Hudson Institute 2008 annual report Hudson Institute is a nonpartisan, independent policy research With offices in Washington and New York, Hudson seeks to organization dedicated to innovative research and analysis that guide public policy makers and global leaders in government promotes global security, prosperity, and freedom. and business through a vigorous program of publications, con- ferences, and policy briefings and recommendations. Founded in 1961 by strategist Herman Kahn, Hudson Institute challenges conventional thinking and helps manage strategic Hudson Institute is a 501(c)(3) organization financed by tax- transitions to the future through interdisciplinary studies in deductible contributions from private individuals, corporations, defense, international relations, economics, health care, tech- foundations, and by government grants. nology, culture, and law. CONTENTS

4 Message from the Chairman, CEO, and President

6 International Security, Foreign Policy, and Global Affairs

20 Economics, Trade, and Science

24 Society, Culture, and Philanthropy

27 Hudson New York

28 Hudson History and Herman Kahn

30 Outreach

33 Hudson Institute Press

35 Support for Hudson

36 Finances

37 In Memoriam

38 Hudson Scholars and Centers

40 Hudson Leadership

“Hudson Institute is one of America’s foremost policy research centers, known and respected around the globe, a leader in innovative thinking and creative solutions for challenges of the present and future.” –HENRY KISSINGER

2008 annual report 3 Message from the Chairman, CEO, and President F inancial upheaval, a historic presidential elec- denced by the introduction of significant legislative re- tion, turmoil in the oil markets, and the threat of a form to combat sex trafficking; the willingness of former nuclear Iran dominated the news in 2008. senior administration officials to choose Hudson as the Hudson Institute scholars played a prominent role in venue to discuss openly, for the first time, the failures and critical debates on these and other major policy issues. the successes of the Iraq War; or the increased awareness As early as February 2007, a Hudson forum sounded of radical Islam among policymakers and legislators. warning bells on an impending subprime mortgage cri- This year has been one of extraordinary growth for sis, which months later consumed the world’s attention. Hudson. Six new Senior Fellows, each with first-class By the end of 2008, when the scope of the economic records of significant policy and research accomplish- downturn became apparent, Hudson scholars had al- ment and many with service at the highest levels of gov- ready brought significant expertise to debates over the ernment, joined the Institute. In 2008 we welcomed Seth effectiveness of bailouts, the future of financial regula- Cropsey, former Deputy Under Secretary of the Navy; tion, and the fate of capitalism itself. Our scholars also Douglas Feith, former Under Secretary of Defense for examined the side effects of the crisis, such as the impli- Policy; Christopher Ford, former Deputy Assistant Sec- cations for American philanthropy and the impact on retary of State for Nonproliferation Policy; Rod Hunter, the developing world. former Senior Director for International Economic Pol- In the midst of this economic turbulence, Hudson icy at the National Security Council; Hassan Mneimneh, scholars kept sight of numerous other policy priorities. former Executive Director of the Iraq Memory Founda- Our researchers focused on the intricate challenges to re- tion; and Andrew Natsios, former Administrator of the gional and global security stemming from Islamic funda- U.S. Agency for International Development. Meanwhile, mentalism and terrorism, renewed tensions with an Hudson bid farewell to Husain Haqqani, who was called increasingly hostile Russia, the resurgence of China, a back to public service as Pakistan’s Ambassador to the destabilized Pakistan, and the looming danger of a nu- United States. clear-armed Iran. In Washington alone, we held more than one hundred Hudson’s innovative and nonpartisan scholarship— public conferences—events that drew live broadcast cov- as it has done for nearly fifty years—helps shape and erage from networks including C-SPAN, CNBC, Fox guide public policy. In reading this annual report, you News, CBS, CNN, and Bloomberg TV—and garnered will see the impact of Hudson’s policy research, as evi- press coverage in every major U.S. newspaper. Our New

4 hudson institute ALLAN R. TESSLER KENNETH R. WEINSTEIN HERBERT I. LONDON

York Briefing Series hosted twenty-nine high-profile knew and admired him. Odom, the Army three-star expert guests to engage in dialogue with its distinguished general who served as Director of the National Security membership. The Institute’s publications, most notably Agency during the Reagan administration, had been at Hudson’s signature Index of Global Philanthropy and the Institute for more than two decades. Current Trends in Islamic Ideology, were cited by major There will be new challenges for Hudson in 2009, as media outlets around the globe. there will be for our nation and the world. Hudson has Hudson also made significant progress in strength- not been immune to the difficulties brought on by the ening its management infrastructure. Enders Wimbush economic downturn. But in true Hudson fashion, we was appointed Senior Vice President for International hold strongly to the belief that we have the ability to Policy and Programs to consolidate Hudson’s growing make a difference. The three of us will continue to work international field of expertise. The Institute also recon- hard with our colleagues on the Board of Trustees, schol- stituted its development office to build its general ars, and staff to provide an invigorating environment for fundraising capacity and increase focus on project-based out-of-the-box thinking and to extend our sights for funding. A dedicated events and audio/visual coordina- what is possible in the future. Hudson scholars have tor was appointed to further professionalize our public gained respect for questioning conventional wisdom in outreach. their quest to reach the heart of a problem, while recog- The year 2008 was also a year of significant loss for nizing the importance of values, culture, and religion. Hudson. We note with sorrow the passing of longtime These accomplishments keep us optimistic about Trustee Wally Sellers and newer Trustee Tom Whitehead. human kind’s ability to overcome the seemingly insur- They both brought insight and dedication to the Board mount able. Above all, we are proud to belong to an in- and will be sorely missed by all. Former Senior Fellow stitution that cultivates workable public policies to William Odom’s death was a great loss to those who promote global freedom, prosperity, and security.

ALLAN R. TESSLER KENNETH R. WEINSTEIN HERBERT I. LONDON Chairman of the Board of Trustees Chief Executive Officer President

2008 annual report 5 International Security, Foreign Policy, and Global Affairs H udson Institute was founded in 1961, a strong analytic framework that challenges the conven- in the middle of the Cold War, when world affairs were tional wisdom through a strategic approach to policy dominated by the life and death struggle between the So- linked with an abiding respect for the critical role of his- viet Union and the free world, perhaps the most danger- tory in human affairs, a deep knowledge of the impact of ous era in human history due to the advent of nuclear culture on politics, and proper appreciation of the central weapons. To face this unprecedented intellectual chal- importance of technology and demography as driving lenge—under the guidance of Herman Kahn—Hudson factors in international politics. As during the height of scholars devoted their attention to shaping U.S. nuclear the Cold War, our scholars are guided by the same faith deterrence theory and policy through such seminal pub- in the ability of sound thinking and reasoned analysis to lications such as On Escalation and Thinking About the help us navigate through today’s challenging times. Unthinkable. At the same time, the world was on the verge of the greatest expansion of economic activity and technological advances in history, which would spread the dynamism of liberal capitalism around the globe. International and National Today’s world is marked by new challenges. The rise Security of Asia, the unstable security architecture of the former Soviet sphere of influence, significant ferment in the Is- ¶ The Center for Technology and Global Security was es- lamic world, and the enormous challenges to the global tablished under Director and Senior Fellow Christopher econ omic system now pose enormous threats. Ford in September 2008. Ford joined the Institute di- In the face of these challenges, Hudson scholars con- rectly from his position at the Department of State as the tinue their tradition of important research in fields that U.S. Representative on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation include the future of Islam, religious freedom and human Treaty (NPT). He brings his expertise to the study of pro- rights, international development, energy security, tech- liferation issues, including production capacity, emerging nology and global security, political-military affairs, and future threats, and alternatives to conventional disarma - national security strategies, as well as region al-based ment dynamics. analysis focused on Canada, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. ¶ Hudson continued its assistance on the Project on Hudson research in all these fields is characterized by National Security Reform (PNSR), a multiyear, multi-

6 hudson institute “There are a small handful of institutions that helped us win the Cold War, and Hudson Institute is one of them. But Hudson continues to look ahead imaginatively to the problems and the solutions of the future. Hudson gives us the intellectual tools for the next great challenge.” –MARGARET THATCHER

institutional forum to develop recommendations for the occasion of the release of Douglas Feith’s New York substantial regulatory, statutory, and congressional Times bestselling book, War and Decision: Inside the Pen- reforms. This year’s program examined the possibility of tagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (Harper, a new National Security Act, presidential directives to 2008), the event allowed for a frank analysis of mistakes implement changes that do not require legislation, and and successes of the war. changes to congressional rules governing committee structure and practice to provide support oversight of ¶ Douglas Feith joined Hudson as a Senior Fellow and interagency operations, activities, and programs. Hudson established the Center for National Security Strategies in CEO Kenneth Weinstein is a member of the guiding September. The Center, directed by Feith, analyzes key coalition. strategic relationships with a focus on how the U.S. gov- ernment’s capacity for national security work can be im- ¶ As leader of the PNSR Case Study Working Group, proved. The Center has a joint project with Harvard Senior Fellow Richard Weitz edited the Project on Na- University’s Kennedy School of Government to promote tional Security Reform: Case Studies, Vol. 1 comprising the development of a properly organized Civilian Re- eleven cases on how the U.S. government has managed sponse Corps (CRC). The CRC will provide the Presi- its security crisis with China, how it has countered for- dent with a civilian capability to conduct stabilization eign intelligence operations against the United States, and reconstruction operations in partnership with the and how it organized to wage war in Vietnam, Somalia, military. and Iraq. ¶ Feith has also collaborated with members of Congress, ¶ The first comprehensive discussion of the war in Iraq congressional staffers, and outside experts in analyzing and its aftermath lead by Bush administration officials the implications of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty was held at a conference open to the public in April. (CTBT) and the START treaty, both of which are likely The event, which attracted significant press attention, to be debated in the Senate in 2009. featured former Deputy Secretary for Defense Paul Wolfowitz, former Under Secretary of Defense Douglas ¶ During its summit in Bucharest, NATO characterized Feith, former Foreign Policy Adviser Dan Senor, and the alliance’s commitment to Afghan istan as “our top former Assistant Secretary of Defense Peter Rodman. On priority” and set the goal of establishing “an enduring

2008 annual report 7 JAIME DAREMBLUM, CHARLES HORNER, AND ROD HUNTER KENNETH WEINSTEIN, HILLEL FRADKIN, AND SOCIAL CRITIC IRVING KRISTOL

stable, secure, prosperous, and democratic state, respect- terrorism, and frustrate Latin America’s attempts to pro- ful of human rights and free from the threat of terror- mote democracy throughout the region. ism.” In April, Hudson held an event to discuss how NATO might realize these admirable but challenging ob- ¶ In June, Daremblum correctly warned of the prospects jectives; panelists included Senior Fellow Richard Weitz of a FMLN victory in El Salvador in The Weekly Standard. and Senior Vice President for International Programs He noted that “by this time next year, it may control both and Policy S. Enders Wimbush. the presidency and the Assembly.”

¶ In October, the Center cohosted a special forum with Latin America the Congressional Hispanic Leadership Institute on strengthening U.S.-Latin American relations through free ¶ In May, Jaime Daremblum, Director of the Center for trade agreements. Among the speakers were Representatives Latin American Studies, published How to Strengthen Mario Diaz-Balart (R-FL) and Henry Cuellar (D-TX). Democracy in Latin America. The monograph outlines the enduring challenges Latin America faces, including poverty, radical populism, education, and the struggle to Canada and North America adapt to globalization. In October, an event examining the challenges of Latin America’s radical populism fea- ¶ Throughout 2008, visiting Canadian leaders, including tured among its panelists Costa Rica’s former Finance Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Ministers for Finance, Minister Thelmo Vargas. Foreign Affairs, and Public Safety, sought meetings with Hudson Senior Fellows Marie-Josée Kravis, Kenneth ¶ The Center directed events in conjunction with other Weinstein, Carol Adelman, Diana Furchtgott-Roth, Paul Hudson centers throughout the year, examining growing Marshall, Christopher Sands, and John Weicher. trends of influence in Latin America. These included a conference in July on China’s economic and ideological ¶ In response to threats made by the U.S. presidential can- inroads into South America. The Center highlighted the didates to cancel or renegotiate NAFTA, leaders from Canada increasing presence of Iran in Latin America and concern and Mexico gathered in New Orleans for a trilateral sub - over its efforts to breed anti-American sentiment, foment mit to discuss U.S. trade policy after the Bush adminis tration.

8 hudson institute JEFFREY GOLDBERG OF ATLANTIC MONTHLY, MEYRAV WURMSER, AND SHMUEL ROSNER OF HA’ARETZ HERBERT LONDON, ANDREI ILLARIONOV OF CATO INSTITUTE, AND ANDREI PIONTKOVSKY

Senior Fellows Rod Hunter and Christopher Sands held an Europe event in April to pose the question of the role of the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP), especially in eliminating non-tariff barriers, streamlining inspections and regulations, ¶ In February, Hudson held an event that analyzed how and seeking agreement on standards for secur ity and prod- the transatlantic cooperation between the United States uct safety. The key guest panelist at the event was U.S. Under and Poland could enhance Europe’s energy security. Dis- Secretary of Commerce Christopher Padilla. cussants included Polish Foreign Minister Radoslaw Sikorski, Hudson CEO Kenneth Weinstein, and Senior ¶ Elections in Canada and the United States overlapped Fellows Zeyno Baran and John O’Sullivan. in 2008, with Canadians holding parliamentary elections on October 14. Sands and Canadian Senator Hugh Segal ¶ Baran produced a paper examining the security impli- discussed the elections at a Hudson panel in October. cations of the planned South Stream pipeline from Russia to Europe. Commissioned by the European Par- ¶ In partnership with the Ontario-based Centre for In- lia ment, Baran’s paper, titled “Security Aspects of the South ternational Governance Innovation, Sands recorded a series Stream Project,” has been essential in highlighting con- of five videos on issues in the U.S. election—covering the cerns about South Stream and the threats presented by this economy, border security, NAFTA, presidential leadership, pipeline to the EU-backed Nabucco project, which aims and energy and the environment—that were distributed to supply Caspian and Middle Eastern gas to Europe free to a network of scholars across North America. from Russian control. Baran presented this paper at various conferences throughout the year. ¶ Anticipating new attention on health care reform, Sands hosted a book launch in December for University ¶ In July, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Po- of Waterloo Professor Gerard Boychuk, whose book, litical-Military Analysis Richard Weitz released his book, National Health Insurance in the United States and Canada: Kazakhstan and the New International Politics of Eurasia Race, Territory and the Roots of Difference (Georgetown (Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, 2008), which reviews how University Press, 2008), provocatively compares the two Kazakhstan’s foreign policy has evolved over the past two systems. Senior Fellow Ronald Dworkin and Visiting decades. It highlights the country’s key bilateral relation- Fellow Hanns Kuttner commented. ships as well as its ties with Eurasia’s main institutions.

2008 annual report 9 MANEEZA HOSSAIN JAIME DAREMBLUM AND CAROL ADELMAN LAURENT MURAWIEC

¶ Senior Fellow Seth Cropsey conducted a project to define events from early 2006 through the fall of 2008, including the contours and problems of Europe in the year 2025. It the rise of systemic corruption, the cultivation of xeno- analyzed several key long-term trends, such as demography, phobia, and a growing assault on independent media. economic stagnation, burgeoning immigrant populations, Stephen Sestanovich, former Special Adviser to the Sec- and Islamization, as well as traditional national security retary of State on the Soviet Union, noted that Piontkovsky threats. The conclusions of the study included numerous “was the first who warned us of the true nature of Putin’s insights for the future of Europe and continued transat- regime and its geopolitical implications.” lantic partnerships. ¶ A second edition of Piontkovsky’s book, Evolution of ¶ Hudson CEO Kenneth Weinstein continued to nurture Strategic Stability Concepts, was released in Moscow. Hudson’s connections with the French government and Containing a blueprint for transition from traditional public. France’s Ambassador to the United States, Pierre Cold War “Mutual Assured Destruction” concepts to- Vimont, was a special guest at a breakfast discussion hosted ward a new “Mutual Assured Protection” paradigm, it by Weinstein in February. That same month, Weinstein provides useful material for the forthcoming U.S.-Russia was awarded one of the highest honors of the French arms control talks. Republic, the Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, a knighthood in recognition of his critical work on improv- ¶ In December, the Basmanny Court of Moscow ab- ing U.S.-French relations in the aftermath of the Iraq War solved Piontkovsky of “extremism” charges laid by the and for his scholarship on French political philosophy. We- Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB). instein was also a regular commentator on U.S. politics This case was an important legal precedent. The final and transatlantic relations in the French media. trial decision was the culmination of the Hudson scholar’s two-year-long public opposition to the Putin regime’s repressive FSB machine. It was the first—and Russia hopefully the last—attempt by Russian authorities to use a new law on extremism against political opponents. ¶ Visiting Fellow Andrei Piontkovsky released his book Russian Identity (Hudson Institute Press) in December. ¶ In his monograph released in August, China-Russia Covering modern Russian history, Piontkovsky analyzes Security Relations: Strategic Parallelism without Partnership

10 hudson institute PAKISTANI AMBASSADOR HUSAIN HAQQANI AND ALLAN TESSLER JAMES NICHOLS OF CLAREMONT MCKENNA COLLEGE, FRANCIS FUKUYAMA, AND NATHAN TARCOV OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

or Passion (Strategic Studies Institute), Senior Fellow Ambassador Vasil Sikharulidze was held in January and Richard Weitz argues that, although Chinese-Russian re- featured Baran and Senior Fellow Charles Fairbanks. lations have improved along several important dimen- sions, security cooperation between Beijing and Moscow ¶ In June, the Center hosted Georgian State Minister for has remained limited, episodic, and tenuous. American Reintegration Temuri Yakobashvili, the chief negotiator officials need to pursue a mixture of “shaping and hedg- and former member of the managing board of the ing” policies that aim to avert a hostile Chinese-Russian Council of Foreign Relations of Georgia and the Atlantic alignment while concurrently preparing the United States Council of Georgia, to discuss developments on the to better counter such a development should it arise. “frozen” conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

¶ The following month, when Russia rolled its tanks and Eurasia artillery into Georgia on the eve of the Beijing Olympics, Hudson scholars were frequently sought out by the ¶ Zeyno Baran, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center media to discuss the situation. From the internal political for Eurasian Policy, released a white paper in June enti- ramifications in Russia to the constantly changing geo - tled The Azerbaijan-Turkey-U.S. Relationship and Its Im- strategic implications of the crisis, Hudson scholars portance for Eurasia. This paper, translated into Turkish Zeyno Baran, Charles Fairbanks, John O’Sullivan, Andrei and Azerbaijani, provides a summary and conclusions Piontkovsky, David Satter, Richard Weitz, and others ex- from a 2007 conference organized by the Institute on tri- amined the crisis from many perspectives. lateral cooperation between Azerbaijan, Turkey, and the United States. Participants at the conference argued that each of the three countries is eager to bolster trilateral Asia relations, but that numerous disagreements exist about the nature of that relationship and what role each coun- ¶ Senior Fellow Charles Horner and Research Fellow Eric try should play. Brown led a study focusing on lesser-known factors af- fecting Chinese policy including demography, religion, ¶ A public panel discussion examining the implications and cultural change. The project moved beyond the two of the Georgian elections with guest speaker Georgian leading and opposing “China Threat” and “Peaceful Rise”

2008 annual report 11 interpretations of China to get at a deeper understanding of emerging dynamics and trends in that country.

¶ To provide clarity on U.S.-Chinese relations in the cur- rent climate, in June Hudson hosted Charles Wolf, Jr., of the Pardee RAND Graduate School to present his argu- ment that U.S.-Chinese relations should be assessed with a balance sheet providing both positive and negative en- tries. Hudson Senior Fellows S. Enders Wimbush and Horner also commented.

¶ Wimbush organized a major study exploring the pol itical and strategic implications of changing demographics in East Asian nations. Several countries in Asia will under - go significant demographic changes in the next twenty years, including low birth rates, aging populations, gender im- balances, and unemployed migrants. The study explored the policy options available to countries in the region and how those choices could affect U.S. interests in Asia.

Middle East

¶ The Center for Middle East Policy, directed by Senior Fellow Meyrav Wurmser, held events throughout the year focusing on the trends that shape the region’s political cli- mate. The Center conducted an all-day conference in May examining Iran’s relationship with Hamas and Hezbollah and Iranian nuclear intentions. The panelists included Harvard University’s Martin Kramer and Georgetown University’s Michael Oren.

¶ In May, the Center hosted Atlantic Monthly journalist Jeffrey Goldberg and Ha’aretz correspondent Shmuel Ros ner for a retrospective on the state of Israeli politics, the country’s relationship with the Palestinians, and the status of the peace process.

Iran

¶ Iran has been at the center of America’s foreign policy debate, but relatively little is known about the ideas that

12 hudson institute shape Iran’s domestic and foreign agenda, including its nu- clear ambitions. Hudson scholars hosted several events throughout the year designed to improve understanding of the nation and its culture. Hillel Fradkin, Director of the Center on Islam, Democracy, and the Future of the Muslim World, held an event in March with Ze’ev Maghen, a leading Israeli specialist on modern Iran, to examine the history of radical Islamic thought and how it influences current events and world politics.

¶ Also in March, Senior Fellow Meyrav Wurmser mod- erated an event with the Center for Monitoring the Im- pact of Peace (CMIP) to discuss its survey showing that Iranian educational textbooks indoctrinate students into the global jihadi mindset by depicting a world divided into Manichean forces of “good” and “evil” that are des- tined to clash.

¶ In testimony before the U.S. Commission on Interna- tional Religious Freedom in February, Senior Fellow Paul Marshall of the Center for Religious Freedom made the case for why the Iranian government deserves attention as one of the world’s worst religious persecutors.

¶ Hudson CEO Kenneth Weinstein served on a task force sponsored by the National Security Initiative, a program of the Bipartisan Policy Center, which in September re- leased a report identifying the regional and global threats posed by a nuclear Iran. The report, entitled Meeting the Challenge: U.S. Policy Toward Iranian Nuclear Deployment, recommended a new, robust, and comprehensive strategy designed to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons capability. The task force was led by former Senators Daniel Coats and Charles Robb and included Ambassador Dennis Ross, Stephen Rademaker, three retired four-star generals and admirals, and other experts in nuclear pro- liferation and energy markets.

Islam

¶ In April, Visiting Senior Fellow with the Center on Islam, Democracy, and the Future of the Muslim World

2008 annual report 13 MICHAEL MCFAUL OF THE NSC, DIPLOMAT RICHARD WILLIAMSON, ZEYNO BARAN, HOOVER’S LARRY DIAMOND, GEORGE STEPHANOPOULOS, AND AMY KAUFFMAN MICHAEL HOROWITZ

Husain Haqqani was appointed Pakistan’s Ambassador ¶ Following its conference in October of 2007, the Center to the United States. Haqqani had previously served as on Islam, Democracy, and the Future of the Muslim Pakistan’s Ambassador to Sri Lanka and as a political ad- World conducted a comprehensive analysis of the Mus- viser to Pakistani prime ministers Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, lim Brotherhood movement and its history and pros - Nawaz Sharif, and Benazir Bhutto. pects in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. The assessment formed the basis of Volume VI of its ¶ Given his close relationship to Bhutto, Haqqani was at biannual publication, Current Trends in Islamist Ideology the forefront of press coverage in the aftermath of Bhutto’s (Hudson Institute Press). assassination, providing analysis and commentary on her life, legacy, and the future of Pakistani politics. ¶ Volume VII of Current Trends in Islamist Ideology (Hudson Institute Press) was released in November. The ¶ In January, following the one-year anniversary of the volume features an essay by Hudson Visiting Scholar declaration of a state of emergency in Bangladesh, Hud- Nibras Kazimi, entitled the “Caliphate Attempted,” which son Senior Fellow Maneeza Hossain presented her new describes the dispute that has developed within al-Qaeda book, Broken Pendulum: Bangladesh’s Swing to Radical- over the movement’s failed efforts to reconstruct an ism (Hudson Institute Press), which explores the factors Islamic Caliphate in Iraq. The volume also includes contributing to a process of radicalization in that nation. essays on religious politics in Pakistan, the Sunni and Shiite revival in post-Soviet Azerbaijan, jihadism in Italy ¶ In July, Senior Fellow Zeyno Baran gave testimony before and Germany, and the Muslim Brotherhood’s concept the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Gov- of education. ernmental Affairs on ways to counter violent Islamist ex- tremism. She argued that the first step on the path to jihadi ¶ In October, Senior Fellow Laurent Murawiec’s The terrorism is instruction in Islamist ideology. Nearly all in- Mind of Jihad (Cambridge University Press) broke new dividuals involved in terrorism start out as nonviolent ex- ground in understanding and investigating modern tremists. The deciding factor in determining which Mus- jihad. Murawiec examines the similarities between lims can be allies should not be based on their tactics or Europe’s medieval apocalyptic and millenarian insurrec- methods, but instead on whether they are Islamist or not. tions and modern Mahdism in the world of Islam. He

14 hudson institute S. ENDERS WIMBUSH ZEYNO BARAN AND POLISH FOREIGN MINISTER RADOSLAW SIKORSKI DOUGLAS FEITH

reveals that the ideological nature of Mahdism is a novel plored the potential spread of precision-guided offensive mix of Gnosticism and totalitarian doctrines on the missile technology (including cruise missiles and UAVs) tribal backdrop. to more countries and to nonstate actors; potential new active defense technologies and systems; the possible ¶ Research Fellow Eric Brown, Senior Fellow S. Enders spread of weapons of mass destruction to additional Wimbush, and Visiting Fellow Hassan Mneimneh com- countries; and changing diplomatic and power relation- pleted the first stage of work on developing strategies for ships in the world. competing with radical ideological forces in the Islamic world and elsewhere by empowering local actors who ¶ Senior Fellow Laurent Murawiec examined a future seek to limit or thwart the radicals’ influence. Wimbush security landscape in northeast Asia in his study, “The and Mneimneh are continuing to build the analytical Great Siberian War of 2030,” in which Siberia figures as and operational architecture for pursuing these goals. the likely target of a number of countries’ strategies in the next few decades. He explored the possible future dy- namics of extraordinary changes now only emerging in Defense Strategy and the geopolitics of Eurasia that feature a large number of Security Planning rapidly evolving strategic actors. ¶ Senior Fellow Charles Horner and Research Fellow Eric ¶ Senior Vice President for International Programs and Brown sought to understand the roots of Chinese think- Policy S. Enders Wimbush led a team of Hudson fellows— ing in their “Deconstructing China.”They argued that the Seth Cropsey, Diana Furchtgott-Roth and Alex Alexiev— New Sinology helps us to think about China not solely as in an assessment of Europe’s likely competitive strength an “Asian power” that may or may not be “rising.” in 2025, exploring a range of demographic, economic, and defense variables. ¶ Wimbush joined with AEI’s Nicholas Eberstadt to ex- plore “Strategic Demography,” a multiyear project that ¶ Senior Fellow and Trustee Max Singer completed an attempts to understand how and to what extent popula- analysis, “Long Range Perspectives on Defense,”which ex- tion increases and decreases, aging, gender imbalances,

2008 annual report 15 JOHN O’SULLIVAN AND FORMER SPANISH PRIME MINISTER JOSÉ MARÍA AZNAR PATRICK MENDIS OF JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY AND RICHARD WEITZ

and other demographic trends and anomalies affect the tion Reauthorization Act. The law, which was signed into way strategic planners assess the strengths and weak- effect in December, gives the U.S. government expanded nesses of their competitive positions. powers to prevent trafficking in the United States and abroad, protect victims, and bring criminal charges and ¶ Research Fellow Mary FitzGerald directed a project to harsher punishment upon those engaged in human traf- examine the growing importance of space-based systems ficking. The bill also empowers the United States to at- and the development of counterspace capabilities that tempt to halt the use of children as soldiers in other could potentially compromise U.S. military strategy countries. Of Horowitz’s role in the legislation, the Wash- throughout both near- and long-term planning periods. ington Times wrote that “it is safe to say the legislation would not exist without the wholehearted passion and incredible commitment, dedication, skill, and determi- Human Trafficking nation of Michael Horowitz. . . . His skill in brokering legislative victories is unparalleled.” ¶ In February, Senior Fellow Richard Weitz moderated a conference featuring Ambassador Mark P. Lagon, Direc- tor of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Religious Freedom Persons (TIP) at the State Department, on curbing the demand sustaining human trafficking. Of the estimated ¶ In April, the Center for Religious Freedom’s Director 800,000 people trafficked across international borders and Senior Fellow Nina Shea briefed the Congressional annually, 80 percent of victims are female and as many as Human Rights Caucus Task Force for International 50 percent are minors. Hundreds of thousands of these Religious Freedom documenting human rights abuses women and children are used in prostitution each year. in North Korea. Once nicknamed “Jerusalem of the East” because of the strong influence of Christianity, Pyong- ¶ In November, Senior Fellow Michael Horowitz played yang now has only four churches, which seem to be used a crucial role in uniting a broad coalition of antitraffick- solely to impress Western observers. The Center’s new ing experts and advocates to negotiate the details of the World Survey of Religious Freedom ranked North Korea historic William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protec- as the lowest on its religious freedom scale.

16 hudson institute BISHOP THOMAS OF UPPER EGYPT AND NINA SHEA PAUL MARSHALL AND AMY SULLIVAN OF TIME MAGAZINE

¶ The Center published its 2008 Update: Saudi Arabia’s Gilbert, and Roberta Green Ahmanson coauthored the Curriculum of Intolerance exposing that the same violent 2008 book Blind Spot: When Journalists Don’t Get Religion and intolerant teachings against other religious believers (Oxford University Press), in which they examined how described in the 2006 edition of the report still remain in the media frequently miss or misunderstand stories on Saudi textbooks. The report was released to coincide religion. To the extent that journalists do not grasp with the September deadline for the removal of intoler- events’ religious dimensions—both global and local— ant teachings the Saudis committed to after extensive bi- the authors argue they are hindered from, and some- lateral negations with the United States. The Washington times incapable of, describing what is happening. Post’s Anne Applebaum wrote of the report’s significance that “Saudi schoolbooks are a special case. They are writ- ten and produced by the Saudi government and are dis- United Nations tributed, free, to Saudi-sponsored Muslim schools as far afield as Lagos and Buenos Aires.” ¶ In June, Hudson Institute was granted consultative sta- tus with the Economic and Social Council, the UN’s ¶ In May, Hudson Institute’s Center for European Studies principal group responsible for international economic cohosted with the Kairos Journal and the Neuwaldegg and social cooperation and development. The status Institute a conference in Vienna, Austria, entitled “Post- confers upon qualifying nongovernmental, nonprofit, Christian Europe and Resurgent Islam.” Participating public, or voluntary organizations the ability to recom- Christians, Jews, Muslims, and secularists examined how mend agenda items, participate at UN meetings, and European countries should respond to the arrival of submit written statements to official UN bodies. The sta- Islam and large Muslim communities. Hudson President tus affords Hudson greater participation in the perma- Herbert London and Senior Fellows Zeyno Baran and nent multilateral body’s work, particularly in the field of Paul Marshall presented papers. Former Spanish Prime human rights. Minister José Mariá Aznar, Father Richard Neuhaus, and the Rt. Rev. Michael Nazir-Ali also presented. ¶ Senior Fellow Anne Bayefsky’s website, EYEontheUN.org, continued to monitor and examine the UN’s progress in ¶ Senior Fellow Paul Marshall, Adjunct Scholar Lela identifying, condemning, and protecting against human

2008 annual report 17 rights violations and confronting and responding to threats to international peace and security. This year saw the launch of Durban Watch, the leading website for information on the April 2009 Durban II conference, the UN’s global conference against racism. The sites provide critical assess- ments and analysis of the UN in its approach to equality, universal human rights, and fun damental freedoms.

¶ In October, Bayefsky teamed with the Center for Reli- gious Freedom to conduct a discussion on the UN’s 2009 World Conference against Racism, highlighting the con- ference’s potential to curtail freedoms of expression, the press, and religion in some of the Organization of the Islamic Conference’s most repressive member states.

Foreign Aid and International Development

¶ Setbacks for democracy in almost every region of the world during 2008—in countries as disparate as Russia, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe—raised serious questions about whether meaningful democratic reform is a realistic poss ibility and whether the promotion of democracy is an appropriate anchor for American foreign policy. In December, to discuss these and other questions, Director of the Pew Briefing Series Amy Kauffman joined with the Pew Charitable Trusts to convene a panel of distinguished experts, including Special Envoy to Sudan Ambassador

18 hudson institute Richard Williamson and President of the National Endow- ment for Democracy Carl Gershman. Hudson Senior Fel- low Zeyno Baran also participated, and the event was mod- erated by ABC News’ Chief Washington Correspondent George Stephanopoulos.

¶ The Center for Global Prosperity published the 2008 Index of Global Philanthropy. The third edition of the Index provides more complete philanthropy and remit- tances numbers for European, Commonwealth, and Asian countries. It also includes the results from the first full national survey of religious giving ever conducted, which shows figures for religious giving from all denom- inations to be just under that for private giving from U.S. charities. The third edition of the Index was officially launched in May to widespread media, government, and academic attention in the United States and abroad.

¶ Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Global Prosperity Carol Adelman provided commentary on the predominance of private giving during the Myanmar cy- clone and China earthquake disasters. She also jointly published an article entitled Foreign Aid: What Works and What Doesn’t with Nicholas Eberstadt in AEI’s quarterly publication, Development Policy Outlook.

¶ The Center for Science in Public Policy completed the first phase of a project on the economic burden of chronic disease in the developing world, providing a de- tailed, annotated bibliography for a plan to address the growing issue of chronic disease in emerging economies. Until now, most attention by international organizations has been focused on infectious diseases like malaria and AIDS, but chronic disease, such as cancer and cardiovas- cular disease, is growing in the developing world, making it necessary to start addressing the costs now and in the future.

¶ The Center’s Director, Senior Fellow Jeremiah Norris, wrote on the issue of AIDS treatment in the developing world. He emphasized the negative effects, including drug-resistance, from using sub-standard drugs in treat- ing AIDS in the developing world.

2008 annual report 19 Economics, Trade, and Science F rom its early days, research at Hudson Institute warned about the global energy crisis; and rejected the con- on economics, trade, and finance has been guided by a ventional wisdom about impending global climate change. tempered optimism in the long-term ability of markets and technology to shape a more prosperous future in the United States and around the world. Groundbreaking Housing and Finance books such as The Next 200 Years (Morrow, 1976) chal- lenged the pessimism of the Club of Rome, rejecting ¶ Hudson Institute was at the forefront of exposing the neo-Malthusian fears of a future marred by overpopula- potential for a housing and credit crisis since early 2007. tion and natural resource shortages. The Coming Boom A panel discussion in February 2008 moderated by (Simon & Schuster, 1982) challenged the pessimism in Director of the Center for Housing and Financial Mar- vogue in the early 1980s in the United States to foresee an kets and Senior Fellow John Weicher pursued this theme era of unprecedented economic growth. Hudson’s path- further, examining the future roles of structured finance, breaking Workforce 2000 (1987), the best-selling think credit-rating agencies, and bond insurers in the mort- tank monograph of its era, reshaped the way scholars gage markets and the financial system. The timely event and policymakers understood the future of the work- warned of vulnerabilities and potential disaster. place by envisioning a more diverse and technologically educated workforce. ¶ Senior Fellow Irwin Stelzer, Director of Hudson’s Eco- In 2008, Hudson Institute continued to draw on its dis- nomic Policy Studies, released a paper in October enti- tinguished tradition of economic research with a team of tled The New Capitalism (Hudson Institute Press), in world-renowned scholars in monetary and fiscal policy, tax which he offers an innovative analysis of the forthcoming and regulatory affairs, housing, employment, agriculture, economic order. Free market capitalism as we have and health. Throughout the year, Hudson scholars pres- known it since the last round of reforms during Franklin ciently warned of the looming subprime mortgage threat Roosevelt’s New Deal is gone and is being replaced, and ensuing credit crisis; focused on the critical importance Stelzer writes. The new capitalism is characterized by re- of entrepreneurship as an engine for economic growth; pro- forms designed to reduce individual and systemic risk. duced the first major statewide study to establish a clear It reflects growing unease with the effects of free trade causal link between increased education and earnings; and excessive executive compensation.

20 hudson institute “Hudson Institute has been the source of many good ideas that have helped to inform the public policy dialogue in our country.” –SENATOR EVAN BAYH (D-IN)

¶ In February, Hudson held a seminar to discuss a study funded by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and by MIT Sloan School Professor Gustavo Manso on mo- is aimed at public policy and business classes. tivating innovation through policy initiatives. Entitled “Why Short-Term Failure Could be a Sign of Long-Term ¶ In June, Furchtgott-Roth testified before the House Success,” the event was moderated by Senior Fellow Committee on Science and Technology’s Subcommittee Diana Furchtgott-Roth and included University of on Investigations and Oversight on promoting worker com- Maryland’s Robert Baum as a discussant. petitiveness in a global economy. Also that month, she tes- tified before the Joint Eco nomic Committee on the ¶ In the aftermath of the subprime mortgage crisis, Hud- employment status of women. son’s Center for Housing and Financial Markets held a conference in September to discuss policy implications. ¶ In July, Furchtgott-Roth testified on income inequality In October the Center collaborated with the Bradley before the House Education and Labor Committee’s Center for Philanthropy and Civic Renewal for a panel Subcommittee on Workforce Protections. She concluded discussion that examined the role the Community Rein- that the most effective way to reduce economic inequal- vestment Act (CRA) played in compelling banks to make ity is to provide more education and job opportunities risky loans to unprepared borrowers and in neighbor- for those in lower income groups. hoods with declining property values. Energy, Food, and Environment Employment ¶ Director of Economic Policy Studies and Senior Fel- ¶ Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Employ- low Irwin Stelzer’s monograph, Energy Policy: Abandon ment Policy Diana Furchtgott-Roth edited Overcoming Hope All Ye Who Enter Here, released in August of Barriers to Entrepreneurship in the United States (Lexing- 2008, demonstrates that for the foreseeable future, the ton Books, 2008). The book covers the effects of taxation, United States will be dependent for transportation pensions, regulation, and savings on entrepreneurs. The purposes on imported oil from unfriendly nations book is based on a series of seminars held at Hudson whether or not we decide to drill at home. Stelzer argues

2008 annual report 21 IRWIN STELZER CHRISTOPHER SANDS, GERARD BOYCHUK OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO, ONTARIO, RONALD DWORKIN, AND HANNS KUTTNER

in favor of a market-based approach to energy policy that national Conference on Climate Change in New York, incorporates measures to include in the price the costs which challenged the claim that global warming is a crisis. of such “externalities” as the effect of pollution and the need to defend our oil-supply sources. An event to dis- ¶ In response to the World Bank’s warning that we will cuss the study was held in November. face a food shortage by mid-century, the Center held an event in September to discuss the pending crisis. Dennis ¶ The Center for Global Food Issues took a prescient po- Avery argued that by 2050 that world will need to double sition against crop-based biofuels, which divert massive its food production to meet the demands of an expected amounts of globally scarce grain and cropland to a costly population boom. The forum also examined the costly and ultimately trivial alternative fuel. It noted recent sci- impact of diverting crops to ethanol production and cli- entific studies that highlight the “carbon debt” created mate change. by the massive amounts of soil carbon lost as forests and peatlands are cleared to grow more corn ethanol and soy ¶ In June, Furchtgott-Roth testified before the House biodiesel. It takes at least fifty years for “savings” from Committee on Natural Resources on the consequences burning ethanol to repay the lost soil carbon. of and solutions to America’s energy crisis. She noted that although we will always rely on foreign imports for ¶ Director of the Center for Global Food Issues and Senior some of our energy, we will need to make the most of Fellow Dennis Avery gave a series of speeches and inter- our own resources. This includes expanding domestic oil views on Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years and national gas supplies by allowing more environmen- (Rowman & Littlefield), a book he coauthored with at- tally friendly oil and gas development. mospheric physicist S. Fred Singer. In it they present re- search arguing that global temperatures have been rising ¶Following soaring food prices that sparked major riots mostly or entirely because of a natural cycle, that the warm- throughout the world, Hudson held a public panel dis- ing is not very dangerous, and that it cannot be stopped. cussion in June to examine if the global food price crisis The book has sold more than two hundred thousand poses a threat to emerging democracies. Discussants in- copies and been distributed to elected officials throughout cluded Senior Fellows Andrew Natsios, Rod Hunter, and the United States. Avery was a speaker at the 2008 Inter- Amy Kauffman.

22 hudson institute DENNIS AVERY DEBORAH GOLDBERG, NATIONAL FAIR HOUSING, HOWARD HUSOCK, MANHATTAN INSTITUTE, AND JOHN WEICHER DIANA FURCHTGOTT-ROTH

¶ Alex Avery of the Center for Global Food Issues contin- Health Care ued to write and speak widely on the dangers of organic food, which produces only half as much food per acre as ¶ Adjunct Fellow Betsy McCaughey gave testimony on high-yield no-till farming—at a moment when the hospital infections before the House Committee on world’s farmers must double world food and feed pro- Oversight and Government Reform in April. McCaug- duction over the next forty years. hey exposed the poor level of cleanliness in our hospitals and inadequacy of the Centers for Disease Control’s guidelines and hospital inspection regimes in preventing the spread of harmful bacteria.

¶ Senior Fellow Diana Furchtgott-Roth wrote a series of articles on health care reform for the New York Sun in 2008. Her September article, Health Care: To Tax or Not To Tax, argued that the cost estimates presented by then- candidate Barack Obama on health care reform were unrealistically low, which has since been proven to be the case in final budget allocations.

¶ In debates about the U.S. health care system, much focus and acclamation has been given to Canada’s sin- gle-payer system. In December, Hudson Senior Fellow and practicing physician, Dr. Ronald Dworkin, teamed with Senior Fellow Christopher Sands in holding a panel discussion which, given the vast differences between the two systems, revealed the difficulties in making direct comparisons between the U.S. and Canadian health care systems.

2008 annual report 23 Society, Culture, and Philanthropy

udson Institute research has always American Society been guided by the importance of culture, religion, the rule of law, ¶ In August, Hudson President Herbert London pub- and an abiding respect for consti- lished his latest book, America’s Secular Challenge: The H tutionalism, all of which help to Rise of a New National Religion (Encounter Books), in define the United States and other which he argues that the pervasive culture of secularism liberal democratic societies. As we in the United States is an inadequate response to the are committed to the flourishing of democratic societies challenge of radical Islam. As London explains, in the so- around the world, our work on civil society, culture, phi- called war of ideas, our reflexive belief in relativism has lanthropy, and the law is the basis for all of our other re- handicapped our ability to thwart the inroads of fanati- search. cism, thus leaving our culture exposed.

Hudson scholarship on society, culture, and philan- ¶ Director of the Center for American Common Culture thropy is guided by a fundamental understanding of, and and Senior Fellow John Fonte’s paper “Global Gover- loyalty to, the principles of liberal democracy and its key nance vs. the Liberal Democratic Nation-State: What is elements: respect for the rule of law, individual rights, the Best Regime?” was presented in June at the Bradley and the integrity of civil society. Center for Philanthropy and Civic Renewal’s Washington symposium. The widely distributed essay declared that in Accordingly, Hudson Institute is preeminent among the twenty-first century major arguments over the best Washington think tanks on issues relating to philan- type of government will continue as the liberal demo- thropy, civic renewal, and legal reform. Our renowned cratic nation-state is challenged by proponents of scholars in these fields work to promote a vital civil so- transnational global governance. ciety through applied research that examines contempo- rary policy debates through the prism of American ¶ Fonte was part of the executive committee that devel- citizenship, patriotism, and civic education. oped the content for the Bradley Project on America’s

24 hudson institute National Identity report entitled “E Pluribus Unum.” The opinions, briefs, and oral arguments covering topics report emphasizes the strong connection between a ro- such as constitutional interpretation, the death penalty, bust national identity and a healthy liberal democracy. international law, the Sherman Act, and the work of Alexander Bickel and St. Thomas More. Andrew C. Mc- ¶ In July, Fonte taught a two-day seminar on American Carthy wrote in the New Criterion that “A Time to Speak character and the American regime at the University of reminds us, yet again, that Robert Bork has been this na- Virginia’s Program on American Democracy and Consti- tions’ most eloquent and compelling Cassandra. Whether tutionalism. He also gave a lecture on education for America rediscovers and retains what has made it great American citizenship at the University of West Georgia depends on whether we finally listen, and look within.” as part of the “American Solutions” project headed by former House Speaker Newt Gingrich. ¶ The spring 2008 issue of the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, the official journal of the Federalist So- ¶ Senior Fellow Amy Kass commenced her new project ciety, published a collection of essays in honor of Judge on Civic Renewal and American Identity in December Bork featuring contributions from Judge Douglas H. with a seminar series entitled “Making American Citi- Ginsburg of the D.C. Circuit and Chief Judge Frank H. zens,” in which students and scholars gain a more refined Easterbrook of the Seventh Circuit. and elevated appreciation of the challenges associated with American civic life. Civic Renewal and Philanthropy

Law ¶ Over the course of 2008, the Bradley Center for Phi- lanthropy and Civic Renewal hosted a series of insightful ¶ Distinguished Fellow Judge Robert H. Bork released his discussions on current issues in philanthropy. The Cen- latest book, A Time to Speak (Intercollegiate Studies In- ter’s work included studies on the decline of a sense of stitute), in November. The book is a collection of articles, purpose as experienced by today’s youth, perspectives on

2008 annual report 25 foundation management, and a response to Bill Gates’ call for “creative capitalism” to serve the world’s poor. Joel Orosz, Kellogg Foundation adviser, described the Center as “the only place in which more light than heat gets gen- erated on subjects that truly matter to the future of our field.”

¶ Center Director and Senior Fellow William Schambra published articles in the The Chronicle of Philanthropy, AMY KASS the nonprofit sector’s most widely-read publication. One piece questioned the appropriateness of grants from the nation’s largest foundations that sustain a harsh view of America as a nation riven by an unrelenting and deeply oppressive racial divide.

¶ In June, the Bradley Center for Philanthropy and Civic Renewal held its fourth annual Bradley Symposium, cosponsored by Encounter Books, on the themes of the JOHN FONTE power of ideas, publishing, and preserving liberty and democracy. The panel featured Encounter authors to- gether with Hudson scholars Judge Bork, John O’Sulli- van, and John Fonte.

¶ In September 2008, the Center cohosted an event with The Chronicle of Philanthropy, entitled “Is Philanthropy Going to the Dogs?” It examined the merits of Leona Helmsley’s bequest to her dog and asked whether there should be limits on the freedom to give to any cause or beneficiary.

¶ In January, Senior Fellow Amy Kass launched her anthology, Giving Well, Doing Good: Readings for the JUDGE ROBERT BORK Thought ful Philanthropist (Indiana University Press). A collection of texts, it includes works by a range of writers from Dostoevsky to Wordsworth and Abraham Lincoln. The anthology seeks to illuminate fundamental ques- tions about the idea and practice of philanthropy and to point a way toward a philanthropic practice that is more responsible, effective, and civic-spirited.

26 hudson institute

WILLIAM SCHAMBRA Hudson New York

H HERBERT LONDON AND HENRY KISSINGER erbert London, Hudson’s President, GUEST SPEAKERS IN 2008 runs the New York office and is widely published in a Mark Steyn March 26: The Thought Police variety of fields. In August, he published his latest book, William Kristol April 15: 2008-Who Loses? America’s Secular Challenge: The Rise of a New National Christopher Hitchens April 23: Self-Censorship Religion (Encounter Books). Paul Marshall April 28: Religious Freedom Minxin Pei April 30: The China Bubble New York Briefing Series Bret Stephens May 2: Radicalism and Reform Ray Kelly May 6: Intelligence A subscription-only public policy lecture series, Hud- John Bolton May 7: Critical Uncertainties son’s New York Briefing Council held spring and fall Herbert London May 13: The Secularist God sessions in 2008. Hosted by London, the series featured Zalmay Khalilzad May 19: The U.N. & Durban distinguished guest speakers addressing a wide range of Henry Kissinger May 22: Global Objectives current public policy con cerns with in-depth discussion amongst members and guest speakers. Lawrence Summers May 28: Buying America Douglas Feith June 5: What Really Happened? Daniel Seaman June 10: Public Relations & Israel Hudson New York Website Dick Morris September 24: Play by Play (HudsonNY.org) Geert Wilders September 25: Islam in Europe Gordon Chang October 2: Collapse of China Hudson Institute’s New York website launched in November, Frank Luntz October 6: Language & Politics providing a forum for commentary on topics including hu- man rights, religion, international affairs, security, and en- Michael Sheenan October 14: Crush the Cell ergy. The site aims to amplify dissident voices worldwide Charles Gasparino October 16: Inside the Street that stress the need for reforms in rule of law, property rights, Robert Zubrin/Joseph Rago October 21: Undoing OPEC free-market opportunities, freedom of speech, freedom of John Fund October 28: How Voters Think the press, and other institutions of liberal democracy. Walid Phares November 5: Confronting Jihad Irshad Manji November 10: Fundamentalism The site also serves members of the New York Briefing Zainab al-Suwaij November 12: Islam on Campus Council by allowing them to track upcoming meetings and follow issues. It links to Hudson New York’s program, EYE- Andrew McCarthy December 2: Spy Games ontheUN.org, directed by Senior Fellow Anne Bayefsky, Lawrence Kudlow December 9: Money Politics who covers UN activities for Hudson Institute. David Brooks December 10: The Happiness Gap

2008 annual report 27 Hudson History and Herman Kahn

This year marked the 25th anniversary of Kahn’s death and his outlook continues to shape Hudson’s work

“The House that Herman Built” ¶ In the early years of the twenty-first century, Hudson Institute is continuing Herman Kahn’s powerful vision of changing the world through fearless questioning, a ¶ When the nuclear strategist, sage and seer Herman Kahn healthy skepticism of conventional wisdom, careful and (1922–1983) founded Hudson Institute in 1961, he had a comprehensive analyses, the search for penetrating in- grand and powerful long-term vision for his nascent think sights, and global outreach to the leaders of government, tank. But in the short term, he expressed the hope that the public opinion, and commerce. Institute would help “to raise the level of debate” over critical issues affecting national security and international order. Publications ¶ Under Kahn’s leadership, Hudson Institute became a research organization of not just national—but also ¶ Calling attention to the continuing relevance of Her- global—significance. And it emerged as the sort of think man Kahn and his work has been a priority for Hudson tank that not only tackles the policy problems of the Institute. Kahn’s timeless and prescient studies still res- present, but also foresees the changes and challenges onate today. gathering on the horizon. ¶ Forty-seven years after its original publication, Kahn’s ¶ Hudson—“the House that Herman Built”—helped the On Thermonuclear War was reprinted (Transaction Pub- United States and its allies to craft the near-term foreign lishers). Rejecting the strongly held view of the Cold War and defense policies, as well as the long-term comprehen- period that nuclear war would be cataclysmic, the work sive strategies, that would undermine the Iron Curtain. suggested the possibility of a second strike capability, which helped shape the doctrine of “mutual assured de- ¶ The Institute’s “future studies” research cut through the struction” (MAD). pervasive pessimism of the late 1960s and 1970s and re- minded America—and the world at large—of the prom- ¶ In his new book, Prophecies of Doom and Scenarios of ise and possibilities that free markets, technological Progress: Herman Kahn, Julian Simon, and the Prospec- innovation, and optimism could bring. tive Imagination (Continuum, 2007), Adjunct Fellow

28 hudson institute “Herman Kahn was a futurist who welcomed the future. He brought the lessons of science, history, and humanity to the study of the future and remained confident of mankind’s potential for good. All who value independent thinking will mourn the loss of a man whose intellect and enthusiasm embraced so much.” –PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN

“His combination of logic and imagination was unique among the nuclear strategists of his time . . . . I thought Herman was Nobel Prize-worthy.” –THOMAS C. SCHELLING Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics

Paul Dragos Aligica examines Kahn’s pioneering work Trustee, and Founder Max Singer recognized the perti- challenging the “limits to growth” hypothesis prevalent nence of Kahn’s ideas about nuclear strategy as they in the 1970s—the conventional wisdom’s view that relate to new kinds of danger that nuclear war poses mankind’s future was bleak due to impending pollution, today. While prejudices and misunderstandings sur- overpopulation, and natural resource shortages. rounding Kahn’s work still continue today, Kahn’s in- sightful methodology of devising alternative strategies ¶ In an article for Hudson’s News and Review, entitled lives on in those he taught and in his writings. “Herman Kahn’s Suppressed Legacy,” Senior Fellow,

2008 annual report 29 Hudson Outreach

o disseminate policy recommenda- Hudson’s latest research papers, while also offering dis- tions to key decision makers, to help counts on recent books produced by Hudson scholars. inform the public of alternative pol- icy options, and to spread Hudson’s T innovative and practical ideas for a Events and Conferences better world, Hudson Institute hosts numerous events, publishes a variety of newsletters, and ¶ Events provide a means for scholars to publicize their reaches out to experts in government and the media. work and attract further input and ideas to help them develop their research. Hudson events are usually open to ¶ Hudson Headlines, Hudson Institute’s e-newsletter is the general public and also attract key policy makers and sent to thousands of recipients each week, providing a other experts in its audiences. Quality events allow for round up of media citations, events, op-eds, new publi- in-depth discussion on issues of concern, while encour- cations, and testimony. aging cross cultivation of views and information among stakeholders in Washington and beyond. ¶ Hudson News and Review, produced three times a year, provides a cumulative compilation of our progress and ¶ In 2008, 115 public events were held at Hudson Insti - impact. Each issue features event summaries, new pub- tute in Washington; approximately 25 percent more than lication and report descriptions, excerpts of testimony the previous year. While the vast majority of events were and op-eds, a scholar profile, and stories on the Institute’s held in the Betsy and Walter Stern Conference Center at most recent and prominent developments. The newslet- the Institute, twelve larger special events were conducted ter is mailed to more than three thousand donors and outside the Institute, in conference centers and hotels. The supporters and is distributed at Hudson events. total number of attendees exceeded seven thousand; almost double that of the previous year. Specific events are ¶ A new email bulletin service specifically designed for highlighted throughout previous sections of this report. contributing supporters was introduced this year. Sent out quarterly, Research Round Up provides qualifying ¶ Hudson’s exposure on media outlets such as C-SPAN donors with an easy way to order hard-copy versions of increased in 2008. Two of the more notable events

30 hudson institute covered by C-SPAN included “War and Decision: Inside Hudson.org the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism,”held in April in the Betsy and Walter Stern Conference Center, ¶ Hudson.org is the Internet gateway to Hudson Insti- and “The Future of Democracy,”held in December at the tute, providing links to all scholars, centers, and pro- St. Regis Hotel, Washington. grams affiliated with the Institute. The site experienced a significant increase in visits, averaging over five hun- ¶ In addition to the public events, Hudson scholars also dred thousand unique page views per month. This year, held numerous private roundtable discussions, recep- Hudson added several new features, including a video tions, and briefings. Special guests included members of player on the main homepage. the government, defense agencies, and the media, as well as foreign dignitaries. Countries that had representatives ¶ Hudson has also expanded its social networking meeting with Hudson scholars included Canada, France, presence. All of our new publications, op-eds, and events Japan, Belgium, Holland, Costa Rica, Mexico, Argentina, are linkable to social bookmarking sites such as Digg Israel, Venezuela, Spain, and Hungary. and Del.icio.us. Hudson’s exposure on social networking sites has also increased, with a dedicated Facebook page ¶ On December 10, Hudson hosted its annual end-of-year and a Twitter feed. Hudson videos are also posted to the event, which brought together key media and government Institute’s YouTube site, and snippets of videos are often officials—as well as other policy experts and major posted alongside new publications. These social networking donors—in recognition of Hudson’s role as a source of capabilities are all tied into the main website, creating a quality public policy research and commentary. unified Hudson Institute presence on the Internet.

¶ In August, a new Events Coordinator position was created to dedicate specific resources to the growing event sched- Media and Press Coverage ule and new audio and visual requirements associated with editing and posting files online. This year, video and audio ¶ In 2008, Hudson garnered press coverage in a wide recordings of nearly all the events were made available on spectrum of high-profile global print outlets. Articles by the Hudson website. Hudson scholars were published in the Wall Street Journal

2008 annual report 31 (U.S., Asian, and European editions), the Washington Internship Program Post, Forbes, the New York Post, the Weekly Standard, the New Republic, and many other places. Hudson Senior ¶ This year, over 150 students from an array of universi- Fellows Diana Furchtgott-Roth and Irwin Stelzer wrote ties in the United States and abroad—including Harvard, weekly columns for the New York Sun and London’s Sun- Yale, Princeton, University of Chicago, Cornell, Swarth- day Times, respectively. Moreover, Hudson’s research more, Cambridge, and Oxford—provided research and continued to serve as a resource for citation and back- administrative support to Hudson scholars and staff. ground at the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Through their internships, these students gained valu- the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, and many able experience and insight in public policy, communi- other national and local publications. cations, and administration.

¶ Hudson scholars appeared on every major U.S. news ¶ Hudson interns Jawanshir Rasikh, an Afghan Fulbright channel and a variety of foreign outlets to provide their student at James Madison University, and Mariam Sabri, expertise on all of the most pressing issues and debates. a student at Mount Holyoke College from Karachi, Pak- Appearances included CBS Evening News, CNN, Fox is tan, organized a seminar that brought together students News, C-SPAN, CNBC, Fox Business, France 24, BBC, from Pakistan and Afghanistan to discuss the many chal- CTV Canada, and Voice of America stations around the lenges and opportunities facing their nations. The panels world. covered key issues including militant Islamist groups, democracy and the establishment of the rule of law, ed- u cation, poverty, and the future of moderate Islam in both Government Relations countries.

¶ In 2008, Hudson scholars were called to testify before ¶ Hudson interns have been hired by the federal govern- congressional committees on eleven occasions. They pre- ment, assumed research positions at other Washington think sented testimony on issues such as human rights in Iran, tanks, and taken jobs at embassies and on Capitol Hill. Sev- Islamist extremism, religious freedom in Burma, energy, eral worked for the federal election political campaigns on democracy in Bangladesh, and employment policy. both the Democratic and Republican side of the aisle.

32 hudson institute Hudson Institute Press

he Hudson Institute Press continues to ful- Mane e za Hossain presented her new book, Broken Pen- fill its mission of disseminating the in-depth dulum: Bangladesh’s Swing to Radicalism, which explores research of Hudson scholars. Hudson pub- the background and factors contributing to a process of T lishes an assortment of books, white papers, radicalization in that nation. reports, briefing papers, and serial journals. This has been an especially busy year for the ¶ Hudson’s Center for Eurasian Policy published The Hudson Institute Press, with over a dozen new publications Azerbaijan-Turkey-U.S. Relationship and Its Importance appearing on a variety of timely topics. for Eurasia, a postconference summary of each major theme covered, using the information to make recom- ¶ In How to Strengthen Democracy in Latin America, Senior mendations for Azerbaijan, Turkey, and the United States. Fellow Jaime Daremblum outlines the ongoing challenges It is available in English, Azerbaijani, and Turkish. facing Latin America, including poverty, radical populism, education, and the continuing struggle to adopt globalism. ¶ In The New Capitalism, Senior Fellow Irwin Stelzer of- fers an analysis of changes in the economic order which ¶ The Center for Global Prosperity published its third are characterized by reforms designed to reduce individ- annual Index of Global Philanthropy. This edition chron- ual and systemic risk. The new framework reflects grow- icles the new players in global philanthropy who have ing unease with the effects of free trade and excessive found innovative ways to help the world’s poor. executive compensation.

¶ In a radical departure from his previous books, Joseph ¶ Visiting Fellow Andrei Piontkovsky’s Russian Identity Giglio uses the techniques of narrative fiction to dramatize analyzes the events from early 2006 through the fall of how America’s transportation system can be transformed 2008, including the rise of systemic corruption, the cul- into a vigorous engine for economic growth in Judges of tivation of xenophobia, and a growing assault on inde- the Secret Court. pendent media, and shows how these developments reflect the failure of Russia’s attempt to enact reforms. ¶ On the one-year anniversary of the declaration of a state of emergency in Bangladesh, Hudson Senior Fellow ¶ In her 2008 Update: Saudi Arabia’s Curriculum of

2008 annual report 33 Intol er ance, Senior Fellow Nina Shea shows that the vio - ¶ Hudson’s Perspectives for the New Administration is a lent and intolerant teachings against other religious be- wide-ranging series of policy papers aimed at advising the lievers described in the Center for Religious Freedom’s 2006 Obama administration on a host of critical global and study still remain in textbooks currently posted on the web- domestic issues. Policy topics include the new “Greater site of the Saudi Ministry of Education. Middle East,”challenges in Latin America, repairing pub- lic diplomacy, regulatory policy, healthcare, housing, in- ¶ In his monograph, Energy Policy: Abandon Hope All Ye frastructure, and more. Who Enter Here, Stelzer demonstrates that for the fore- seeable future, the United States will be dependent for trans- ¶ Volumes VI and VII of Current Trends in Islamist Ideology portation purposes on imported oil from unfriendly na- were released this year by the Center on Islam, Democ- tions—whether or not we decide to drill at home. racy, and the Future of the Muslim World. These volumes featured essays on the rise and destruction of the Islamic ¶ Union Vs. Private Pension Plans examines pension plans, State of Iraq, religious parties in Pakistan, Islamic revival- which are the primary source of retirement income for ism in Azerbaijan, and recruitment for jihad in Germany. American workers. Hudson Senior Fellow Diana Furcht- gott-Roth presents evidence that union-run pension These and other publications by our scholars can plans for rank-and-file members lack the funding be ordered from the Hudson Institute website: necessary to provide promised benefits. www.hudson.org/bookstore.

34 hudson institute Support for Hudson

¶ Hudson’s success in generating sound public policy re- research, access to book discounts, and invitations to search is the result of the generosity of a variety of sup porters public events, private briefings, and roundtables with including individuals, foundations, and corporations. special VIP guests and Hudson scholars.

¶ Foundation support underpinned several new projects, ¶ Hudson encourages all donors to see themselves as in- including “Agricultural Commodity Prices and Policy tegral to the work it produces and the Institute’s success. Options,” “Measuring the Progress of Disadvantaged Im proved and more inclusive outreach to Hudson con- Populations in the U.S.: The Role of Education,”and “A stituents will be an ongoing process. The office will prioritize Ground Game in the War of Ideas.” keeping donors apprised of Hudson’s work and opportu- nities for greater involvement in Hudson activities. ¶ This year saw the expansion of the development office at Hudson. Its primary objective has been to energize ef- ¶ The initial stages of the Capital Campaign, The Cam- forts to raise funds for the Institute’s general operating paign for Hudson, were launched in March. The campaign and endowment funds. remains in its private stage of consolidating support from close friends and supporters. ¶ With gifts from foundation grants comprising a large portion of Hudson’s support, the development office is ¶ Hudson is a public charity under section 501(c)(3) of working to diversify the Institute’s funding base and in- the Internal Revenue Code, which means that donations crease individual donor giving. to Hudson Institute receive maximum tax benefits.

¶ Two major appeals for general funds from the commu- ¶ Donations may be in the form of cash, securities, nity of Hudson friends and contributing supporters were stocks, and matching gifts. Donors can also provide launched in 2008, introducing sponsorship levels to at- support for Hudson Institute’s research and programs tract donors of all levels. through bequests and other forms of planned giving and endowment support. ¶ Hudson supporters now receive a variety of Hudson publi ca tions in addition to our seasonal newsletter, ¶ More information about donating to the Institute is News & Review, as well as updates on our scholars’ latest readily available at www.hudson.org/invest.

2008 annual report 35 Finances For fiscal year ending September 30, 2008

Other: 0.06% Investment Income: 6.59%

Foundations: 48.12%

Government: 15.13%

Corporations: 19.16%

sources of operating revenue ofsources operating Individuals: 10.94%

Administration: 20.53% Global Affairs: 35.20%

New York Briefing Council: 6.21%

Development: 0.89%

Public Affairs: 4.73% Science, Environment, and Technology: 0.81% Economics and Energy Policy: 7.02%

International Governance: 6.47% Law, Culture, and Society: 18.14% breakdown in operating expenses breakdown in operating

36 hudson institute In Memoriam

Hudson Institute mourns the passing of three distinguished individuals in 2008

LT. GENERAL WILLIAM ODOM, Senior Fellow William Odom, a retired U.S. Army three-star general and former Director of the National Security Agency under President Ronald Reagan, had a long and distinguished career in military intelligence. The quintessential soldier- scholar, Odom joined Hudson Institute in 1988 to become Director of National Security Studies, simultaneously joining the Political Science Department at Yale University. He actively maintained these affiliations for twenty years. Odom’s numer- ous and widely acclaimed books include The Collapse of the Soviet Military (Yale University Press, 1998) and Fixing Intelligence (Yale University Press, 2002). Known for his forthright opinions, Odom was a leading critic of the 2003 U.S. intervention in Iraq.

WALLACE O. SELLERS, Trustee During his lengthy and distinguished career, Wallace O. Sellers held senior management and leadership positions with organizations as diverse as Enhance Financial Services Group, Inc; Natural Gas Services, Inc; FCIA; the Association of Financial Guaranty Insurers; the Public Securities Association (now The Bond Market Association); and Merrill Lynch. He was appointed by the SEC as one of the original members of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. Sellers also undertook many charitable endeavors. In addition to his role at Hudson, he was a member of the board of overseers at Roger Williams University. He actively supported numerous archeological excavations, the Initiative to Educate Afghan Women, and Trinity Episcopal Church of Solebury, Pennsylvania. He faithfully served Hudson as a trustee from 1984 to 2007.

CLAY T. WHITEHEAD, Trustee Clay T. Whitehead, a pioneer in the satellite broadcasting industry, served as the first Director of the U.S. Office of Telecommunications Policy in the Nixon administration. Under Whitehead’s leadership, a market-based “open skies” policy for communications satellite and cable television licenses was implemented, ending monopolies and leading to increased competition and greater viewer choice. Whitehead, a visionary who helped shape the contemporary multi-channel television landscape, was an entrepreneur who built satellite television systems in Europe and the United States. His loyal service to Hudson Institute as a trustee extended from 2007 to 2008.

2008 annual report 37 Hudson Scholars

CAROL ADELMAN HILLEL FRADKIN Director and Senior Fellow Director and Senior Fellow Center for Global Prosperity Center on Islam, Democracy, and ALEX A. AVERY the Future of the Muslim World Director of Research and Education DIANA FURCHTGOTT-ROTH Center for Global Food Issues Director and Senior Fellow DENNIS T. AVERY Center for Employment Policy Director and Senior Fellow CHARLES HORNER Center for Global Food Issues Senior Fellow ZEYNO BARAN MICHAEL HOROWITZ Director and Senior Fellow Senior Fellow Center for Eurasian Policy MANEEZA HOSSAIN ANNE BAYEFSKY Senior Fellow Director and Senior Fellow Center on Islam, Democracy, and Eye on the UN the Future of the Muslim World ROBERT H. BORK ROD HUNTER Distinguished Fellow Senior Fellow SETH CROPSEY JUN ISOMURA Senior Fellow Senior Fellow JAIME DAREMBLUM AMY KASS Director and Senior Fellow Senior Fellow Center for Latin American Studies AMY KAUFFMAN RONALD W. DWORKIN Director and Research Fellow Senior Fellow Pew Briefing Series CHARLES FAIRBANKS MARIE-JOSÉE KRAVIS Senior Fellow Senior Fellow and Trustee DOUGLAS J. FEITH I. LEWIS LIBBY Director and Senior Fellow Senior Advisor Center for National Security Strategies HERBERT I. LONDON MARY C. FITZGERALD President and Trustee Senior Fellow PAUL MARSHALL JOHN FONTE Senior Fellow Director and Senior Fellow Center for Religious Freedom Center for American Common Culture LAURENT MURAWIEC CHRISTOPHER FORD Senior Fellow Director and Senior Fellow ANDREW NATSIOS Center for Technology and Global Security Senior Fellow

38 hudson institute JEREMIAH NORRIS Director and Senior Fellow Center for Science in Public Policy JOHN O’SULLIVAN Director and Senior Fellow Center for European Studies Visiting Fellows CHRISTOPHER SANDS Senior Fellow HUSAIN HAQQANI DAVID SATTER YOSHIKI HIDAKA Senior Fellow NIBRAS KAZIMI WILLIAM A. SCHAMBRA HANNS KUTTNER Director and Senior Fellow HASSAN MNEIMNEH The Bradley Center for Philanthropy ANDREI A. PIONTKOVSKY and Civic Renewal ELIZABETH SAMSON NINA SHEA LEE SMITH Director and Senior Fellow Center for Religious Freedom Research Fellows MAX SINGER Senior Fellow and Trustee ERIC B. BROWN IRWIN M. STELZER Research Fellow Director and Senior Fellow Center on Islam, Democracy, and Economic Policy Studies the Future of the Muslim World EMMET C. TUOHY KRISTA SHAFFER Assistant Director Research Fellow Center for Eurasian Policy The Bradley Center for Philanthropy JOHN C. WEICHER and Civic Renewal Director and Senior Fellow REBECCA TOBIN Center for Housing and Financial Markets Research Fellow KENNETH R. WEINSTEIN Eye on the UN Chief Executive Officer and Trustee BENJAMIN BALINT RICHARD WEITZ Herman Kahn Fellow Director and Senior Fellow Center for Political-Military Analysis S. ENDERS WIMBUSH Senior Vice President for International Programs and Policy and Senior Fellow MEYRAV WURMSER Director and Senior Fellow Center for Middle East Policy

2008 annual report 39 Hudson Leadership

Board of Trustees

ALLAN R. TESSLER Centers Chairman of the Board Chairman, Epoch Holdings Corporation International Security, Foreign WALTER P. STERN Policy, and Global Affairs Chairman Emeritus Vice Chairman, Capital International, Inc. Center for National Security Studies JOSEPH M. GIGLIO Center for Political-Military Analysis Vice Chairman Center for Technology and Global Security Executive Professor for Strategic Center for Eurasian Policy Management, Northeastern University Center for European Studies Center for Latin American Studies LINDEN S. BLUE Center for Middle East Policy Vice Chairman, General Atomics Center for Religious Freedom CHARLES H. BRUNIE Center on Islam, Democracy, and the Chairman, Brunie Associates Future of the Muslim World RUDY BOSCHWITZ Center for Global Prosperity Chairman, Home Valu Interiors Center for Global Food issues PIERRE DASSAS Center for Science in Public Policy President, Dassas Group Eye on the UN GERALD DORROS, MD Medical Director, William Dorros-Isadore Feuer Economics, Interventional Cardiovascular Disease Foundation Trade, and Science ROY INNIS National Chairman, Congress of Racial Equality Economic Policy Studies JAN HENRIK JEBSEN Center for Employment Policy Chairman, Gamma Applied Visions Group Holding SA Center for Global Food Issues LAWRENCE KADISH Center for Housing and Financial Markets Old Westbury, NY Center for Science in Public Policy DEBORAH KAHN CUNNINGHAM New York, NY Society, Culture, and Philanthropy MARIE-JOSÉE KRAVIS Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute Center for American Common Culture GEORGE LICHTBLAU The Bradley Center for Philanthropic and Civic Renewal President, RocketLine, LLC HERBERT I. LONDON President, Hudson Institute

40 hudson institute KENNETH R. WEINSTEIN Chief Executive Officer ROBERT MANKIN Hudson Institute Independent Management Consultant CURTIN WINSOR, JR. ROBERT H. MCKINNEY Chairman First Indiana Corporation American Chemical Services Company STEPHAN M. MINIKES CLAY T. WHITEHEAD Of Counsel, Xenophon Strategies McLean, VA EBRAHIM MOUSSAZADEH JOHN C. WOHLSTETTER President, Matrix Creations Senior Fellow, Discovery Institute NEIL H. OFFEN President, Direct Selling Association YOJI OHASHI Officers Chairman, All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. MICHAEL LUNCEFORD KENNETH R. WEINSTEIN Senior Vice President Chief Executive Officer Government Relations, Mary Kay Inc. Washington, DC CAROLYN S. PARLATO HERBERT I. LONDON President, C&C Shorelands, Inc. President RICHARD PERLE New York, NY Resident Fellow, AEI S. ENDERS WIMBUSH E. MILES PRENTICE, III Senior Vice President for International Partner, Eaton & Van Winkle LLP Policy and Programs STEVEN PRICE DEBORAH L. HOOPES Senior Managing Director, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Centerbridge Partners GRACE PAINE TERZIAN JACK ROSEN Vice President for Communications CEO, Rosen Partners AMANDA SOKOLSKI NINA ROSENWALD Director of Development New York, NY KATHERINE SMYTH WILLIAM D. SIEGEL Corporate Secretary and Program Manager New York, NY MAX SINGER Senior Fellow and Cofounder, Hudson Institute

2008 annual report 41 www.hudson.org

Hudson Institute would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this report: James Bologna, Rachel Currie, Catherine Fisher, Nancy Hamilton, Debbie Hoopes, Susan Kristol, Gerardo Pantoja, Mitzi Pepall, Philip Ross, Ioannis Saratsis, Katherine Smyth, Amanda Sokolski, Grace Terzian, and Laddyma Thompson. An appreciative audience at the 2008 Bradley Symposium “Encounter at 10: The Power of Ideas” HUDSON INSTITUTE

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