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Callogorgia Verticillata Biganmprete Copie 1 Le corail noir verticillé Callogorgia verticillata (Pallas, 1766) Comment citer cette fiche : Noël P., 2016. Le corail noir verticillé Callogorgia verticillata (Pallas, 1766). in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed.], 17 juin 2016. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel : 1- 8, site web http://inpn.mnhn.fr Contact de l'auteur : Pierre Noël, SPN et DMPA, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Buffon (CP 48), 75005 Paris ; e-mail [email protected] Figure 1. Callogorgia verticillata, in situ. (© Universidad de Málaga/INDEMARES-Alborán in Gofas & al. 2014) Classification (d’après WoRMS 2016) Phylum Cnidaria Hatscheck, 1888 > Classe Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834 > Sous-classe Octocorallia Haeckel, 1866 > Ordre Alcyonacea Lamouroux, 1812 > Sous-ordre Calcaxonia Grasshoff, 1999 > Famille Primnoidae Milne Edwards, 1857> Genre Callogorgia Gray, 1858. Synonymes usuels (Tortonese 1936 ; INPN 2016) Gorgonia verticillaris Linnaeus Gorgonia verticillata Pallas, 1766 Primnoa verticillaris Milne-Edwards, 1857 Primnoa verticillata Pallas, 1766 Primnoa Ellisii G. Koch, 1887 Nom principal : Corail noir . Noms vernaculaires en français et dans les principales langues étrangères. Français : gorgone verticillaire (Lamouroux 1816) ; corail noir. 2 Anglais : black coral. Cette espèce qui vit en profondeur sur substrats durs est mal connue. Description morphologique sommaire, taille La colonie est arborescente et formée de rameaux soutenus par un axe continu. L'axe est corné et mince. La matière organique qui le forme est plus ou moins mêlée de calcaire. Les ramifications sont pennées. Les polypes sont verticillés par 3 à 6 et portés sur une base qui est terminée par 8 lobes très calcifiés se rabattant sur le polype rétracté et se repliant alors vers l'axe (Perrier 1936 ; Tortonese 1936). La couleur des colonies est blanche ou orangée (Tortonese 1936 ; Fabri et al. 2014 ; Gofas & al. 2014). La taille des colonies peut atteindre 1 à 2 m (Bo et al. 2012 ; Fabri & al. 2014). Risques de confusion de Pourtalès (1868) signale de légères différences entre les spécimens de l'Atlantique oriental (Açores) et ceux de l'Atlantique occidental (Açores) mais ces différences ne justifient pas une séparation au niveau spécifique. Au niveau mondial, il y a 29 espèces dans le genre Callogorgia . Une seule espèce est présente en France métropolitaine (INPN 2016). Biologie - physiologie La biologie de cette espèce semble mal connue. Dans le même milieu, on trouve des poulpes, du corail jaune Dendrophyllia cornigera (Lamarck, 1816), des coraux solitaires Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794), du corail blanc Madrepora occulata Linnaeus, 1758, des antipathaires Leiopathes glaberrima (Esper, 1788), Antipathes sp., des vers Filograna, des poissons Benthocometes robustus (Goode & Bean, 1886), Lophius sp., Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758), Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758, des éponges, des gorgones Plexauridae, des pagures, des comatules Antedon sp., un cnidaire Gerardia sp.), un zoanthaire Isozoanthus primnoidus (Fabri & al. 2014). En épibiontes on peut rencontrer également gastéropodes, nudibranches, crustacés, actiniaires et zoanthaires (Pedel & al. 2013 ; Fabri & al. 2014), Pteria hirundo (Linnaeus, 1758) (Vafidis et al. 1994) et l'ophiure Ophiacantha setosa (Bruzelius, 1805) (Gofas & al. 2014). Les colonies sont orientées par rapport au courant dominant du site d'implantation (Sanchez & al. 2009). Le crabe Paramola cuvieri peut utiliser C. verticillata pour se camoufler (Tyler & Zibrowius 1992). Figure 2. Distribution du Callogorgia verticillata sur les côtes françaises de métropole. (© Pedel & al. 2013). 3 Ecologie, habitat L'espèce est plutôt ubiquiste, circalittorale et bathyale ; elle se rencontre habituellement sur le talus continental de -200 à -800 m (Roule 1895 ; Tortonese 1936 ; Carpine & Grasshoff 1975 ; Vafidis et al. 1994 ; Pedel & al. 2013 ; Gofas & al. 2014) avec comme valeurs extrêmes -60 et -1400 m (Tyler & Zibrowius 1992). Sa distribution bathymétrique peut remonter à la faveur d’écosystèmes particuliers (Philippot & al. 2015) : on peut par exemple la rencontrer au contact du coralligène et des roches profondes (Gofas & al. 2014). Figure 3. Localisation du canyon Bourcart dans le Golfe du Lion (© Fabri & al. 2014). Figure 4. Distribution de Callogorgia verticillata dans les zones sous juridiction française (© INPN 2016). 4 Distribution Callogorgia verticillata est une espèce atlantique et méditerranéenne. En France sa présence a été notée dans le Golfe de Gascogne (Roule 1895 ; Altuna 2010) ; elle a été signalée en Méditerranée sur les côtes de Provence (Laban 1963), dans les canyons Cassidaigne (Fabri et al. 2014), Planier, Sicié, Toulon, Stoéchades (Pedel & al. 2013 ; Fabri & al. 2014), dans le canyon Bourcart - Golfe du Lion (Pedel & al. 2013 ; Fabri et al. 2014) et en Corse (Anonyme 2016). Ailleurs en Atlantique européen, elle est connue des îles britanniques : Ecosse (Chaniotis & al. 2013), Irlande [Porcupine Bank] (Tyler & Zibrowius 1992), Portugal (Nobre 1931), Espagne (Gili 1987), Açores (Studer 1901) , îles du Cap Vert (Thomson 1927) (GBIF 2016 ; OBIS 2016 ; WoRMS 2016), et en Méditerranée elle a été trouvée aux Baléares, en Italie (Carus 1884), en Sicile, en Grèce et au Maroc (GBIF 2016 ; OBIS 2016 ; WoRMS 2016). Enfin elle a été signalée dans l'Atlantique américain au niveau du Golfe du Mexique et du bassin caraïbe en particulier dans les Petites Antilles françaises au large de la Martinique et de Saint-Barthélémy entre 250 et 350m de profondeur (Bayer 1962 ; Philippot 1987 ; Philippot & al. 2015 ; INPN 2016). Figure 5. Distribution européenne de Callogorgia verticillata (© OBIS 2016). Figure 6. Distribution mondiale de Callogorgia verticillata (© GBIF 2016). Menaces et Protection Cette espèce est menacée par les lignes de pêche et les chalutages profonds ; les palangres et 5 les filets restent parfois accrochés au substrat dur, causant parfois des dommages physiques aux colonies (Bo & al. 2012 ; Pedel & al. 2013 ; Fabri & al. 2014). En Italie, l'espèce a été évaluée "NT" en liste rouge selon les critères de l'UICN (Salvati & al. 2014). Figure 7. Evaluation de Callogorgia verticillata en Liste Rouge. Bibliographie, sitographie et autres sources documentaires Altuna A., 2010. Listado de los cnidarios bentónicos (Cnidaria) del Golfo de Vizcaya y zonas próximas (Atlántico NE) (42º N a 48º30’N y 10º W). Proyecto Fauna Ibérica, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid : 1-27. Altuna A., 1994. Observaciones biogeográficas sobre los cnidarios bentónicos de la Costa Vasca. Kobie (Serie Ciencias Naturales), Bilbao, 22: 41-57. Anonyme 2016. http://eqel.univ-corse.fr/Une-mission-avec-la-COMEX-pour-percer-le- mystere-des-atolls-de-coralligene-Le-projet-MEDATOLLS_a136.html Bayer F. M., 1962. Some new and old species of the primnoid genus Callogorgia Gray, with a revalidation of the related genus Fanellia Gray (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Washington D.C., 95 (1): 116- 160. Bo M., Cerrano C., Canese S., Salvati E., Angiolillo M., Santangelo G., Bavestrello G., 2014. The coral assemblages of an off-shore deep Mediterranean rocky bank (NW Sicily, Italy). Marine Ecology, 35 (3): 332-342. Bo M., Di Camillo C. G., Bertolino M., Povero P., Misic C., Castellano M., Covazzi Harriague A., Gasparini G. P., Borghini M., Schroeder K., Bavestrello G., 2010. The megabenthic assemblages of the Verticelli seamounts (North Tyrrhenian Sea). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 17 (1): 94-97. Bosc L. A. G., 1801. Histoire naturelle des vers, contenant leur description et leurs moeurs ; avec figures dessinées d'après nature. An X (1801-1802). Paris, Déterville, vol. 3. Cairns S. D., Bayer F. M., 2009. A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Cnidaria:Octocorallia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington DC (USA). 629: 1-79. Carpine C., 1963. Contribution à la connaissance des gorgones Holaxinia de la Méditerranée occidentale. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique de Monaco, 60: 1-52. Carpine C., Grasshoff M., 1975. Les gorgonaires de la Méditerranée. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique de Monaco, 71: 1-140. Carreiro-Silva, M., Braga-Henriques, A., Sampaio, I., de Matos, V., Porteiro, F.M., Ocana, O., 2011. Isozoanthus primnoidus, a new species of zoanthid (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) associated with the gorgonian Callogorgia verticillata (Cnidaria: Alcyonacea). Ices Journal of Marine Science, 68, 408-415. 6 Carus J. V., 1884. Prodromus faunae mediterraneae sive descriptiones animalium Mare Mediterranei incolarum quam comparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus eorumque auctoribus in commodum zoologorum, pars I : 1- 524. Chaniotis P., Henry L.-A., Roberts M., 2013. What lies beneath? Improving the classification of deep-water habitats around Scotland to support marine protected area planning. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Aberdeen, JNCC : http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Version1_IMPAC_block_colour_version_reduced.pdf Ellis J., 1776. On the Nature of the Gorgonia; That It is a Real Marine Animal, and Not of a Mixed Nature, between Animal and Vegetable. By John Ellis, Esq. FRS in a Letter to Daniel Solander, MDFRS. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 66: 1-17. EOL, 2016. Callogorgia verticillata (Pallas, 1766). Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) : http://eol.org/pages/322071/overview Consulté le 16 juin 2016. Fabri M. C., Pedel L., Beuck L., Galgani F., Hebbeln D., Freiwald A., 2014. Megafauna of vulnerable marine
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