International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2013), 63, 3769–3776 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.051607-0

Taibaiella smilacinae gen. nov., sp. nov., an endophytic member of the family isolated from the stem of Smilacina japonica, and emended description of petaseus

Lei Zhang,1,2 Yang Wang,3 Linfang Wei,1 Yao Wang,1 Xihui Shen1 and Shiqing Li1,2

Correspondence 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Xihui Shen Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China [email protected] 2State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China 3Hubei Institute for Food and Drug Control, Wuhan 430072, PR China

A light-yellow-coloured bacterium, designated strain PTJT-5T, was isolated from the stem of Smilacina japonica A. Gray collected from Taibai Mountain in Shaanxi Province, north-west China, and was subjected to a taxonomic study by using a polyphasic approach. The novel isolate grew optimally at 25–28 6C and pH 6.0–7.0. Flexirubin-type pigments were produced. Cells were Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain PTJT-5T was a member of the phylum , exhibiting the highest sequence similarity to cauensis NJ-8T (87.7 %).

The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The only polyamine was homospermidine and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The only respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the DNA G+C content was 40.3 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain PTJT-5T is considered to represent a novel of a new in the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name smilacinae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Taibaiella smilacinae is PTJT-5T (5CCTCC AB 2013017T5KCTC 32316T). An emended description of Flavihumibacter petaseus is also proposed.

The family Chitinophagaceae within the phylum Bacteroidetes unexplored as potential sources of novel species and novel was proposed by Ludwig et al. (2008) and its description was natural products (Strobel & Daisy, 2003). During the formally established by Ka¨mpfer et al. (2011). At the time of course of a study of the diversity of culturable bacterial writing, the family Chitinophagaceae includes 14 genera: communities associated with traditional Chinese medicinal Chitinophaga (Ka¨mpfer et al., 2006), (Lim plants, strain PTJT-5T was isolated from the stem of et al.,2009), (Shiratori et al.,2009),Flavihumi- Smilacina japonica A. Gray. Comparative analysis of 16S bacter (Zhang et al., 2010), (Yoon & Im, rRNA gene sequences showed that strain PTJT-5T had 2007), Flavitalea (Wang et al., 2011), Hydrotalea (Ka¨mpfer ,88 % sequence similarity to all recognized bacterial et al., 2011), Lacibacter (Qu et al., 2009), (Kim et al., species, with Lacibacter cauensis NJ-8T as its closest 2007), (Weon et al., 2006), (Zhang phylogenetic relative (87.7 % sequence similarity). Data et al., 2009), (Qu & Yuan, 2008), Segeti- from further polyphasic taxonomic study indicate that this bacter (An et al., 2007) and Terrimonas (Xie & Yokota, 2006). strain represents a novel species of a new genus within the family Chitinophagaceae. Endophytes residing within plant tissues are considered to be a rich source of genetic diversity, and remain relatively An apparently healthy plant sample of Smilacina japonica A. Gray was collected from Taibai Mountain The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene (33u 579 N 107u 459 E) in Shaanxi Province, north-west T sequence of strain PTJT-5 is KC571459. China, stored in the dark at 4 uC and subjected to isolation A supplementary figure is available with the online version of this paper. of endophytic within 48 h. The plant was washed

Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by 051607 G 2013 IUMS Printed in Great Britain 3769 IP: 113.200.245.47 On: Mon, 21 Dec 2015 07:34:06 L. Zhang and others carefully in running water to remove external soil and the maximum-parsimony trees were essentially the same as roots, stems and leaves were separated. After drying at that of the neighbour-joining tree (not shown). These room temperature, the tissue segments were subjected to results suggest that strain PTJT-5T represents a novel genus surface sterilization by using the following steps: a 1 min within the family Chitinophagaceae. wash in 70 % ethanol followed by a 3 min wash in sodium 2 Cell morphology was examined by transmission electron hypochlorite solution (2 % available Cl ), a 0.5 min wash microscopy (Hitachi HT7700) with cells grown for 36 h at in 70 % ethanol and two rinses in sterilized distilled water. 28 uC on 0.16 TSA. Cells were negatively stained with 1 % After surface disinfection, the leaf, stem or root tissue was (w/v) phosphotungstic acid and grids were examined after cut into small fragments and macerated using a sterile pestle and mortar in sterile distilled water. The macerated being air-dried. Gram staining of cells was carried out samples were serially diluted in sterile distilled water, according to the classical Gram procedure described spread on 0.16 trypticase soy agar (TSA; Difco) or R2A by Doetsch (1981). Gliding motility was determined as agar (Difco) supplemented with 50 mg Imazalil ml21 and described by Bowman (2000). The presence of flexirubin- incubated at 25 uC for 2 weeks. Isolate PTJT-5T was type pigments was detected using the bathochromatic shift obtained from a stem sample inoculated on 0.16 TSA, test with 20 % (w/v) KOH (McCammon & Bowman, 2000; routinely cultivated on the same medium at 28 uC and Bernardet et al., 2002). Growth at 4, 7, 10, 15, 25, 28, 30, maintained as a glycerol suspension (20 %, v/v, in distilled 33, 37 and 42 uC was investigated on 0.16 TSA for up to water) at 280 uC. 1 week. Tolerance of NaCl was determined on 0.16 TSA supplemented with 0–5.0 % (w/v) NaCl at 1.0 % intervals. Extraction of genomic DNA was performed with a The pH range and optimum for growth were tested in commercial genomic DNA extraction kit (ChaoShi-Bio). 0.16 trypticase soy broth (TSB) adjusted to pH 4.0–11.0 The 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR using the primer at intervals of 1 pH unit (Xu et al., 2005). Growth under pair 27f and 1492r (Lane, 1991) and sequencing of the anaerobic conditions was determined after 1 week of purified PCR product was carried out as described by Lin incubation on 0.16 TSA in an anaerobic jar by using et al. (2004). Identification of phylogenetic neighbours and AnaeroGen anaerobic system envelopes (Oxoid). In calculation of pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities addition to 0.16 TSA and R2A, growth was also evaluated were achieved using the EzTaxon-e server (http://eztaxon- at 28 uC on TSA, nutrient agar (NA), marine agar 2216 e.ezbiocloud.net/; Kim et al., 2012b). Multiple sequence (MA) and MacConkey agar (all from Difco). Oxidase alignments were performed with CLUSTAL_X (Thompson activity was determined using 1 % (w/v) tetramethyl p- et al., 1997). Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed by using phenylenediamine and catalase activity was determined by the neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987) and maximum- assessing bubble production in 3 % (v/v) H2O2. Hydrolysis parsimony (Fitch, 1971) methods in MEGA version 4.1 of starch (0.2 %, w/v; Bodi Chemical Co.), chitin from crab software (Tamura et al., 2007) with bootstrap values based shells (1 %, w/v; Sigma), casein (5 % skimmed milk, w/v; on 1000 replications (Felsenstein, 1985). The evolutionary Difco), CM-cellulose (0.5 %, w/v; Sinopharm Chemical distance matrix for the neighbour-joining method was Reagent Co.) and L-tyrosine (0.5 %, w/v; BBI) was tested by generated according to Kimura’s two-parameter model using 0.16 TSA as the basal medium according to the (Kimura, 1980) and the close-neighbour-interchange algo- methods of Kim et al. (2012a). Hydrolysis of gelatin and rithm (search level52, random additions5100) was used in aesculin was determined according to the methods of the maximum-parsimony method. Relationships among Smibert & Krieg (1994). Activities of constitutive enzymes taxa were also established with the maximum-likelihood and other physiological properties were determined by algorithm in the PHYLIP package version 3.66 (Felsenstein, using the API 20E, API 20NE and API ZYM strips 2006). (bioMe´rieux) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence (1397 bp) of except that the incubation temperature was 28 uC. T strain PTJT-5 was determined and subjected to phylo- T T Cells of strain PTJT-5 were Gram-reaction-negative, genetic analysis, which revealed that strain PTJT-5 was strictly aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped. Other pheno- most closely related to members of the family Chitino- typic features of strain PTJT-5T are summarized in the phagaceae. The closest relative of strain PTJT-5T was T genus and species descriptions. Differential characteristics Lacibacter cauensis NJ-8 , but the sequence similarity of the novel strain and type species of genera of the family between them was only 87.7 %. Lower sequence similarities Chitinophagaceae are shown in Table 1. Strain PTJT-5T (83.3–87.3 %) were found to the type strains of described could be distinguished clearly from its closest phylogenetic species of the genera Chitinophaga, Ferruginibacter, Nia- T relative Lacibacter cauensis NJ-8 by a number of pheno- bella, , Terrimonas, Sediminibacterium, Flavi- typic characteristics, including production of flexirubin- talea, Niastella, Filimonas, Flavisolibacter, Parasegeti- type pigments, temperature range for growth, nitrate bacter, Flavihumibacter and Hydrotalea. In the phylogenetic reduction, aesculin hydrolysis, assimilation of carbohy- tree based on the neighbour-joining algorithm, the novel drates and enzyme activities. strain formed a distinct cluster with all members of family Chitinophagaceae, with a bootstrap value of 100 % (Fig. 1). For the determination of DNA G+C content, genomic The overall topologies of the maximum-likelihood and DNA of strain PTJT-5T was prepared according to the

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100 Chitinophaga filiformis IFO 15056T (AB078049) 99 T 0.02 Chitinophaga ginsengisoli Gsoil 052 (AB245374) 84 Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588T (CP001699) Chitinophaga sancti NBRC 15057T (AB078066) 100 Chitinophaga oryziterrae YC7001T (JF710262) Chitinophaga niabensis JS13-10T (EU714259) CC-SG1BT (DQ062743) 100 Chitinophaga skermanii 100 Chitinophaga rupis CS5-B1T (FM865977) Chitinophaga japonensis IFO16041T (AB078055) 85 Chitinophaga eiseniae YC6729T (FJ750951) Chitinophaga terrae KP01T (AB278570) 99 Chitinophaga niastensis JS16-4T (EU714260) 95 Chitinophaga ginsengisegetis Gsoil 040T (AB264798) 90 Chitinophaga arvensicola DSM 3695T (AM237311) Filimonas lacunae YT21T (AB362776) Parasegetibacter luojiensis RHYL-37T (EU877263) Flavihumibacter petaseus T41T (EU854577) 100 Segetibacter aerophilus 6424S-61T (GQ421847) Segetibacter koreensis Gsoil 664T (AB267478) Niastella populi THYL-44T (EU877262) 99 GR20-10T (DQ244077) 100 Niastella yeongjuensis GR20-13T (DQ244076) 98 Sediminibacterium salmoneum NJ-44T (EF407879) Hydrotalea flava CCUG 51397T (FN665659) 100 Niabella ginsengisoli GR10-1T (EU616816) 100 Niabella yanshanensis CCBAU 05354T (FJ457040) 99 100 Niabella aurantiaca R2A15-11T (DQ457019) Terrimonas rubra M-8T (JF803808) 100 Ferruginibacter lapsinanis HU1-HG42T (FJ177532) Ferruginibacter alkalilentus HU1-GD23T (FJ177530) 100 Flavitalea populi HY-50RT (HM130561) Flavisolibacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 643T (AB267477) 100 Gsoil 492T (AB267476) 86 Flavisolibacter ginsengiterrae Lacibacter cauensis NJ-8T (EU521690) Taibaiella smilacinae PTJT-5T (KC571459) Saprospira grandis ATCC 23119T (M58795) 100 Haliscomenobacter hydrossis ATCC 27775T (M58790) Lewinella nigricans ATCC 23147T (AF039294) 100 Flexibacter ruber NBRC 16677T (AB078065) Flexibacter flexilis NBRC 15060T (AB078050) Flavobacterium aquatile ATCC 11947T (M62797)

Fig. 1. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showing the relationships of strain PTJT-5T and related taxa. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap percentages (based on 1000 resampled datasets); values below 70 % are not shown. Filled circles indicate that the corresponding nodes were also recovered in trees reconstructed with the maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood algorithms. Open circles indicate that the corresponding nodes were also recovered in the tree reconstructed with the maximum-parsimony algorithm. Bar, 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position. procedure of Wilson (1987) with the modification of respectively. Polar lipids of strain PTJT-5T were extracted, Cleenwerck et al. (2002). The DNA G+C content was resolved by two-dimensional TLC and identified as determined by HPLC according to the method of Mesbah described by Tindall (1990). The total lipids and specific et al. (1989). Respiratory quinones of strain PTJT-5T were functional groups were detected using 5 % ethanolic extracted from 100 mg freeze-dried cells with chloroform/ molybdatophosphoric acid (total lipids), Zinzadze reagent methanol (2 : 1, v/v), purified by TLC and identified by (phosphate), ninhydrin (free amino groups), periodate HPLC as described by Xie & Yokota (2003). Polyamines of Schiff (a-glycols), Dragendorff (quaternary nitrogen) and strain PTJT-5T were extracted and analysed according anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid (glycolipids). For cellular fatty to Busse & Auling (1988) and Schenkel et al. (1995), acid analysis, strain PTJT-5T and 13 reference strains were

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Table 1. Differential characteristics of strain PTJT-5T and representatives of related genera of the family Chitinophagaceae

Strains: 1, PTJT-5T;2,Lacibacter cauensis CGMCC 1.7271T (unless indicated, data from Qu et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2011); 3, Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588T (Ka¨mpfer et al., 2006; Weon et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2009); 4, Ferruginibacter alkalilentus KCTC 22306T (Lim et al., 2009); 5, Terrimonas ferruginea DSM 30193T (Weon et al., 2006; Xie & Yokota, 2006); 6, Flavitalea populi CCTCC AB 208255T (Wang et al., 2011); 7, Filimonas lacunae DSM 21054T (Shiratori et al., 2009); 8, Flavisolibacter ginsengiterrae DSM 18136T (Yoon & Im, 2007); 9, Parasegetibacter luojiensis CCTCC AB 208240T (Zhang et al., 2009); 10, Niabella aurantiaca DSM 17617T (Kim et al., 2007); 11, Segetibacter koreensis KCTC 12655T (An et al., 2007; Ka¨mpfer et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011); 12, Niastella koreensis DSM 17620T (Weon et al., 2006); 13, Sediminibacterium salmoneum CGMCC 1.6845T (Qu & Yuan, 2008; Wang et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2013); 14, Flavihumibacter petaseus CCTCC AB 2010373T (Zhang et al., 2010); 15, T Hydrotalea flava CCUG 51397 (Ka¨mpfer et al., 2011; Albuquerque et al., 2012). +, Positive; 2, negative; W, weakly positive, ND, no data available.

Characteristic 123456789101112131415

Gliding motility 2 ++222+ 2 + 22++22 Production of flexirubin-type pigments + 2 + 2 22222+ 222+* 2 Nitrate reduction + 22* 22* 2222222222 Growth at 37 uC 2 ++2 ++22+ 22++++ Oxidase ++2 ++2 +++2 + 2 + W + Catalase ++++W ++2 +++2 +++ Hydrolysis of: Gelatin +++++2 +++22+++ND Starch ++22+ 222+ 22222ND Casein +++2 22222+ 2 + 2 + ND Aesculin 2 +* +++* +++++++++* ND Chitin 22+ 2 2222222+ 22* ND Assimilation of (API 20NE):D D-Glucose + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ++222+ ND L-Arabinose + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ++222+ ND D-Mannose + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ++222+ ND D-Mannitol + 2 2 2 2222222222ND N-Acetylglucosamine 2 ++2 2222++222+ ND Maltose 2 ++2 + 2 + 2 ++222+ ND Potassium gluconate + 2 2 2 2222222222ND Malic acid + 2 2 2 2222222222ND Trisodium citrate + 2 2 2 2222222222ND Enzyme activities (API ZYM)D Esterase (C4) ++ W +++++W +++ W ++ Esterase lipase (C8) + 2 WW++++W +++ WW+ Lipase (C14) 22222222W 222222 Valine arylamidase W +++++W ++ W +++++ Cystine arylamidase W + W 2 ++W ++ WW++++ Trypsin 2 ++2 2222+ 222+ 2 + a-Chymotrypsin + 222222++22222+ a-Galactosidase 2 + W 22+ 2 + 2 +++ W ++ b-Galactosidase W +++++++++2 ++++ b-Glucuronidase 2 2 2 2 2222222222+ a-Glucosidase +++22++++++++++ b-Glucosidase WW++2 ++ W ++2 ++++ N-Acetyl-b-glucosaminidase 2 ++2 ++W ++++++++ a-Mannosidase 2 WW22+ 22++2 ++++ a-Fucosidase 22+ 2 22222+ W + 2 ++ DNA G+C content (mol%) 40.3 46.6 45.2 39.4 48.9 46.8 45.2 43.0 39.7 45.0 40.4 45.8 43.4 48.1 37.0

*Data from this study. DData in columns 1–14 are from this study.

grown on R2A agar plates at 28 uC and the biomass was Fatty acids were saponified, methylated and extracted using standardized for physiological age at the point of harvest the standard protocol of the MIDI Sherlock Microbial according to the protocol given by MIDI (Sasser, 1990). Identification System (version 6.0), analysed by GC

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(Hewlett Packard 6890N) and identified using the TSBA6 Colonies grown on 0.16 TSA for 2 days are light yellow, database of the Microbial Identification System (Sasser, smooth, circular, convex and 1–2 mm in diameter with 1990). regular margins. Good growth on R2A agar and 0.16 TSA; moderate growth on NA; no growth on MacConkey agar, The DNA G+C content of strain PTJT-5T was 40.3 mol%, a MA or TSA. Growth occurs at 7–33 uC (optimum, 25– value within the range reported for members of the family 28 uC), at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0–7.0) and in the Chitinophagaceae (Table 1). The only respiratory quinone presence of 0–1.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum growth in the was MK-7, again in line with other members of the family absence of NaCl). Hydrolyses starch, casein, gelatin and Chitinophagaceae (Ka¨mpfer et al., 2011). Homospermidine tyrosine, hydrolyses CM-cellulose weakly and does not was the only polyamine detected in strain PTJT-5T. The hydrolyse aesculin or chitin. Degradation of tyrosine is polar lipid profile included phosphatidylethanolamine, an accompanied by production of a dark-red pigment. unidentified aminophosphoglycolipid, an unidentified ami- Positive for acetoin production (Voges–Proskauer reac- nophospholipid, an unidentified phospholipid and three tion). Negative for H S and indole production, glucose unidentified polar lipids (L1–L3) (Fig. S1, available in IJSEM 2 acidification and arginine dihydrolase and urease activities. Online). The major fatty acids of strain PTJT-5T were iso- Assimilates D-glucose, L-arabinose, D-mannose, D-manni- C (31.1 %), iso-C G (26.5 %), iso-C (12.7 %) and 15 : 0 15 : 1 17 : 0 tol, potassium gluconate, malic acid and trisodium citrate iso-C 3-OH (12.3 %). The presence of iso-C v10c 17 : 0 17 : 1 (API 20NE). Does not assimilate N-acetylglucosamine, and significant differences in the proportions of iso-C , 17 : 0 maltose, capric acid, adipic acid or phenylacetic acid (API anteiso-C , summed feature 3 (C v7c and/or 17 : 0 16 : 1 20NE). In the API ZYM gallery, positive for alkaline C v6c) and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C B and/or 16 : 1 17 : 1 phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine iso-C I) distinguished strain PTJT-5T clearly from the 17 : 1 arylamidase, a-chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol- type species of phylogenetically related genera (Table 2). AS-BI-phosphohydrolase and a-glucosidase, weakly pos- On the basis of the physiological, biochemical and itive for valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, b- chemotaxonomic data and the distinctness of its 16S galactosidase and b-glucosidase and negative for lipase rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic position, strain (C14), trypsin, a-galactosidase, b-glucuronidase, N-acetyl- PTJT-5T was distinct from all other recognized genera of b-glucosaminidase, a-mannosidase and a-fucosidase. In the family Chitinophagaceae. Therefore, we suggest that addition to phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified strain PTJT-5T represents a novel species of a new genus aminophosphoglycolipid, an unidentified aminophospho- within the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name lipid, an unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified Taibaiella smilacinae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. On polar lipids are also detected. In addition to the major fatty the basis of new data obtained in this study, an emended acids cited in the genus description, significant amounts of description of Flavihumibacter petaseus is also proposed. anteiso-C15 : 0,C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 1v10c, ante- iso-C17 : 0, summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso- Description of Taibaiella gen. nov. C17 : 1 I) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1v7c and/or C18 : 1v6c) are also present. The detailed fatty acid composition of the Taibaiella (Tai.bai.el9la. N.L. dim. fem. n. Taibaiella named type strain is given in Table 2. after Taibai Mountain in Shaanxi Province, China, where the type strain of the type species was isolated). The type strain, PTJT-5T (5CCTCC AB 2013017T5KCTC 32316T), was isolated from a surface-sterilized stem of Cells are Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, rod- Smilacina japonica A. Gray collected from Taibai Mountain shaped and non-motile. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. in Shaanxi Province, north-west China. Flexirubin-type pigments are produced. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. The only respiratory quinone is MK-7. The only polyamine is homospermidine and the major polar lipid is Emended description of Flavihumibacter phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids are iso- petaseus Zhang et al. 2010 C , iso-C G, iso-C and iso-C 3-OH. The 15 : 0 15 : 1 17 : 0 17 : 0 The description is as given by Zhang et al. (2010) with the DNA G+C content of the type strain of the type species is following amendments. Flexirubin-type pigments are 40.3 mol%. Phylogenetically, the genus is a member of the produced. Aesculin is hydrolysed; chitin is not hydrolysed. family Chitinophagaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes. The In the API 20NE strip, the following tests are positive: type species is Taibaiella smilacinae. hydrolysis of aesculin, gelatin and p-nitrophenyl a-D- glucopyranoside and assimilation of D-glucose, L-arabi- Description of Taibaiella smilacinae sp. nov. nose, D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and maltose. The following API 20NE tests are negative: nitrate reduction, Taibaiella smilacinae (smi.la.ci9na.e. N.L. n. Smilacina a indole production, glucose fermentation, arginine dihy- botanical genus name; N.L. gen. smilacinae of the plant drolase, urease and assimilation of D-mannitol, potassium genus Smilacina). gluconate, capric acid, adipic acid, malic acid, trisodium Displays the following properties in addition to those citrate and phenylacetic acid. In the API ZYM strip, the described for the genus. Cells are 0.4–0.660.8–1.5 mm. following activities are present: alkaline phosphatase,

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Table 2. Cellular fatty acid profiles of strain PTJT-5T and the type strains of the type species of related genera

Taxa: 1, strain PTJT-5T;2,Lacibacter cauensis CGMCC 1.7271T;3,Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588T;4,Ferruginibacter alkalilentus KCTC 22306T; 5, Terrimonas ferruginea DSM 30193T;6,Flavitalea populi CCTCC AB 208255T;7,Filimonas lacunae DSM 21054T;8,Flavisolibacter ginsengiterrae DSM 18136T;9,Parasegetibacter luojiensis CCTCC AB 208240T; 10, Niabella aurantiaca DSM 17617T; 11, Segetibacter koreensis KCTC 12655T; 12, Niastella koreensis DSM 17620T; 13, Sediminibacterium salmoneum CGMCC 1.6845T; 14, Flavihumibacter petaseus CCTCC AB 2010373T; 15, Hydrotalea flava CCUG 51397T (data from Ka¨mpfer et al., 2011). Data are from this study unless indicated (strains were cultured on R2A agar at 28 uC and cells at late-exponential growth phase were used). Values are percentages of the total fatty acids; fatty acids amounting to ,1 % of the total fatty acids in all strains studied are not listed; TR, Trace (,1 %), 2, not detected.

Fatty acid 1 2 3 456789101112131415

iso-C13 : 0 2 TR 2 TR TR 4.6 TR TR TR TR TR TR TR 2 4.2 Unknown 13.565 2 TR 2 TR 2 TR 2.2 TR 222TR TR 2 8.4

iso-C14 : 0 2 TR 2 TR TR 2 TR 1.2 TR 2 5.6 TR 1.1 TR 2 C14 : 0 2 TR 1.8 2 TR 2 2.1 TR 1.2 1.5 221.5 TR 2 iso-C13 : 0 3-OH TR TR 1.0 2.4 TR 5.9 TR TR 4.9 2 2.2 TR 2.3 22 iso-C15 : 1 G 26.5 11.3 2 15.9 22.2 9.8 19.1 6.4 19.5 23.4 2 14.4 19.8 17.3 8.2 iso-C15 : 1 F 22TR 22222221.8 2222 anteiso-C15 : 1 A TR TR TR 1.1 TR 2.5 TR 4.3 3.9 TR TR TR 6.5 1.1 2 iso-C15 : 0 31.1 30.5 25.7 26.6 32.1 16.7 22.5 30.4 22.6 28.6 13.6 24.7 18.3 29.5 34.8 anteiso-C15 : 0 1.2 TR TR 3.2 1.9 3.3 TR 7.9 3.1 2.6 19.7 4.2 12.5 1.9 1.7 C15 : 0 2 4.0 TR 3.6 5.8 TR TR 1.4 2.6 6.3 1.3 2.2 TR 7.3 TR iso-C16 : 1 H 22222221.3 223.7 2222 iso-C16 : 0 TR 1.2 TR 2.6 TR 1.1 2.3 2.9 4.3 TR 9.9 1.0 1.0 2.1 TR C16 : 1v11c 224.1 222222222222 C16 : 1v5c 2 2.5 25.3 223.4 1.1 2222.3 2 TR 7.4 2 C16 : 0 2.5 4.8 3.3 4.3 3.9 1.9 5.4 5.6 7.1 4.5 3.6 3.2 3.4 2.3 TR iso-C15 : 0 3-OH 2.7 3.6 5.2 6.7 2.4 2 5.2 1.2 2 2.8 1.2 1.4 5.5 4.1 4.0 C15 : 0 2-OH 2 TR 2 1.1 TR 22TR TR 1.5 TR TR 1.4 TR TR iso-C17 : 1v10c 1.0 22222222222222 Unknown 16.582 1.3 1.2 TR TR 1.2 1.4 TR TR 1.4 1.6 TR 1.3 TR TR 1.7

iso-C17 : 0 12.7 1.5 TR TR TR 5.7 TR TR TR 221.0 222 anteiso-C17 : 0 1.9 2 TR TR TR TR 2 TR TR TR 2 TR 2 TR 2 C17 : 1v6c 2 TR 2 TR 2 1.1 2 3.7 1.0 2 TR TR 2 1.4 2 iso-C16 : 0 3-OH 2 TR TR 6.3 TR TR 1.3 TR TR TR 10.9 TR 7.2 TR 1.2 C16 : 0 3-OH 2 TR 1.3 2.9 2.3 2 3.2 TR 1.3 1.8 TR 1.5 5.9 2.5 TR C18 : 1v9c 221.5 2.0 TR 1.3 2 TR 1.5 2 1.7 2222 C18 : 1v5c 222TR 2 TR 22TR 2 1.1 2222 C18 : 0 2 TR TR TR TR TR TR TR 1.8 TR 3.7 TR TR TR 2 iso-C17 : 0 3-OH 12.3 19.7 11.7 12.8 14.3 19.8 17.2 8.7 15.8 15.2 3.0 27.3 9.1 13.2 16.9 C17 : 0 2-OH TR TR TR 1.6 TR TR TR TR TR TR 2.0 2.7 2.1 TR TR C17 : 0 3-OH 2 TR TR TR TR 22TR 2 TR 2 1.3 2 1.0 2 Summed features* 1 22TR 225.2 2 3.6 221.2 2222 3 TR 13.2 11.0 2.9 9.5 6.7 14.8 9.9 4.1 8.8 3.9 7.6 TR 8.6 4.7 4 3.8 22221.5 2 1.4 2222221.0 5 2222TR 2.1 2 TR TR 22TR 222 8 1.3 2 1.0 1.2 2 TR 22221.3 2222 9 2222222TR 1.3 2 2.1 2225.9

*Summed features are groups of two or three fatty acids that cannot be separated by the MIDI system. Summed feature 1 comprised C13 : 0 3-OH and/or iso-C15 : 1 H; summed feature 3 comprised C16 : 1v7c and/or C16 : 1v6c; summed feature 4 comprised anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I; summed feature 5 comprised anteiso-C18 : 0 and/or C18 : 2v6,9c; summed feature 8 comprised C18 : 1v7c and/or C18 : 1v6c; summed feature 9 comprised iso-C17 : 1v9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0.

esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8) (weakly), leucine a-galactosidase, b-galactosidase, a-glucosidase, b-glucosi- arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, dase, N-acetyl-b-glucosaminidase, a-mannosidase and a- acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, fucosidase. The following activities are absent in tests with

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