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The First Virtual Endocasts of North American Adapiform Primates

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The First Virtual Endocasts of North American Adapiform Primates THE FIRST VIRTUAL ENDOCASTS OF NORTH AMERICAN ADAPIFORM PRIMATES By ARIANNA R. HARRINGTON A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF THE MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 © 2015 Arianna R. Harrington ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to full-heartedly thank Dr. Jonathan Bloch of the Florida Museum of Natural History for serving as my primary advisor and committee chair, and Dr. Bruce MacFadden of the Florida Museum of Natural History and Dr. David Daegling of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Florida for serving on my committee. I would like to thank all three of my committee members for their time and helpful suggestions with my project and this manuscript. I would also like to thank Dr. Mary Silcox of the University of Toronto, Scarborough, for her help, advice, and training with regards to the reconstruction of virtual endocasts, Dr. Douglas Boyer of Duke University for help acquiring, scanning, and facilitating access to specimens used for this study, and Gabriel Yapuncich of Duke University for helpful conversations about body mass estimation. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their support during the course of my education. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................3 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................6 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................7 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................11 Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Overview .................................................................................11 Endocasts ................................................................................................................................13 Institutional Abbreviations .....................................................................................................16 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...........................................................................................18 3 RESULTS ...............................................................................................................................27 Developmental Stage of UM 32773 .......................................................................................27 Sex of USNM V 23277, USNM V 23278, and USNM V 17996 ...........................................28 Description of the Endocasts of Notharctus tenebrosus .........................................................29 Comparisons to Previously Published Endocasts of Notharctus tenebrosus..........................34 Description of the Virtual Endocasts of Smilodectes gracilis ................................................37 Comparisons to Previously Published Endocasts of Smilodectes gracilis .............................40 The Virtual Endocast of Adapis parisiensis ...........................................................................43 Body Mass Estimates and Encephalization Quotients ............................................................43 Relative Sizes of the Olfactory Bulbs .....................................................................................46 4 DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................................76 Sylvian Sulcus ........................................................................................................................77 Suprasylvian Sulcus ................................................................................................................80 Cerebral Proportions and Sexual Dimorphism .......................................................................80 Ontogeny and Endocast Morphology .....................................................................................82 Stratigraphy and Endocast Morphology .................................................................................84 Is S. gracilis More Encephalized than N. tenebrosus? ...........................................................85 5 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................91 APPENDIX A TABLES .................................................................................................................................94 4 B CODE ...................................................................................................................................105 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................115 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................123 5 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 High resolution CT scanner settings for each specimen in the sample. .............................26 2-2 Summary of equations used in calculations in this study ..................................................26 3-1 Dental measurements of specimens in the sample. ............................................................47 3-2 Measurements of the virtual endocasts of Notharctus tenebrosus.....................................53 3-3 Measurements of the virtual endocasts of Smilodectes gracilis ........................................58 3-4 Measurements of the virtual endocast of Adapis parisiensis. ............................................62 3-5 Body mass estimates for specimens in the sample using dental proxies. ..........................63 3-6 Measurements of postcranial variables of specimens in the sample. .................................65 3-7 Body mass estimates of specimens in the sample based on equations from Gingerich (1990). ................................................................................................................................65 3-8 Body mass estimates of specimens in the sample based on equations from Boyer (2009). ................................................................................................................................66 3-9 Endocast volume and encephalization quotients for specimens in the sample. .................71 A-1 Canine dimensions of Notharctus tenebrosus and Smilodectes gracilis ...........................94 A-2 Previous body mass, endocranial volume, encephalization quotient, and calculation method for fossil primates. ................................................................................................95 A-3 Average body mass, endocranial volume, encephalization quotient of extant primate species. ...............................................................................................................................96 A-4 Body mass, endocranial volume, and olfactory bulb volume of primates and “insectivores”. ..................................................................................................................103 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 A graphic representation of the time periods in which the genera Notharctus and Smilodectes and the species Notharctus tenebrosus and Smilodectes gracilis were present in North America.. .................................................................................................17 2-1 Occlusal view of the cranium of UM32773 and a CT cross-sectional view of the maxilla................................................................................................................................25 3-1 Hypothetical proportion of adult body mass and brain mass achieved by UM 32773 at death compared to growth in Saimiri sciurus.. ..............................................................47 3-2 The crania of specimens in the sample. .............................................................................48 3-3 The labeled virtual endocast of Notharctus tenebrosus (AMNH 127167) in 6 views .......49 3-4 The virtual endocast of Notharctus tenebrosus (AMNH 127167) in a translucent rendering of it cranium in 3 views .....................................................................................50 3-5 The virtual endocast of Notharctus tenebrosus (USNM V 23277) ...................................51 3-6 The virtual endocast of Notharctus tenebrosus (USNM V 23278) ...................................52 3-7 The virtual endocasts of all specimens in the sample ........................................................54 3-8 The labeled virtual endocast of Smilodectes gracilis (USNM V 17994) in 6 views .........55 3-9 The labeled virtual endocast of Smilodectes gracilis (UM 32773) in 6 views ..................56 3-10 The virtual endocast of Smilodectes gracilis (USNM V 17996) .......................................57 3-11 The virtual endocast of the adult male Smilodectes gracilis (USNM V 17994) and the juvenile Smilodectes gracilis (UM 32773) in a transparent rendering of its skull ............59 3-12 The virtual endocast of Adapis parisiensis (NHM M 1345)..............................................60 3-13 The virtual endocast of Adapis parisiensis (NHM M 1345) in a translucent rendering of it cranium .......................................................................................................................61
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