Unraveling a Place-Based Experience: Mapping a Commercial Evolution in Over-The-Rhine, Cincinnati, OH
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Unraveling a Place-Based Experience: Mapping a Commercial Evolution in Over-The-Rhine, Cincinnati, OH A thesis submitted to The Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Community Planning in the School of Planning of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning by Daniella Beltran Bachelor of Science in Architecture The Ohio State University Committee Chair: Dr. Conrad Kickert Committee Member: Dr. Christopher Auffrey Submitted March 30, 2017 ABSTRACT We, as shoppers, homeowners, employees, company executives, and onlookers, have been convinced that Over-the-Rhine (OTR) is where we should be and where we want to be. This is made evident by consistently rising retail sales, condominium/town-home development and sales, employment increases, company relocations, and media attention. These indicators of a growing economy contrast with the devastated circumstances experienced throughout the neighborhood’s history. OTR seems to have instilled a renewed sense of place, made up by a pleasing physical setting, a distinct image, and a range of activities for people to participate in. As the current commercial scene undergoes dramatic changes, it becomes increasingly worthwhile to understand how the commercial experience being created today compares to past experiences. An investigation of patterns in commercial use over time can provide context to our understanding of OTR’s evolved sense of place. This study documents the spatial arrangement of ground-floor commercial spaces, organized by product and/or service type, as listed for the years 1930, 1961, 1993, and 2017. The patterns of changes observed demonstrate an organizational difference between commercial development that occurs “naturally” and that “instigated.” Growth and decline of ground-floor commercial spaces experienced incremental decline between 1930 and 1993, while the period between 1993 and 2017 shows the effect of large-scale influence. The businesses that maintained through decline show optimal locations and the capacity of an area to support multiples of a type. For retail types of businesses, a location on a core north-south street, and at an intersection, facilitated ongoing active commercial use over time. Industrial and wholesale businesses tended to locate at the edges of the communities in the neighborhood. Commercial uses with cultural significance also tended to last. ii The commercial make-up that existed in each year experienced changes over time as well, where the proportion of daily goods and services located in OTR was higher historically than the proportion found today. Now, uses like bars/restaurants, leisure goods, and parking take up more space. This shift in predominate commercial uses reflects a correlated shift in who is being accommodated by OTR’s commercial businesses, namely outsiders to the neighborhood with access to discretionary spending. This is an outcome of a pervasive decrease in neighborhood population which caused the decrease of business operations. The state of vacancy, paired with social pressures for change, provided an opportunity for OTR to serve a new role in the metropolitan area. A concerted effort has led to a creation of an experience- based economy which offers a unique urban lifestyle for visitors and new residents, but which does not offer the daily needs of a socio-economically mixed resident base. While the establishment of a new economy has been critical to instigating change, movement toward production that is linked to current and future types of consumption will create to a commercial network that contributes to a local economy that can be sustained over time. iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank Dr. Conrad Kickert for encouraging me to take on a thesis project, since the early days of my pursuit of a Master’s degree. His guidance throughout this project has been much appreciated. His personal research of retail patterns over time for different cities was critical to my development of a methodology for this research. I would also like to thank Dr. Christopher Auffrey whose eagerness to learn as much from me as I have learned from him has been rewarding. His years of experience in Cincinnati was a helpful source of reference. In addition, his ability to relate my findings to his experiences in Denver, CO, strengthened my perspective on the relevance of this research. I am extremely thankful for the time and insights provided to me by Kathleen Norris and John Yung, with Urban Fast Forward, and Lann Field with 3CDC. I have further valued the encouragement received from my classmates and others who have learned about my research along the way. Lastly, thank you to Kristina Fancher for her critical help in securing my first-choice presentation room for my defense of this work. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ viii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... x List of Charts .................................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background ................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Problem Statement and Research Questions .......................................................... 6 1.4 Approach ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Scope and Limitations .............................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2: National Trends in Commercial Development ......................................................... 13 2.1 Shifts in Commercial Strategies and Urban Implications ....................................... 13 2.2 From Commodities, to Goods, to Services, to Experiences & Transformations ... 16 2.3 Evolution of Consumer Spending ............................................................................. 18 2.4 Understanding Place and its Relationship to the Market ....................................... 23 2.5 Historic Preservation as an Economic Development Tool ...................................... 26 2.6 Initial Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 3: Local Analysis: Qualitative Observation .................................................................... 30 3.1 History of Over-the-Rhine Before 1930 ................................................................... 30 3.2 Conditions and Changes Between 1930 and 1961 ............................................... 36 3.3 Conditions and Changes Between 1961 and 1993 ............................................... 41 3.4 Conditions and Changes Between 1993 and 2017 ............................................... 54 vi Chapter 4: Pattern Recognition of Commercial Evolution .......................................................... 69 4.1 General Patterns of Commercial Spaces ................................................................ 69 4.1.1 Connectivity of Street ............................................................................... 77 4.1.2 Cluster Patterns ........................................................................................ 79 4.1.3. Interior V. Exterior .................................................................................... 79 4.2 Patterns of “Run” Businesses .................................................................................. 81 4.3 Patterns of “Destination” Businesses ..................................................................... 86 4.4 Patterns of “Fun” Businesses .................................................................................. 91 4.5 Patterns of Bars/Restaurants .................................................................................. 95 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................ 99 5.1 Addressing the Research Questions ........................................................................ 99 5.2 Lessons Learned from OTR’s History and Related Literature .............................. 102 5.3 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 105 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 107 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 112 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: “Cincinnati Industries” ...................................................................................................