The Second Law of Thermodynamics Forbids Time Travel

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Second Law of Thermodynamics Forbids Time Travel Cosmology, 2014, Vol. 18. 212-222 Cosmology.com, 2014 The Second Law Of Thermodynamics Forbids Time Travel Marko Popovic Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA Abstract Four space-time coordinates define one thermodynamic parameter - Volume. Cell/ organism growth is one of the most fundamental properties of living creatures. The growth is characterized by irreversible change of the volume of the cell/organism. This irreversible change of volume (growth of the cell/organism) makes the system irreversibly change its thermodynamic state. Irreversible change of the systems thermodynamic state makes impossible return to the previous state characterized by state parameters. The impossibility to return the system to the previous state leads to conclusion that even to artificially turn back the arrow of time (as a parameter), it is not possible to turn back the state of the organism and its surroundings. Irreversible change of thermodynamic state of the organism is also consequence of the accumulation of entropy during life. So even if we find the way to turn back the time arrow it is impossible to turn back the state of the thermodynamic system (including organism) because of irreversibility of thermodynamic/ physiologic processes in it. Keywords: Time travel, Entropy, Living Organism, Surroundings, Irreversibility Cosmology, 2014, Vol. 18. 212-222 Cosmology.com, 2014 1. Introduction The idea of time travel has fascinated humanity since ancient times and can be found in texts as old as Mahabharata and Talmud. Later it continued to be developed in literature (i.e. Dickens' “A Christmas Carol”, or Twain's “A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court”…). In recent times the idea has continued to be used in literature and cinematography. Various ways of time travel were and still are a subject of books (The Time Machine by H. G. Wells…) and movies (i.e. Star Trek - 1980’s… Edge of Tomorrow - 2014). However this dreaming idea is also an interesting subject for the conventional science. The main idea is that an organism can travel back trough time and therefore reach thermodynamic states of surroundings that belong to past or future. Is such a process really possible? Time is defined as one of the coordinates of the space/time continuum, according to Einstein (1905). The other (space) coordinates are X, Y and Z. Actually these four coordinates define an important physical property and state parameter of the thermodynamic system - volume (V). V= X Y Z (1) The change of the volume is given as dV= f (dX,dY,dZ,dt) (2) where t is time and f is a function. Volume is one of the state parameters of thermodynamic systems. The other state parameters are pressure, amount of substance, temperature, entropy… Thermodynamic systems change their state by changing their state parameters. The change of state may be reversible or irreversible. There are three types of thermodynamic systems: 1) Isolated system is outlined by both rigid and isothermal border. It exchanges neither substance nor energy in any form with its surroundings. 2) Closed system border allows exchange of energy, but not substance with its surroundings. 3) Open system exchanges both, substance and energy with its surroundings. Living organisms are open thermodynamic systems according to Theory of open systems in biology (Von Bertalanffy, 1950). The description of a cell/organism exactly fits the description of a thermodynamic system. Both are defined by their content and borders. The borders of the cell/organism are semipermeable, so they exchange both substance and energy with their surroundings. Therefore organisms are open thermodynamic systems. This means that organisms import substance and energy from their surroundings, change the form of these substances in the synthesis reactions and self assembly processes, and accumulate them. The organisms change their volume, mass and entropy, and therefore change their thermodynamic state. Thus organisms grow. Organisms are open thermodynamic systems far from equilibrium, because only in this way they can perform self-assembly processes and avoid equilibrium in which all life professes would cease. In order to describe behavior of such systems it is necessary to use Prigogine’s nonequilibrium thermodynamic approach (Prigogine, 1946, 1947). The main characteristics of the living structures are: 1) Living things are composed of cells. 2) Living things have different levels of organization. 3) Living things use energy. 4) Living things respond to their environment. 5) Living things reproduce. 6) Living things grow. 7) Living things adapt to their environment. It was reported that organisms increase their entropy during their life span (Hayflick, 1977-2007, Silva, 2008, Hansen, 2008, Gems, & Doonan, 2009, Popovic 2014). This means that they increase their entropy and therefore change their thermodynamic state during transition between two selected time coordinates. Growth also causes the increase of the volume, mass and amount of substance of the organisms. Both increase of entropy and volume (and therefore mass and amount of substance) are irreversible. Furthermore, organisms change their states by changing the state of their surroundings because they import a substance from it. So by irreversibly changing their states, they irreversibly change the state of their surroundings (Atkins, 1995). In that case, an organism changes its state while it changes its time coordinate from t0 to t1 by changing its entropy from S0 to S1, mass from m0 to m1, amount of substance from n0 to n1, and volume from V0 to V1. Actually between two selected time coordinates (t0 and t1) organism imports and accumulates substances. Increase in volume and mass in childhood seems obvious. In childhood entropy increases because accumulation of substances. In senescence entropy increases because accumulation of damages and metabolic errors. Silva reported an increase of entropy during lifespan of average individuals to be 11.404 kJ/K per kg of body mass (Silva &Annamalai 2008). Hayflick marked an increase of entropy as the cause of aging (Hayflick, 1977-2007). Hansen concluded that the entropy of an open thermodynamic system doesn’t have to decrease (Hansen, 2008). Gems & Doonan reported that the entropy of the C. elegans pharynx tissues increases as the animal ages (and organizes itself) (Gems & Doonan, 2009). Popovic suggested that organisms increase their entropy during life because of growth (in youth) and accumulation of errors and damages (in senescence) (Popovic, 2014). To put it another way, the organisms grow, therefore they increase the number of particles (N) by exchange with the surroundings and accumulation of substances. Mass is a function of N. Entropy is also a function of N. m = N (Mr/Na)=f(N) (3) S= k ln W=k ln (CV)N=f(N) (4) m is mass, Mr is relative atomic mass, Na is Avogadro’s number, S is entropy, k is Boltzmann constant, C is proportionality constant, V is volume and N is number of particles. In closed systems N is constant, while in open systems it is a variable. So increase of N in open systems causes the change in m (because of growth and accumulation of substances), V (because of growth) and S (because of growth, accumulation of substances and accumulation of errors and damage). Thus the thermodynamic state of the system changes. Simultaneously the surroundings change its state by changing entropy from S0’ to S1’, mass from m0’ to m1’, amount of substance from n0’ to n1’, and volume from V0’ to V1’ according to the conservation law. The change of state of the system causes a change of state of the surroundings. Both changes of states are irreversible, because irreversibility of accumulation of inert molecules (i.e. lipofuscin), errors and damage. The process of time evolution is shown at figure 1. t0 S0’ m0’ n0’ V0’ t1 S1’ m1’ n1’ V1’ Figure 1: The time evolution of an open thermodynamic system – organism. It I grew up, so I changed my can be clearly seen from the image that parameters to S1 the organism irreversibly changes its S0 m0 n0 V0 m1 n1 V1 volume while decreasing the volume of its surroundings. By changing its volume it also changes its mass, as well as amount of substance and entropy. Time travel means that organisms could travel opposite or in the direction of time arrow from the present time coordinate (i.e. t1) to the selected coordinate in past (t0) or in future (t2). This means that surroundings changes its state that is characterized by selected time coordinate in past or in future. The state of the surroundings is characterized by state parameters such as entropy, volume, mass and others. In that case there is one open question left. Does the organism remain in its local state t1, or does it also change its state simultaneously with the surroundings during time travel? Let’s suppose that the man from the figure 1 is subject of time travel. It is an open question does he change his state during transition of the surroundings from state 2 to state 1? 2. Phenomenological consideration Let’s analyze possible thermodynamic ways for time travel. 2.1. Case 1: Organism changes it state during transition of state of the surroundings In that case organism appears younger because it changes its state simultaneously with the surroundings. It means that it must turn back the entropy and mass accumulated during life span (between t0 and t1). It is not possible because of irreversible processes occurring in the organism, processes of growth and accumulation of entropy. According to Prigogine (Prigogine, 1947) entropy change of the organism is given dS = deS + diS deS denoting the change of entropy by import, diS the production of entropy due to irreversible processes in the system, like chemical reactions, diffusion, and heat transport. Chemical reaction and self assembly processes organize imported substance in the form of structural elements or enzymes that organisms require for physiological function.
Recommended publications
  • The Arrow of Time Volume 7 Paul Davies Summer 2014 Beyond Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University, Journal Homepage P.O
    The arrow of time Volume 7 Paul Davies Summer 2014 Beyond Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University, journal homepage P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, AZ 852871504, USA. www.euresisjournal.org [email protected] Abstract The arrow of time is often conflated with the popular but hopelessly muddled concept of the “flow” or \passage" of time. I argue that the latter is at best an illusion with its roots in neuroscience, at worst a meaningless concept. However, what is beyond dispute is that physical states of the universe evolve in time with an objective and readily-observable directionality. The ultimate origin of this asymmetry in time, which is most famously captured by the second law of thermodynamics and the irreversible rise of entropy, rests with cosmology and the state of the universe at its origin. I trace the various physical processes that contribute to the growth of entropy, and conclude that gravitation holds the key to providing a comprehensive explanation of the elusive arrow. 1. Time's arrow versus the flow of time The subject of time's arrow is bedeviled by ambiguous or poor terminology and the con- flation of concepts. Therefore I shall begin my essay by carefully defining terms. First an uncontentious statement: the states of the physical universe are observed to be distributed asymmetrically with respect to the time dimension (see, for example, Refs. [1, 2, 3, 4]). A simple example is provided by an earthquake: the ground shakes and buildings fall down. We would not expect to see the reverse sequence, in which shaking ground results in the assembly of a building from a heap of rubble.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Temporal Arrows in Space-Time Temporality
    Temporal Arrows in Space-Time Temporality (…) has nothing to do with mechanics. It has to do with statistical mechanics, thermodynamics (…).C. Rovelli, in Dieks, 2006, 35 Abstract The prevailing current of thought in both physics and philosophy is that relativistic space-time provides no means for the objective measurement of the passage of time. Kurt Gödel, for instance, denied the possibility of an objective lapse of time, both in the Special and the General theory of relativity. From this failure many writers have inferred that a static block universe is the only acceptable conceptual consequence of a four-dimensional world. The aim of this paper is to investigate how arrows of time could be measured objectively in space-time. In order to carry out this investigation it is proposed to consider both local and global arrows of time. In particular the investigation will focus on a) invariant thermodynamic parameters in both the Special and the General theory for local regions of space-time (passage of time); b) the evolution of the universe under appropriate boundary conditions for the whole of space-time (arrow of time), as envisaged in modern quantum cosmology. The upshot of this investigation is that a number of invariant physical indicators in space-time can be found, which would allow observers to measure the lapse of time and to infer both the existence of an objective passage and an arrow of time. Keywords Arrows of time; entropy; four-dimensional world; invariance; space-time; thermodynamics 1 I. Introduction Philosophical debates about the nature of space-time often centre on questions of its ontology, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of the Universe and the Arrow of Time
    The Origin of the Universe and the Arrow of Time Sean M Carroll Caltech, Pasadena, CA One of the most obvious facts about the universe is that the past is different from the future. The world around us is full of irreversible processes: we can turn an egg into an omelet, but can't turn an omelet into an egg. Physicists have codified this difference into the Second Law of Thermodynamics: the entropy of a closed system always increases with time. But why? The ultimate explanation is to be found in cosmology: special conditions in the early universe are responsible for the arrow of time. I will talk about the nature of time, the origin of entropy, and how what happened before the Big Bang may be responsible for the arrow of time we observe today. Sean Carroll is a Senior Research Associate in Physics at the California Institute of Technology. He received his Ph.D. in 1993 from Harvard University, and has previously worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the Center for Theoretical Physics at MIT and at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, as well as on the faculty at the University of Chicago. His research ranges over a number of topics in theoretical physics, focusing on cosmology, field theory, particle physics, and gravitation. Carroll is the author of From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time, an upcoming popular-level book on cosmology and the arrow of time. He has also written a graduate textbook, Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity, and recorded a set of lectures on cosmology for the Teaching Company.
    [Show full text]
  • Causality Is an Effect, II
    entropy Article Causality Is an Effect, II Lawrence S. Schulman Physics Department, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5820, USA; [email protected] Abstract: Causality follows the thermodynamic arrow of time, where the latter is defined by the direction of entropy increase. After a brief review of an earlier version of this article, rooted in classical mechanics, we give a quantum generalization of the results. The quantum proofs are limited to a gas of Gaussian wave packets. Keywords: causality; arrow of time; entropy increase; quantum generalization; Gaussian wave packets 1. Introduction The history of multiple time boundary conditions goes back—as far as I know—to Schottky [1,2], who, in 1921, considered a single slice of time inadequate for prediction or retrodiction (see AppendixA). There was later work of Watanabe [ 3] concerned with predic- tion and retrodiction. Then, Schulman [4] uses this as a conceptual way to eliminate “initial conditions” prejudice from Gold’s [5] rationale for the arrow of time and Wheeler [6,7] discusses two time boundary conditions. Gell–Mann and Hartle also contributed to this subject [8] and include a review of some previous work. Finally, Aharonov et al. [9,10] pro- posed that this could solve the measurement problem of quantum mechanics, although this is disputed [11]. See also AppendixB. This formalism has also allowed me to come to a conclusion: effect follows cause in the direction of entropy increase. This result is not unanticipated; most likely everything Citation: Schulman, L.S. Causality Is having to do with arrows of time has been anticipated. What is unusual, however, is the an Effect, II.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature and Origin of Time-Asymmetric Spacetime Structures*
    The nature and origin of time-asymmetric spacetime structures* H. D. Zeh (University of Heidelberg) www.zeh-hd.de Abstract: Time-asymmetric spacetime structures, in particular those representing black holes and the expansion of the universe, are intimately related to other arrows of time, such as the second law and the retardation of radiation. The nature of the quantum ar- row, often attributed to a collapse of the wave function, is essential, in particular, for understanding the much discussed "black hole information loss paradox". However, this paradox assumes a new form and might not even occur in a consistent causal treatment that would prevent the formation of horizons and singularities. A “master arrow”, which combines all arrows of time, does not have to be identified with the direction of a formal time parameter that serves to define the dynamics as a succes- sion of global states (a trajectory in configuration or Hilbert space). It may even change direction with respect to a fundamental physical clock, such as the cosmic expansion parameter if this was formally extended either into a future contraction era or to nega- tive "pre-big-bang" values. 1 Introduction Since gravity is attractive, most gravitational phenomena are asymmetric in time: ob- jects fall down or contract under the influence of gravity. In General Relativity, this asymmetry leads to drastically asymmetric spacetime structures, such as future hori- zons and future singularities as properties of black holes. However, since the relativistic and nonrelativistic laws of gravitation are symmetric under time reversal, all time asymmetries must arise as consequences of specific (only seemingly "normal") initial conditions, for example a situation of rest that can be prepared by means of other ar- * arXiv:1012.4708v11.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncertainty and the Communication of Time
    UNCERTAINTY AND THE COMMUNICATION OF TIME Systems Research and Behavioral Science 11(4) (1994) 31-51. Loet Leydesdorff Department of Science and Technology Dynamics Nieuwe Achtergracht 166 1018 WV AMSTERDAM The Netherlands Abstract Prigogine and Stengers (1988) [47] have pointed to the centrality of the concepts of "time and eternity" for the cosmology contained in Newtonian physics, but they have not addressed this issue beyond the domain of physics. The construction of "time" in the cosmology dates back to debates among Huygens, Newton, and Leibniz. The deconstruction of this cosmology in terms of the philosophical questions of the 17th century suggests an uncertainty in the time dimension. While order has been conceived as an "harmonie préétablie," it is considered as emergent from an evolutionary perspective. In a "chaology", one should fully appreciate that different systems may use different clocks. Communication systems can be considered as contingent in space and time: substances contain force or action, and they communicate not only in (observable) extension, but also over time. While each communication system can be considered as a system of reference for a special theory of communication, the addition of an evolutionary perspective to the mathematical theory of communication opens up the possibility of a general theory of communication. Key words: time, communication, cosmology, epistemology, self-organization UNCERTAINTY AND THE COMMUNICATION OF TIME Introduction In 1690, Christiaan Huygens noted that: "(I)t is not well to identify certitude with clear and distinct perception, for it is evident that there are, so to speak, various degrees of that clearness and distinctness. We are often deluded in things which we think we certainly understand.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arrow of Time, the Nature of Spacetime, and Quantum Measurement
    The arrow of time, the nature of spacetime, and quantum measurement George F R Ellis Mathematics Department, University of Cape Town. October 7, 2011 Abstract This paper extends the work of a previous paper [arXiv:1108.5261v3] on top- down causation and quantum physics, to consider the origin of the arrow of time. It proposes that a ‘past condition’cascades down from cosmological to micro scales, being realised in many microstructures and setting the arrow of time at the quantum level by top-down causation. This physics arrow of time then propagates up, through underlying emergence of higher level structures, to geology, astronomy, engineering, and biology. The appropriate space-time picture to view all this is an emergent block universe (‘EBU’), that recognizes the way the present is di¤erent from both the past and the future. This essential di¤erence is the ultimate reason the arrow of time has to be the way it is. A bonus of this view, entailing the ongoing extension of spacetime as time ‡ows on, is that closed timelike lines are naturally prevented (spacetime singularities will block them o¤). A conclusion of this view is that the process of state vector reduction is central to the ‡ow of time, and is not restricted to laboratory setitngs or any formal process of observation. Contents 1 Quantum theory and the arrow of time 2 2 Foundations 3 2.1 Quantumdynamics............................... 3 2.2 The context: the hierarchy of the structure . 4 2.3 Inter level relations . 4 2.4 Thecentralproposal .............................. 6 3 The arrow of time 7 3.1 Theissue ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Irvine, Course on Time
    Narrative Section of a Successful Proposal The attached document contains the narrative and selected portions of a previously funded grant application. It is not intended to serve as a model, but to give you a sense of how a successful proposal may be crafted. Every successful proposal is different, and each applicant is urged to prepare a proposal that reflects its unique project and aspirations. Prospective applicants should consult the program guidelines at www.neh.gov/grants/education/enduring-questions for instructions. Applicants are also strongly encouraged to consult with the NEH Division of Education Programs staff well before a grant deadline. The attachment only contains the grant narrative and selected portions, not the entire funded application. In addition, certain portions may have been redacted to protect the privacy interests of an individual and/or to protect confidential commercial and financial information and/or to protect copyrighted materials. Project Title: NEH Enduring Questions Course on Time Institution: University of California, Irvine Project Director: James Weatherall Grant Program: Enduring Questions 1100 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Rm. 302, Washington, D.C. 20506 P 202.606.8500 F 202.606.8394 E [email protected] www.neh.gov What won’t fly when you try to kill it? What’s hard to find but often wasted? What heals all wounds but brings only death? Time lends itself to riddles. But perhaps the most puzzling riddle is just this: What is time? It is central to our conceptions of our lives, our selves, and the world around us—and yet capturing it in words seems impossible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Temporalization of Time Basic Tendencies in Modern Debate on Time in Philosophy and Science
    Mike Sandbothe The Temporalization of Time Basic Tendencies in Modern Debate on Time in Philosophy and Science Translated by Andrew Inkpin Online Publication: www.sanbothe.net 2007 A Print Version of this Text was published as: The Temporalization of Time. Basic Tendencies in Modern Debate on Time in Philosophy and Science, Lanham and New York, Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 2 Contents Preface Introduction Chapter I. The Objective Temporalization of Time in Physics 1) The Concept of Reversible Time as the Fundament of Classical Thermodynamics 2) The Introduction of Irreversible Time in Physics: On the Emergence and Scientific Establishment of Thermodynamics a) The Emergence of Thermodynamics in the 19th Century b) The Scientific Establishment of Thermodynamics and the Debate Concerning the Time-theoretical Assumptions of Dynamics 3) The Self-organization of Time and Prigogine’s Theory of Dissipative Structures a) Linear Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Creativity of the Arrow of Time b) Non-linear Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Temporality of Dissipative Structures 4) The Objective Temporalization of Time in Physics and the Concept of Irreversible Time Chapter II. The Reflexive Temporalization of Time in Philosophy 1) Kant’s Theory of Time as the Starting Point of the Reflexive Temporalization Tendency 2) Between the Temporalization and Essentialization of Time: Bergson and Husserl a) Bergson, Husserl and Heidegger in Context b) Bergson’s Theory of Pure Duration c) Husserl’s Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time
    [Show full text]
  • I Time and Space I
    Nature Vol. 253 February 6 1975 485 The Physics of Time Asymmetry. By other towards achieving this happy out­ Part two is concerned with absolute P. C. W. Davies. Pp. xviii+214. (Surrey come, one is lef,t with an uneasy feeling motion and the theory of relativity, University Press; Leighton Buzzard, that something is still missing. The old tracing the controversy between the 1974.) £6.50. problem of the relationship between the substantival view of Newton that space THIS book is about what is popularly indeterministic world of qu.antum is an entity and the relational views of called the 'arrow of time' but the phy!>ics and the fulJy deterministic Leibniz and Mach that it's not there author does not much like the term world of general relativity seems still at all. The special and general theories because the asymmetry is that of the imperfeatly understood. Actually, Dav­ of relativ~ty are somewhat geaf,ted on world in respect to time, not of time ies exposes the difficullties in his section to this discussion withou,t, of course, itself. The book is a critical study of 6.3, "Quantum measurement theory". solving the problem. Sklar gives a fine the origin of the asymmetry and of its I cannot but conjecture that the place descriptive account of the theories of role in basic physics. Indeed, it could of the observer will somehow have to reIativ'i>ty, which could well be used by serve as the makting of an excellent be recognised more extensively in for­ physics students wishing simply to course on the foundations of physics.
    [Show full text]
  • Arrow of Time of Arrow Great Problems in Philosophy and Physics - Solved? Physics and Philosophy in Problems Great 276 Chapterchapter 22 24 Arrow of Time 277
    276 Great Problems in Philosophy and Physics - Solved? Chapter 22 Chapter Arrow of Time Chapter 24 Chapter This chapter on the web informationphilosopher.com/problems/arrow_of_time Arrow of Time 277 The Arrow of Time The laws of nature, except the second law of thermodynamics, are symmetric in time. Reversing the time in the dynamical equa- tions of motion simply describes everything going backwards. The second law is different. Entropy must never decrease in time, except statistically and briefly, as Ludwig Boltzmann showed. Many natural processes are apparently irreversible. Irreversibility is intimately connected to the direction of time. Identifying the physical reasons for the observed irreversibility, the origin of irreversibility, would contribute greatly to understanding the apparent asymmetry of nature in time, despite nature's apparently perfect symmetry in space.1 The Thermodynamic Arrow In 1927, Arthur Stanley Eddington coined the term "Arrow of Time" in his book The Nature of the Physical World. He con- nected "Time's Arrow" to the one-way direction of increasing entropy required by the second law of thermodynamics.2 This is now known as the "thermodynamic arrow." In his later work, Eddington identified a "cosmological arrow," the direction in which the universe is expanding,3 which was dis- covered by Edwin Hubble about the time Eddington first defined the thermodynamic arrow. There are now a few other proposed arrows of time, includ- 24 Chapter ing a psychological arrow (our perception of time), a causal arrow (causes precede effects), and a quantum mechanical arrow (elec- troweak decay asymmetries). We can ask whether one arrow is a "master arrow" that all the others are following, or perhaps time itself is just a given property of nature that is otherwise irreducible to something more basic, as is space.
    [Show full text]
  • Hidden Determinism, Probability, and Time's Arrow
    Published in: Atmanspacher, H. & Bishop, R. (eds.): Between Chance and Choice. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Determinism Imprint Academic, Thorverton, 2002. Pp. 89–113. Hidden Determinism, Probability, and Time’s Arrow Hans Primas ETH-Zentrum, CH–8092 Z¨urich (Switzerland) Abstract In present-day physics the fundamental dynamical laws are taken as a time-translation-invariant and time-reversal-invariant one-parameter groups of automorphisms of the underlying mathematical structure. In this context-independent and empirically inaccessible description there is no past, present or future, hence no distinction between cause and effect. To get the familiar description in terms of causes and effects, the time-reversal symmetry of the fundamental dynamics has to be broken. Thereby one gets two representations, one satisfying the generally ac- cepted rules of retarded causality (“no effect can precede its cause”). The other one describes the strange rules of advanced causality. For entangled (but not necessarily interacting) quantum systems the arrow of time must have the same direction for all subsystems. But for classical systems, or for classical subsystems of quantum systems, this argument does not hold. As a cosequence, classical systems allow the conceptual possibility of advanced causality in addition to retarded causality. Every mathematically formulated dynamics of statistically reproducible events can be extended to a description in terms of a one-parameter group of automorphisms of an enlarged mathematical structure which describes a fictitious hidden determinism. Consequently, randomness in the sense of mathematical probability theory is only a weak generalization of deter- minism. The popular ideas that in quantum theory there are gaps in the causal chain which allow the accommodation of the freedom of human ac- tion are fantasies which have no basis in present-day quantum mechanics.
    [Show full text]