Carisbrooke Avenue, LE2 3PA 1980 Leslie, Dr O.R.S. 9 Mosse Way, Oadby, LE2 4HL 1975 Lewis, Dr D.G. 3 Shirley Road, LE2 3LL 1976 Lloyd-Smith, L., JP OipArch FRIBA 16 Higher Green, Great Glen, LES OGE 1964 Long, Mrs G.K., BSc FLA 46 Wintersdale Road, LE5 2GT 1963 Long, R.H. 38 Heddington Way, LE2 6HF 1982 Loosmore, R.G. l Roundhill Road, LES 5JR 1946 Lo11eitt, Miss E. 31 John Woolman House, 20 Rawson Street, LEl 6UN 1967 Lowe, L.A.B., FIPlantE The Old School, Barrowden, Rutland,m LE15 8EQ

1969 Mclaughlan, J.K., LLB 166 Evington Lane, LE5 6DG 1957 Mclaughlan, Mrs P.M. 36 Knighton Church Road, LE2 3JH 1975 Mclearie, Mrs M.E. 39 Ashfield Road, LE2 lLB 1972 McNeil, Or O.A.C., esc PhO 175 Byron Street, Loughborough, Leics. 1986 McWilliam, Prof. G.H., MA 8 Southmeads Close, LE2 2LT

1975 Majut, Or H.G.K. 4 Evlngton Court, LE5 60H 1959 Marsden, S. 17 Shanklin A11enue, LE2 3RF 1959 Marson, Hiss K.E. 75 Pine Tree Avenue, LE5 lAL 1983 Martindale, Miss E.8. 91 Shanklin Drive, LE2 3QF 1979 Marvin, Mrs G.M. 14 Dalby Avenue, Bushby 1974 Miller, N.H. 621 Saffron Lane, LE2 SUN 1983 Moore, Mrs L.M. 2 St Andrews Drive, Oadby, LE2 1974 Morley, J.A., FCMA 45 The Broadway, Oadby, LE2 2HF 1974 Morris, O.L., JP BSc FRICS 63 Regent Road, LEl 7AX 1946 Morton, Hiss I.M. 90 Howard Road, LE2 lXH

1986 Naylor, Mrs J.M. 17 Highcroft Avenue, Oadby, LE2 SUH 1982 Nichols, Hrs E.F. The long Hosue, 46 Desford Road, Kirby Muxlor, LE9

1971 Orpen, Miss H.J. 4 Briar Walk, Oadby, LE2 5UE 1980 Orton, A.F., BA 38 Sybil Road, LE3 2EY 1985 Orton Dr o.w. 15 Leicester Road, Broughton Astley, Leics. 1966 Orton, H.A. 5 Cordery Road, LES 60B

1960 Page, J. L. 42 Bankert Avenue, LE2 208 1987 Peacock, Prof. R.D. 30 Stonehill Drive, Great Glen LES OEL 1980 Pegg, Mrs H.C. 8 Somerby Drive, Oadby, LE2 4PH 1979 Pickard, Mrs J.L. 21 Grenfell Road, LE2 2PA 1945 Potter, Lt. Col. J.B., TD 5 Mill Lane, Smeeton Westerby, LE8 OQL 1974 Price, Mrs D.E. Ranmore, Gullet Lane, Kirby Muxloe 1987 Price, Mrs M. 22 Morland Avenue, LE2 1983 Pybus, Mrs M. 21 Rookery Lane, Groby, LE6 OGL

1972 Rablen, Mrs M.C.B., BA 53 Knighton Drive, LE2 3HO 1983 Rees, A.A. 3 School Lane, Gaulby, Billesdon, LE7 98E 1969 Rees, D.E., BSc. 166 Leicester Road, Glenhills, LE2 9HH 1951 Riddington, C.R., FCA 17 Stoneygate Court, LE2 2AJ 1945 Rodwell , F. S. 21 Monsell Drive, LE2 6PP 1981 Russell, Dr D.R. 38 Carisbrooke Road, LE2 3PB 1933 Russell, Mrs R.8.E., LRAM 140 Letchworth Road, LE3 6FH

33 1977 Sherwin, 0.H. 46 Hebden Close, E.M.E., LE2 9RG 1979 Shilcock, Mrs O.M. 23a, Sports Road, Glenfield, LE3 BAL 1971 Silver, Mrs P.L. 49a, Kent Drive, Oadby, LE2 4PQ 1946 Sloane, P.G. 346 London Road, LE2 1977 Sma l l , Dr R. G• Srewards Hay, Bradgate Hill, Groby, LE6 OFA 1982 Smith, A.J., DO MRO 19 St Johns Road, LE2 2BL 1987 Smith, Mrs B. 9 The Albany, London Road, LE2 lRH 1974 Smith, O.H., OipArch FRIBA FILA 53 Spencefield Lane, LE5 6HH 1983 Smith, J.R.R., CEng MIMechE 5 Holly Grove, Blaby, LEB 3GF 1974 Sneath, Prof. P.H.A., MA MD Ode l'U MRCS LRCP Sunnyfield, Southfields Road, LE2 2LR 1985 Spaul, Dr G.F., MBBS DPM FRCPsych 18 Shanklin Drive, LE2 3RG 1962 Spencer, H.J., MA 8 The Glebelands, Great Glen, LEB OFR 1969 Stanton, Miss K.M., JP MA 41 Byway Road, LE5 5TP 1976 Staples, Miss J.E., BSc 59 Victoria Court, Oadby, LE2 4AG 1956 Stevens, I.G. 9 Oliver Court, London Road, LE2 2PQ 1976 Stewart, Dr K.A., MB FFARCS 436 London Road, LE2 2PP 1980 Sutherley, Or T.A. 21 Pope Street, LE2 1976 Swales, Prof. J.O. 21 Morland Avenue, LE2 2PE 1959 Sylvester Bradley, Mrs J.E.M. 10 Church Lane, Stoughton, LE2 2FJ 1963 Tarrett, Mrs B.M., BA 11 Towers Drive, Kirby Muxloe, LES 9EW 1983 Taylor, Or R.W., MB BChir White House Farm, Main Street Keyham, LE7 9JQ 1984 Thompson, J.L •. Flat 7, Hannam Court, Charles St., LEl 3FT 1987 Thomson, Miss K. 4 Shepherd's Close, Kirby Muxloe, LE3 3HX 1987 Thomson, Mrs M. 4 Shepherd's Close, Kirby Muxloe, LE3 3HX 1982 Tomlinson, J.B. 66 Northdene Road, LE2 1976 Turner, Mrs M.H. 126 Evington Lane, LE5 606 1976 Turner, Or W.O., MB ChB FFARCS 25 Ashfield Road, LE2 lLB

1977 Vearncombe, Mrs M.M. 30 High Leys Drive, Oadby, LE2 5TL 1966 Vine, Mrs D., BA 2 Swale Close, Oadby, LE2

1950 Waddington, Miss N., MA 32 Morland Avenue, LE2 2PE 1961 Waldram, Miss S.C. 57 Leicester Road, Groby, LES ODQ 1986 Walker, L., ACMA ACIS 46 Hollies Way, Bushby, LE7 9RL 1984 Walker-Palin, Mrs P.J., BA 4 Stoughton Avenue, LE2 2DR 1980 Walpole, M., FCA 68 Outwoods Road, Loughborough 1985 Watterson, Mrs E.E. 113 Groby Road, LE6 1983 Watts, Miss K.M. 36 Edward Road, LE2 lTF 1968 Weinmann, A. 15 Kingscliffe Crescent, LE5 6PF 1952 Whitaker, Or J.H., MA BSc PhO FCS 11 Guildford Road, LE2 2RD 1984 White, M.E. 3 Firs Road, Houghton-on-the-Hill, LE7 9GH 1974 Wilcock, S.H., MA ACIS OPA 12 Knighton Rise, Oadby, LE2 2RE 1978 Wood, Miss D.J. 26 Greengate Lane, Birstall, LE4 3DJ 1983 Worn, T., BA 78 Leicester Road, Quorn, Loughborough, LE12 BBB 1985 Wykes, D.L., BSc 58 Stoneygate Court, LE2 2AS

1985 Leicester Grammar School 7 Applegate, LEl 5LB

34

The Leicester Literary & Philosophical society

founded in 1835

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL OF THE SOCIETY

President M.A. Khan BSc PhD FGS Life Vice-President Miss N. Waddington MA Vice-Presidents A.F. Orton BA L. Lloyd-Smith, JP Dip. Arch FRIBA M.A. Baatz MA FRSA T.D. Ford BSc PhD FGS Hon. Secretary D.G. Lewis MA MD BChir FFARCS 3 Shirley Road, Leicester Te L: 705889 Hon. Membership Secretary Mrs M.C. Rablen 53 Knighton Drive, Leicester Tel: 707336 Hon Progranne Secretary J. Florance BA PhD 16 Elmfield Ave, Leicester Tel: 703132 Hon. Treasurer P.R. Goodwin IPEA 18 Palmerston Boulevard, Leicester Tel: 883218 Hon. Editor of Transactions: T.D. Ford, BSc PhD FGS Hon. Auditor M.H. Bailey MA

Members of Council C.P. Alexander MB BS FRCP M.H. Bai Ley MA P.J. Boylan BSc PhD FGS Mrs D.E. Cameron BEM E.H. Clark QBE BSc T.R. Goode BE CEng FIEE The Rev. Cann D.W. Gundry, MTh J.H. Holloway BSc PhO N.W. King BSc MB BS FFARC R.H. Long D.E. Rees BSc Mrs F. Russell LRAM Mrs P. I. Si Lver P.H.A. Sneath MA MD MRCS LRCP Miss J.E. Staples BSc J.D. Swales MA MD FRCP Mrs K. Walker-Palin The Vice Chancellor of the University of Leicester The Director of the Leicestershire Museums One representative of the Geology Section One representative of the Natural History Section

Geology Section, Hon. Secretary Mrs Ann Montgomery Oept of Geology The University of Leicester Tel: 523939

Natural History Section Hon. Secretary Mrs E. Loosmore l Roundhill Road Leicester Tel: 737616