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JAKO201834663387978.Pdf ISSN (Print) 1225-9918 ISSN (Online) 2287-3406 Journal of Life Science 2018 Vol. 28. No. 10. 1179~1185 DOI : https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2018.28.10.1179 Phylogenetic Diversity and Community Structure of Microbiome Isolated from Sargassum Horneri off the Jeju Island Coast Kyung-Mi Moon, So-Hyun Park and Moon-Soo Heo* Marine applied Microbes and Aquatic Organism Disease Control Lab, Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju-National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea Received May 9, 2018 /Revised May 31, 2018 /Accepted June 4, 2018 Recently, Sargassum horneri, the marine weed inhabiting the shoreline, beach, and littoral sea area, has caused serious damage to intensive aquaculture farms particularly those around Jeju Island, South Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity of microorganisms in Sargassum horneri and to provide basic data on ecological problems by identifying microbial functions. A total of 88 isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum ac- counting for 88%, including class α-proteobacteria, six genera, and ten species. The dominating genus, Pseudobacter, accounted for 40% in Pseudorhodobacter, 20% in Paracoccus, and the remaining at 10% each were Rhizobium, Albirhodobacter, Skermanella, and Novosphingobium. Class β-proteobacteria in- cluded five genera and ten species. Genus Hydrogenophaga accounted for 50%, while genus Azoarcus accounted for 20%, and the remaining Oxalicibacterium, Duganella, and Xenophilus were 10% each. Class γ-proteobacteria with 13 genera and 57 species, accounted for 74% in phylum Proteobacteria, 23% in Shewanella, 19% in Cobetia, 12% in Pseudomonas, 4% each in Vibrio and Serratia, and 2% each in Rheinheimera, Raoultella, Pantoea, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, and Psychrobacter genera. In ad- dition, Actinobacteria with two species of Nocardioides genera accounted for 50%, and Bacteroidetes accounted for 33%, with three genera and five species that included Lacihabitans and Mariniflexile. The remaining Dyadobacter, Cellulophaga, and Ferruginibacter genera each accounted for 11%. Key words : 16S rDNA, antibacterial activity, Sargassum horneri, systematics, strain diversity 서 론 방치하게 되면 썩은 냄새로 인근 지역 주민의 불편을 사며, 생태계학적으로도 문제를 일으킨다고 알려져 있다[26]. 괭생이모자반(Sargassum horneri)은 갈조강(Phaeophyceae), 최근 제주 인근 지역의 해변가와 해안 및 연근해 양식장에 모자반목(Fucale), 모자반과(Sargassaceae)에 속하는 황갈색의 2015년을 기준으로 매년 대량의 괭생이모자반의 출현으로 막 식물체로 얇고 주걱 모양의 잎을 지닌 조간대의 갈조류이다 대한 피해가 속출되고 있는 추세이다. 국립해양조사에 따르면 [29]. 이와 같은 거대 해조류는 미생물의 도움을 받아 성장하 매년 유입되고 있는 괭생이모자반은 중국 저우산군도에 서식 며, 바다 생물의 안전한 공간이 될 수도 있다[7]. 이들은 주로 하고 있는 종과 99.9% 이상의 상동성을 지녔으며, 이러한 현상 동쪽 중국연안에서 볼 수 있고[15], 항산화[10], 뼈의 신진대사 은 중국의 동중국해 바다와 생태계 복원 사업 진행에 따른 [31], 오염방지 활성[3], 효소추출 활성[9], 항알레르기[35], 항 피해 현상으로 간주되고 있다. 또한 2009년 Pang 등에 따르면 염증[14], 항 응고[1] 및 라디칼 소거제[23]와 같은 다양한 연구 동중국 연안 인구 밀도 수가 높은 해안 지역에서는 조류의 분야에서 적용되고 있다. 그리고 2007년[16] 및 2010년[28]의 손실이 커서 복원을 위한 양식 개발에 집중하고 있음을 시사 동중국해에서 괭생이모자반의 유조(Drifiting seaweed)가 보 했다[25]. 고되었는데 이러한 현상은 기생충 제거 및 어류 초기 발달 본 연구에서는 제주 연안에 대량 출현된 괭생이모자반에 기간과 생활사에 도움을 준다고 알려져 있다[2, 41]. 그러나 서식하고 있는 미생물을 분리하고 동정하였다. 그리고 어류질 유조 현상이 대량으로 발생할 경우 해안을 뒤덮고 오랜 기간 병세균과 인체유해세균에 대한 항균 활성을 탐색하고자 하였 다. 이러한 연구는 제주 연안에 재발생 우려가 큰 괭생이모자 *Corresponding author 반의 유입에 따른 생태학적 기초자료로 활용되는데 도움될 *Tel : +82-64-754-3473, Fax : +82-64-756-3493 것이라 사료된다. *E-mail : [email protected] This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License 재료 및 방법 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction 시료 채취 in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 본 실험에 사용 된 괭생이모자반은 2017년 5월 9일 제주도 1180 생명과학회지 2018, Vol. 28. No. 10 제주시 인근 연안(GPS정보; 33.497293, 126.450918)에서 채집 따라 각각 48시간 동안 형성된 억제환을 측정하였다. 하여 아이스박스에 담아 -4℃를 유지 시키며 운송 시킨 후 실 험에 사용하기 전까지 -80℃에서 보관하였다 16S rRNA 유전자 염기서열 분석 분리 된 균주는 Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Bioneer, 균주 분리 Korea)를 사용하여 DNA를 추출하였다. 추출 된 genomic 괭생이모자반에 서식하는 균주 분리를 위해 멸균 된 해수로 DNA 1 ul은 27F/1492R universal primer 각각 0.5 μM primer 한 번 세척하고 난 뒤 멸균 된 가위로 잘게 잘라내었다. 다음 와 DNA polymerase, dNTPs, reaction buffer가 함유된 20 ul 0.85% 생리식염수 9 ml에 잘려진 괭생이모자반 1 g을 넣어 PreMix (Bioneer, Korea)를 사용하여 PCR을 수행하였다. PCR 단계별(10-1, 10-2)로 희석시켜 R2A agar (R2A, Difco., USA), 을 위한 반응 조건은 Initial denaturation (95℃, 2분), Denatu- 1% R2A agar (1% R2A, Difco., USA), Marine agar (MA, ration (95℃, 30초), Annealing (55℃, 30초), Extension (72℃, Difco., USA)에 각각 100 μl씩 도말하였다. 그리고 25℃에서 30초)으로 총 30 cycle로 수행하였고, 마지막으로 다시 한번 일주일 동안 배양시킨 뒤, 괭생이모자반에서 서식하는 균체를 Extension (72℃, 5분) 하였다. 증폭 된 PCR product는 Red 계수한 후, CFU/g 단위로 환산하였다. 그리고 다 자라난 균 safe (Intron, USA)를 첨가하여 1% agarose (promegaCo., 중 단일 콜로니를 순수 분리시켜 위와 동일한 배지에 48시간 USA) gel에서 전기 영동하여 확인하였다. 다음 AccuprepTM 동안 재 배양하였다. 분리 된 균주는 25%(v/v) glycerol에 현 PCR purification Kit (Bioneer, Korea)를 사용하여 PCR prod- 탁 시켜 -80℃에서 보관하였다. uct에 남은 primers, nucleotides, polymeraes, salts를 제거 및 정제하여 elution buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.5) 30 μl로 elu- 분리 균주의 항균 활성 탐색 tion 하였다. 그리고 PCR product의 염기서열을 분석하기 위 항균 활성 탐색을 위해 사용 된 어류 및 인체 유해 세균은 해 (주)솔젠트(Daejeon, Korea)에 의뢰하여 결과를 얻었다. 염 미생물자원센터(Korean Collection for Type Cultures, KCTC) 기서열은 EzTaxone (http://eztaxon-e.ezbiocloud.net/)과 NCBI 와 한국미생물보존센터(Korean Culture Center of Microor- 를 이용하여 표준균주와의 상동성을 조사하였다. ClustalX로 ganisms, KCCM)에서 분양 받은 것을 사용하였고(Table 1), multiple alignment를 수행한 뒤, MEGA 6.0로 계통도 (phylo- -80℃에서 보관 되었던 균주를 재활성화시켜 사용하였다. 각 genetic tree)를 작성하였다. 각의 유해세균은 적절한 배지에서 배양되었고(Table 2), 항균 탐색을 위해 괭생이모자반에서 분리 된 균주는 R2A와 1% 결과 및 고찰 R2A, MA에 접종 시켜 25℃에서 48시간 동안 배양하였다. 배 양 된 균주는 멸균된 0.85% 생리식염수에 현탁시켜 14,240x 분리균주의 항균활성 탐색 g로 원심 분리하여 상등액과 균체를 각각 나누어 항균 활성에 괭생이모자반의 균주 다양성 확인을 위해 평판배지에서 사용되었다. 그리고 분리 된 상등액 1 ml은 0.45 μm syringe colony를 순수 분리하여 배양한 결과, R2A는 5.8×10-3 CFU/ filter (Whatman, UK)를 통해 여과시키고, 균체는 0.85% 생리 g, 1% R2A에서는 4.1×10-4, 3.0×10-3 CFU/g, MA는 5.6×10-4 식염수 1 ml에 현탁시켜 사용하였다. 여과 된 상등액과 현탁 CFU/g로 계수 됐다. 각각의 배지에 따른 세균 수는 큰 차이를 된 균체는 멸균 된 8 mm paper disc (ADVANTEC, Japan)에 나타내지 않았으나, 1% R2A와 MA에 비해 R2A에서 여러 속 50, 100 μl씩 각각 분주하여 25℃에서 24시간 동안 건조시켰다. (Genus)을 관찰할 수 있었다. 유해균들은 MacFarland turbidity 0.4로 조절한 뒤 Muller Alpha-proteobacteria강에 속하는 Novosphingobium속은 나 Hinton Agar (MHA, Difco, USA)에 도말 하여 배양 온도에 노 입자의 생합성 기술을 통해 Escherichia coli, Vibrio para- Table 1. List of isolated strains used for antibacterial assay Bacteria name Strain. No. Temperature (℃) Information Streptococcus iniae KCTC 3657 25 Fish disease Streptococcus parauberis KCTC 3651 25 Fish disease Edwardsiella tarda KCTC 12267 25 Fish disease Vibrio harveyi KCCM 40866 24 Fish disease Vibrio hydrophila KCTC 11533 30 Fish disease Vibrio alginolyticus KCCM 40513 26 Fish disease Escherichia coli KCCM 11234 37 Human disease Vibrio vulnificus KCCM 41665 30 Human disease Listeria monocytogens KCCM 40307 30 Human disease Streptococcus mutans KCCM 40105 37 Human disease Journal of Life Science 2018, Vol. 28. No. 10 1181 Table 2. Classification of microbial isolates originated from Sargassum horneri Phylum Class Order Family Genus Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhizobiales Rhizobiaceae Rhizobium Rhodobacterales Rhodobacteraceae Albirhodobacter Paracoccus Pseudorhodobacter Rhodospirillales Rhodospirillaceae Skermanella Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Novosphingobium Betaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamonadaceae Hydrogenophaga Xenophilus Oxalobacteraceae Duganella Oxalicibacterium Rhodocyclales Zoogloeaceae Azoarcus Gammaproteobacteria Alteromonadales Alishewanella Rheinheimera Alteromonadaceae Alteromonas Pseudomonadaceae Pseudoalteromonas Shewanellaceae Shewanella Enterobacterales Enterobacteriaceae Raoultella Erwiniaceae Pantoea Yersiniaceae Rahnella Serratia Oceanospirillales Halomonadaceae Cobetia Pseudomonadales Moraxellaceae Acinetobacter Moraxella Psychrobacter Pseudomonadaceae Pseudomonas Vibrionales Vibrionales Vibrio Actinobacteria Actinobacteria Corynebacteriales Nocardiaceae Gordonia Propionibacteriales Nocardioidaceae Nocardioides Bacteroidetes Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Dyadobacter Lacihabitans Flavobacteria Flavobacteriales Flavobacteriaceae Cellulophaga Mariniflexile Sphingobacteriia Sphingobacteriales Chitinophagaceae Ferruginibacter haemolyticus 등 다양한 병원체에서 항균 활성을 보였다[36]. 16S rRNA 염기서열의 계통학적 분석 또한 Gamma-proteobacteria강 Rheinheimera속도 항균 작용을 16S ribosomal RNA PCR로 증폭 된 88종은 EZBiocloud의 갖고 있다고 알려져 있으며[37], Alteromonas속은 polyanionic Identify을 통해 3문(Phylum) 8강(Class) 16목(Order) 22과 와 polysaccharide의 항생제 물질을 합성한다고 알려져 있다 (Family) 31속(Genus)으로 분석되었으며(Table 2), 계통수는 [38]. 그리고 Pseudoalteromonas속은 그람 양성 세균에만 항균 Fig. 1에서 보는 바와 같다. 작용을 나타낸다고 보고되었다[39]. 특히 Rahnella속은 근두암 Proteobacteria는 괭생이모자반에서 분리 된 균주 중 88%를 종병이라 불리는 Agrobacterium vitis의 성장을 억제하며[11], 차지한 우점문으로 16S와 23S ribosomal RNA의 특이적 부위 이 외에도 다양한 식물 병원성 세균에 항균 활성을 나타내었다 에 따라 alpha-, gamma-, beta-subclasses로 나뉘는데[22], 본 [45]. Acinetobacter속은 endolysin을 분리하여 약물 내성 세균 연구에서 alpha-proteobacteria강과 beta-proteobacteria강은 에 의한 감염을 효과적으로 방어할 수 있는 lysozyme으로 치 각각 10%, gamma-proteobacteria강은 65%로 우세하게 나타 료와 소독제로서의 좋은 역할을 할 수 있다고 보고되었다[40]. 났다. 다음 Bacteroidetes문은 10%를 차지했고, 그 중 Cyto- 그러나 본 연구에서 분리된 31속 88종의 모든 균주는 어류 phagia강, Flavobacteria강이 각각 4%, Actinobacteria강 2%, 질병세균 및 인체유해세균에 대한 억제환이 측정되지 않았다 Sphingobacteriia강이 1%로 나타났다.
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