Luke the Evangelist (: Λουκᾶς, Loukás) 4:14 and :11)..[4][5][6][7][8] is one of the - the four authors of His earliest notice is in Paul’s to Philemon-- canonical of . Luke was a native of Philemon 1:24. He is also mentioned in :14 the Hellenistic city of in . The early and 2Timothy 4:11, two works commonly ascribed to fathers ascribed to him authorship of both the ac- Paul. The next earliest account of Luke is in the Anti- cording to Luke and the book of , Marcionite Prologue to the , a document which originally formed a single literary work, referred once thought to date to the 2nd century, but which has to as Luke-Acts. Prominent figures in early more recently been dated to the later 4th century. Helmut such as and later reaffirmed his author- Koester, however, claims that the following part – the ship, although within scholarly circles, both secular and only part preserved in the original Greek – may have been religious, discussions have taken place due to the lack of composed in the late 2nd century: evidence as to the identity of the author of the works. The mentions Luke briefly a few times, Luke, was born in Antioch, by profession, and the Pauline epistle to the Colossians refers to him as was a physician.[9] He had become a disci- a doctor; thus he is thought to have been both a physician ple of the apostle Paul and later followed Paul and a of Paul. since the faith’s early until his [Paul’s] martyrdom. Having served years have regarded him as a . He is believed to have the Lord continuously, unmarried and without died a , although accounts of the events do vary. children, filled with the Holy Spirit he died at The Roman and other major denomi- the age of 84 years. (p. 335) nations venerate him as Saint Luke the Evangelist and as a of artists, physicians, surgeons, students and butchers; his feast day takes place on 18 October.

1 Life

Base of a pillar at Sacred Heart Church, Puducherry, India

Luke is believed by many scholars to be a Greek physi- cian who lived in the Greek city of Antioch in Ancient Syria, though some other scholars and theologians think - Saint Luke (Saint Luc) - Brooklyn Museum Luke was a Hellenic Jew.[2][3] This Luke is mentioned in Paul’s (v.24), and in two other epis- Epiphanius states that Luke was one of the Seventy (Pa- tles which are traditionally ascribed to Paul (Colossians narion 51.11), and indicates at one

1 2 2 LUKE AS A

point that the “brother” Paul mentions in 2 Timothy 4:11 Kallistos Xanthopoulos (Ecclesiastical History 14th cen- is either Luke or . tury AD., Migne P.G. 145, 876) and others, Luke’s tomb If one accepts that Luke was in fact the author of the was located in Thebes (Greece), whence his were Gospel bearing his name and also the Acts of the Apos- transferred to in the year 357. tles, certain details of his personal life can be reasonably assumed. While he does exclude himself from those who were eyewitnesses to Jesus’ ministry, he repeatedly uses 2 Luke as a historian the word “we” in describing the Pauline missions in Acts of the Apostles, indicating that he was personally there at See also: Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles, those times.[10] Census of and There is similar evidence that Luke resided in Troas, the Most scholars understand Luke’s works (Luke-Acts) in province which included the ruins of ancient , in that he writes in Acts in the third person about Paul and his travels until they get to Troas, where he switches to the first person plural. The “we” section of Acts continues until the group leaves , when his writing goes back to the third person. This change happens again when the group returns to Philippi. There are three “we sections” in Acts, all following this rule. Luke never stated, however, that he lived in Troas, and this is the only evidence that he did. The composition of the writings, as well as the range of vocabulary used, indicate that the author was an educated man. A quote in the Letter of Paul to the Colossians differentiates between Luke and other colleagues “of the circumcision.”

10 My fellow prisoner Aristarchus sends you his greetings, as does Mark, the cousin of Barnabas. 11 Jesus, who is called Justus, also sends greetings. These are the only among my co-workers for the kingdom of God, and they have proved a comfort to me. ... 14 Our dear friend Luke, the doctor, and send greetings. Colossians 4:10-11,14.

This comment has traditionally caused commentators to conclude that Luke was a . If this were true, it A medieval Armenian illumination, by . would make Luke the only writer of the New Testament who can clearly be identified as not being Jewish. How- the tradition of Greek historiography.[15] The preface of ever, that is not the only possibility. Although Luke is The Gospel of Luke[16] drawing on historical investigation considered likely to be a Gentile Christian, some scholars [11][12][13] identified the work to the readers as belonging to the genre believe him to be a Hellenized Jew. The phrase of history.[17] There is some disagreement about how best could just as easily be used to differentiate between those to treat Luke’s writings, with some regarding Christians who strictly observed the rituals of Judaism [10] Luke as highly accurate, and others taking a more critical and those who did not. approach. Luke’s presence in with the Apostle Paul near the Based on his accurate description of towns, cities and is- end of Paul’s life was attested by 2 Timothy 4:11: “Only lands, as well as correctly naming various official titles, Luke is with me”. In the last chapter of the Book of Acts, archaeologist Sir William Ramsay wrote that “Luke is a widely attributed to Luke, we find several accounts in the historian of the first rank; not merely are his statements first person also affirming Luke’s presence in Rome in- of fact trustworthy... [he] should be placed along with cluding :16: “And when we came to Rome...” the very greatest of historians.”[18] Professor of Classics According to some accounts, Luke also contributed to at Auckland University, E.M. Blaiklock, wrote: “For ac- authorship of the . curacy of detail, and for evocation of atmosphere, Luke Luke died at age 84 in , according to a “fairly early stands, in fact, with . The Acts of the Apos- and widespread tradition”.[14] According to Nikephoros tles is not shoddy product of pious imagining, but a trust- 3 worthy record... it was the spadework of archaeology 3 Luke as an artist which first revealed the truth.”[19] New Testament scholar Colin Hemer has made a number of advancements in un- Christian tradition, starting from the 8th century, states derstanding the historical nature and accuracy of Luke’s that he was the first painter. He is said to have [20] writings. painted pictures of the Mary and Child, in partic- On the purpose of Acts, New Testament Scholar Luke ular the image in Constantinople (now lost). Timothy Johnson has noted that “Luke’s account is se- Starting from the 11th century a number of painted im- lected and shaped to suit his apologetic interests, not in ages were worshipped as his autograph works, including defiance of but in conformity to ancient standards of for example, the Black of Częstochowa and historiography.”[21] Such a position is shared by most Our Lady of Vladimir. He was also said to have painted commentators such as Richard Heard who sees histori- Peter and Paul, and to have illustrated a gospel cal deficiencies as arising from “special objects in writing book with a full cycle of miniatures.[24] [25] [22] and to the limitations of his sources of information.” Late medieval Guilds of St Luke in the cities of Late Me- However, during modern times, Luke’s competence as a dieval Europe, especially Flanders, or the "Accademia di historian is questioned, although that depends on one’s a San Luca" (Academy of St. Luke) in Rome—imitated priori view of the supernatural. A materialist would see in many other European cities during the 16th century— a narrative that relates supernatural, fantastic things like gathered together and protected painters. The tradition , demons etc., as problematic as a historical source. that Luke painted of Mary and Jesus has been com- And it is understood that Luke did not intend to record mon, particularly in Eastern Orthodoxy. The tradition history. His intention was to proclaim and to persuade. also has support from the of In- Many see this understanding as the final nail in Luke the dia who claim to still have one of the icons [23] historian’s coffin. Robert M. Grant has noted that al- that St. Luke painted and which St. Thomas brought to though Luke saw himself within the historical tradition, India.[26] his work contains a number of statistical improbabilities such as the sizable crowd addressed by Peter in :4. He has also noted chronological difficulties whereby Luke “has refer to and Judas in the wrong or- 4 New Testament books der, and Theudas actually rebelled about a decade after Gamaliel spoke (5:36-7)"[15] See also Gospel of Luke: Author and Acts of the Apostles: Authorship

The Gospel of Luke was written by an anonymous author.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] The Gospel wasn't written and does not claim to be written by direct wit- nesses to the reported events.[29][36][37] Additionally, the earliest manuscript of the Gospel, dated circa AD 200, ascribes the work to Luke; as did , writing circa AD 180, and the from AD 170.[38]

5 The ox as symbol of St. Luke

In traditional depictions, such as paintings, evangelist por- traits and church , St. Luke is often accompanied by an ox or bull, usually having wings. Sometimes only the symbol is shown, especially when in a combination of those of all Four Evangelists.[39][40]

6 The relics of St. Luke the Evan- gelist

Despot George of Serbia bought the relics from the Ot- Luke the Evangelist painting the first icon of the Virgin Mary. toman sultan Murad II for 30,000 gold coins.[41][42] Af- ter the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia, the kingdom’s last 4 8 REFERENCES AND SOURCES

fragment of the relics of St. Luke to be placed on the site where the holy tomb of the Evangelist is located and venerated today”. This prompted a scientific investiga- tion of the relics in , and by numerous lines of em- pirical evidence (archeological analyses of the Tomb in Thebes and the Reliquary of Padua, anatomical analyses of the remains, Carbon-14 dating, comparison with the purported skull of the Evangelist located in ) con- firmed that these were the remains of an individual of Syrian descent who died between 72 and 416 A.D. The Bishop of Padua then delivered to Metropolitan Ierony- mos the rib of St. Luke that was closest to his heart to be kept at his tomb in Thebes, Greece.[41][42] Thus, nowadays, the relics of St. Luke are so divided:

• the body, in the in Padua;

• the head, in the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague;

• a rib, at his tomb in Thebes.

7 See also

•

•

• Matthew the Evangelist

Luke and the Madonna, Altar of the Guild of St. Luke, Hermen 8 References and sources Rode, Lübeck 1484. References

[1] “Saint Luke the Evangelist”. Star Quest Production Net- work. Retrieved 2008-12-27.

[2] Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the . Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. “The Gospels” pp. 266–268

[3] Strelan, Rick - Luke the Priest - the Authority of the Au- thor of the Third Gospel - Was Luke a Jew or Gentile? Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., May 1, 2013, pages 102-110.

[4] The New Testament Documents: Their Origin and Early History, George Milligan, 1913, Macmillan and Co., p. 149

Luke paints the Madonna and the Baby Jesus, by Maarten van [5] Saints: A Visual Guide, Edward Mornin, Lorna Mornin, Heemskerck 2006, Eerdmans Books, p. 74 [6] “Gospel of Saint Luke”, Aherne, Cornelius, The Catholic queen, George’s granddaughter Mary, who had brought Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Com- pany, 1910. 24 Feb. 2013 the relics with her from Serbia as her dowry, sold them to the Venetian Republic.[43] [7] New Outlook, Alfred Emanuel Smith, 1935, Outlook Pub. In 1992, the then Greek Orthodox Metropolitan Co., p. 792 Ieronymos of Thebes and Levathia (the current Arch- [8] New Testament Studies. I. Luke the Physician: The Author bishop of and All Greece) requested from Bishop of the Third Gospel, Adolf von Harnack, 1907, Williams Antonio Mattiazzo of Padua the return of “a significant & Norgate; G.P. Putnam’s Sons, p. 5 5

[9] A Commentary on the Original Text of the Acts of the Apos- [27] E P Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, (Penguin, tles, Horatio Balch Hackett, 1858, Gould and Lincoln; 1995) page 63 - 64. Sheldon, Blakeman & Co., p. 12 [28] Bart D. Ehrman (2000:43) The New Testament: a histor- [10] Encyclopædia Britannica, Micropædia vol. 7, p. 554– ical introduction to early Christian writings. Oxford Uni- 555. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, 1998. versity Press. ISBN 0-85229-633-9. [29] Bart D. Ehrman (2005:235) Lost Christianities: the battles [11] Thomas S. McCall, Th.D. - Was Luke a Gentile? for scripture and the faiths we never knew Oxford Univer- sity Press, New York. [12] Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. “The Gospels” pp. 266–268 [30] Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1995:287) International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: K-P MATTHEW, GOSPEL AC- [13] Strelan, Rick - Luke the Priest - the Authority of the Au- CORDING TO. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Quote: thor of the Third Gospel - Was Luke a Jew or Gentile? „Matthew, like the other three Gospels is an anonymous Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., May 1, 2013, pages 102-110. document.”

[14] Walsh, ed. “Butler’s Lives of the Saints.” [31] Donald Senior, Paul J. Achtemeier, Robert J. Karris (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), pp. 342. (2002:328) Invitation to the Gospels Paulist Press.

[15] Grant, Robert M., “A Historical Introduction to the New [32] Keith Fullerton Nickle (2001:43) The : Testament” (Harper and Row, 1963) an introduction Westminster John Knox Press.

[16] “:1-4”. [33] Ben Witherington (2004:44) The Gospel code: novel [17] Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses. 117. claims about Jesus, , and Da Vinci In- terVarsity Press. [18] Ramsay, The Bearing Of Recent Discovery On The Trust- worthiness Of The New Testament, 222, 1915 [34] F.F. Bruce (1994:1) The Wm. B. Eerd- mans Publishing. [19] Blaiklock, The Archaeology of the New Testament, page 96, Zondervan Publishing Houst, Grand Rapids, Michi- [35] Patrick J. Flannagan (1997:16) The Made gan, 1970. Easy Paulist Press

[20] Hemer, “The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenic His- [36] Bart D. Ehrman (2004:110) Truth and Fiction in The Da tory”, 104–107, as summarized by MacDowell. Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine. Oxford [21] Johnson, Luke Timothy “The Acts of the Apostles” (The University Press. Liturgical Press, 1992), pp. 474-476, cited at http://www. earlychristianwritings.com/luke.html [37] Bart D. Ehrman (2006:143) The lost Gospel of Judas Is- cariot: a new look at betrayer and betrayed. Oxford Uni- [22] Heard, Richard: An Introduction to the New Testament versity Press. Chapter 13: The Acts of the Apostles, Harper & Broth- ers, 1950 http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp? [38] Brown, Raymond E. An Introduction to the New Testa- title=531 ment, p. 267. Anchor Bible; 1st edition (October 13, 1997). ISBN 978-0-385-24767-2. [23] Powell, Mark (1989). What are they saying about Luke?. Paulist Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-8091-3111-0. [39] Stefano Zuffi (2003). “The Evangelists and their sym- bols”. Gospel Figures in Art. Getty Publications. ISBN [24] Grigg, Robert, “Byzantine Credulity as an Impediment to 0-89236-727-X. Antiquarianism”, Gesta, Vol. 26, No. 1 (1987), pp. 5-6, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Interna- [40] George Ashdown Audsley and William Audsley (1865). tional Center of Medieval Art, JSTOR “Chapter VI. Symbols and emblems of the Evangelists and the Apostles”. Handbook of Christian Symbolism. [25] The basic study on the legends concerning Saint Luke as Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-0- a painter is Michele Bacci, Il pennello dell'Evangelista. 7661-5437-7. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca (Pisa: Gisem, 1998). [41] The Beloved Physician St. Luke, Padua.

[26] Father H. Hosten in his book Antiquities notes the fol- [42] Wade, Nicholas. "Body of St. Luke Gains Credibility.” lowing “The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, New York Times, October 16, 2001. and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paint- [43] Van Antwerp Fine, John, The Bosnian Church: a new in- ings to be had in India. Other traditions hold that St. terpretation: a study of the Bosnian Church and its place Luke painted two icons which currently are in Greece: in state and society from the 13th to the 15th centuries, the “Theotokos Mega Spileotissa” (Our Lady of the Great page 331, East European quarterly, 1975. Cave, where supposedly St. Luke lived for a period of time in asceticism) and the “Panagia Soumela”, and “Panagia Kykkou” which are in .” Sources 6 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Michele Bacci, Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca, Pisa: Gisem-Ets, 1998.

• I. Howard Marshall. Luke: Historian and Theolo- gian. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.

• F.F. Bruce, The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles. London: The Tyndale Press, 1942.

• Helmut Koester. Ancient Christian Gospels. Har- risburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 1999. • Burton L. Mack. Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth. San Francisco, California: HarperCollins, 1996. • J. Wenham, “The Identification of Luke”, Evangelical Quarterly 63 (1991), 3–44

9 External links

• Biblical Interpretation of Texts of Saint Luke

• Early Christian Writings: Gospel of Luke e-texts, in- troductions

• National Academy of Sciences on Luke the Evange- list

• Patron Saint Luke • Photo of the grave of Luke in Padua (in German)

• DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse 7

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text • Luke the Evangelist Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist?oldid=630734664 Contributors: Wesley, Claudine- Chionh, Danny, Shsilver, Deb, Paul Barlow, Llywrch, Stephen C. Carlson, Tgeorgescu, Steffen, Vargenau, Joy, Wetman, Hajor, Jeffq, Robbot, Babbage, Danceswithzerglings, Lzur, DocWatson42, Mintleaf, Tom harrison, Jacob1207, Varlaam, Gilgamesh, Djegan, Manuel Anastácio, Andycjp, Jonel, Quadell, Blankfaze, JoJan, MisfitToys, Necrothesp, Trevor MacInnis, Bluemask, N-k, Mike Rosoft, D6, Ouro, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Rubicon, Djordjes, Clement Cherlin, Jolomo, Dee Earley, Man vyi, Polylerus, Alansohn, Sciurinæ, Ghirlandajo, Spartacus007, Duoraven, Angr, FeanorStar7, Mazca, Miss Madeline, John Hill, KHM03, Obersachse, JEB90, Cuchullain, BD2412, Galwhaa, Angusmclellan, TexasDawg, Lairor, Yamamoto Ichiro, Janothird, FlaBot, Betasam, Str1977, Mathrick, Phatcat68, Imnotminkus, King of Hearts, Chobot, DTOx, 334a, Jpacold, YurikBot, Wavelength, The Literate Engineer, Pigman, Lord Jim, Chen- siyuan, Stephenb, NawlinWiki, Matia.gr, Wiki alf, Grafen, Kdbuffalo, Stijn Calle, Ari89, Dissolve, Bota47, Blowdart, Evrik, Tomisti, Wknight94, Peter Kirby, Closedmouth, Chanheigeorge, Garion96, Luk, SmackBot, C.Fred, Bomac, Stephensuleeman, Alsandro, Alex earlier account, Yamaguchi, Gilliam, The Gnome, Carl.bunderson, Ludi, Thurifer, Enkyklios, MalafayaBot, Hibernian, Colonies Chris, Darth Panda, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cplakidas, JonHarder, Mindstar, Makemi, Savidan, LoveMonkey, Andrew c, James Mohr, Luke C, SashatoBot, Lambiam, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Tktktk, JoshuaZ, Sethjames, A. Parrot, Slakr, Heeheeman, JMK, Xensyria, Saebhiar, Rnb, Courcelles, Tawkerbot2, MonkeeSage, Kentstander, Fetofsbot2, Comrade42, 5-HT8, Dgw, ShelfSkewed, WeggeBot, Cy- debot, Mato, Lugnuts, Dynaflow, Clovis Sangrail, Nowhere man, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Barticus88, Davefoc, Bobblehead, Bennyfactor, Edwin Hale, Natalie Erin, Ad.minster, Fayenatic london, JAnDbot, Deltopia, Acroterion, Magioladitis, Buddy-the-goon, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, TonySever, Doug Coldwell, Nyttend, Sgr927, Edward321, Morgan Wright, Keith D, Brain Rodeo, J.delanoy, Uncle Dick, Gzkn, Johnbod, Itohacs, Your1mum, Aram33, DadaNeem, Vanished user 39948282, MishaPan, Idioma-bot, Redtigerxyz, Deor, VolkovBot, Morenooso, Jeff G., Nburden, AlnoktaBOT, Majoreditor, Moegopher, Dominics Fire, Barneca, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, ElinorD, Qxz, Littlealien182, John Carter, LeaveSleaves, Andreas84, Imbris, AlleborgoBot, Quantpole, NHRHS2010, Hughey, SieBot, StAnselm, Nihil novi, BotMultichill, DavisGL, Dawn Bard, Caltas, Mobsters, JabbaTheBot, Save-Me-Oprah, Alazian, OKBot, Vanished user ew- fisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, LAS1180, Denisarona, Gr8opinionater, SlackerMom, ClueBot, Hutcher, The Thing That Should Not Be, Tigerboy1966, AusTerrapin, Kathleen.wright5, Singinglemon, Eeekster, Riccardo Riccioni, Elizium23, Jinlye, Greek Transis- tor, SchreiberBike, Catalographer, Mattissa, Dalibor Bosits, Pcull, Dthomsen8, Avoided, WikiDao, Good Olfactory, HexaChord, Addbot, Blanche of King’s Lynn, Friginator, Nomadic Whitt, Ka Faraq Gatri, Cst17, Morning277, CarsracBot, ShepBot, Bassbonerocks, An- naFrance, Favonian, SamatBot, Numbo3-bot, Konstantinos, Issyl0, Tide rolls, BrianKnez, Lightbot, Alf teck, Tarheelz123, Cagney & Stacey, Ret.Prof, LuK3, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Roltz, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Adamnewt, Merwood1, Superspyman977, Ulric1313, Ma- terialscientist, Bob Burkhardt, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Jayarathina, Zad68, Capricorn42, Davshul, Praiseandworship, Shirik, RibotBOT, Fres- coBot, Goldengreek25, Meissen, Filippo83, Sirtywell, VI, Civilizededucation, Winterst, I dream of horses, Maginks, 10metreh, Giford, SpokheedNinees., Tomcat7, RedBot, ReaverFlash, FoxBot, Flamebumblebee, Vrenator, Jeffrd10, Jackduhammer, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth, Bobby122, Minimac, the Monk, NerdyScienceDude, In ictu oculi, WikitanvirBot, 2.15pm, Laurel Lodged, TuHan-Bot, Orangyish, Wikipelli, AsceticRose, Daonguyen95, Imadjafar, A930913, John.hayek, Rod hayes, Jake72s, Brandmeister, L Kensington, Philafrenzy, Willthacheerleader18, ChuispastonBot, Signalizing, ClueBot NG, 621zman, Hindustanilanguage, Cntras, Twillisjr, Philadel- phia 2009, Mannanan51, Widr, Ryanfinesstein, WilliamJustinM, Helpful Pixie Bot, ElphiBot, Davidiad, Marcocapelle, Mark Arsten, Ci- tationCleanerBot, Gpro67, Jfhutson, Anbu121, Vanished user lt94ma34le12, YFdyh-bot, Finnegas, Terp05, Mogism, Lugia2453, Frosty, SFK2, Wywin, Trphierth, Gabby Merger, Yakikaki, Thompsonam23, Sosthenes12, DavidLeighEllis, LahmacunKebab, Jerm729, Writers Bond, Vieque, Michele Bacci, Trevor Skumin, JudeccaXIII, Ruwdaman and Anonymous: 361

10.2 Images • File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Andrea_Mantegna_017.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Andrea_Mantegna_017.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: ? • File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Saint_Luke_(Saint_Luc)_-_James_Tissot.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 1/14/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Saint_Luke_%28Saint_Luc%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Online Collection of Brooklyn Museum; Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 2007, 00.159.207_PS2.jpg Original artist: James Tissot • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:De_heilige_Lucas_schildert_de_Madonna_-_Maarten_van_Heemskerck-1532.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/1/16/De_heilige_Lucas_schildert_de_Madonna_-_Maarten_van_Heemskerck-1532.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Frans Hals Museum Original artist: Maarten van Heemskerck • File:Evangelist_Luka_pishustchiy_ikonu.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Evangelist_Luka_ pishustchiy_ikonu.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.museum.ru/alb/image.asp?12822 Original artist: Anonymous Russian icon painter (before 1917) Public domain image (according to PD-RusEmpire) • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:Hermen_Rode_001.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Hermen_Rode_001.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECT- MEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Hermen Rode • File:Kirchenfenster_Böckweiler.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Kirchenfenster_B%C3% B6ckweiler.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/11596438@N00/2435169073/sizes/o/in/ photostream/ Original artist: tiegeltuf 8 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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