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Examining Degree Types of Academic Leadership Programs in the United States

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Examining Degree Types of Academic Leadership Programs in the United States Examining Degree Types of Academic Leadership Programs in the United States Kathy L. Guthrie Jennifer M. Batchelder Pei Hu August 2019 Examining Degree Types of Academic Leadership Programs in the United States Kathy L. Guthrie Jennifer M. Batchelder Pei Hu August 2019 An exploratory research project of the Leadership Learning Research Center, a joint venture of the College of Education and the Division of Student Affairs at Florida State University Please cite as: Guthrie, K. L., Batchelder, J. M., & Hu, P. (2019). Examining Degree Types of Academic Leadership Programs in the United States. Tallahassee, FL: Leadership Learning Research Center, Florida State University. 2 As the discipline of leadership evolves compared by various degree types. Building on and leadership as a learned process is becoming this information, the primary purpose of this more of a focus (Guthrie & Jenkins, 2018; second report is to further analyze academic Parks, 2005), academic leadership programs leadership programs by degree types to see if any have grown substantially over the past few themes emerge regarding the types of academic decades (Riggio, Ciculla, & Sorenson, 2003; leadership programs offered in the United States. Schwartz, Axtman, & Freeman, 1998). Although there is data on the number of METHODS academic leadership programs within U.S. higher education institutions (Brungardt, This research continues the descriptive 1997; Brungardt, Greenleaf, Brungardt, & analysis of the data from the ILA Leadership Arensdorf, 2006; Owen, 2008; Reiburg, 1998; Program Directory and the additional data Roberts, 1981; Watkins, 2018), these studies do collected by the FSU research team. The ILA not share details of leadership program such as directory was established by a 2008 grant institutional types offering academic leadership from the C. Charles Jackson Foundation programs or details of program structure. To and invited ILA members to self-report fill this gap in literature and to gain specific and information on their program (Guthrie et al., insightful program information, the Leadership 2018). At the time, it was the largest available Learning Research Center (LLRC) at Florida dataset of academic leadership programs. State University (FSU) requested access to the However, it is self-reported and therefore International Leadership Association (ILA) does not represent all academic leadership Leadership Education Directory in 2016 (ILA, programs. Additionally, because leadership is 2016), published the first report – Academic multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary, the Leadership Programs in the United States way academic leadership programs emerge is (Guthrie, Teig, & Hu, 2018), formalized a based on academics’ personal interpretations partnership with ILA in 2018 (Batchelder & of leadership studies in a particular disciplinary Guthrie, 2019), and has continued research on context. The information collected by ILA academic leadership programs. became a publicly available resource on ILA’s website. The LLRC research team began with Guthrie et al. (2018) noted that the the data ILA provided from their directory and initial purpose of their first research report expanded on the United States information by was to “share preliminary analysis conducted adding additional data about the programs. by the LLRC of data from the ILA Directory After visiting program websites for verification, (2016) and data captured from institutional some specifics such as Carnegie classification website detailing program type, courses, and (carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/test), U.S. region, descriptions” (p. 3). Beyond reporting programs faith affiliation, year of establishment, program only by numbers, Guthrie et al. (2018) further mission/vision, institutional mission, and described the specifics of these programs such course sequencing were updated. With updated as institutional type, degree type, and program program information, we analyzed data on course offerings. After the distribution of the 1,526 academic leadership programs, focusing first report, the research team received several on the degree types of these programs in the inquiries about information for specific degree United States. The research team analyzed types. The research team decided to continue this data to answer three overarching research examining the descriptive data to better questions: understand how academic leadership programs 3 1. How many academic leadership they are offering. We chose to breakdown the programs are offered through the various degree following categories for clarification and interest. types in the United States? The certificate programs were disaggregated into undergraduate and graduate programs as 2. Where are the specific degree types of they serve different student populations. The academic leadership programs located in the doctoral degrees were further deconstructed United States regionally? into the four categories based on the number 3. What types of institutions are hosting of reported programs. The “other doctoral” the various degree types? (i.e. public/private, degrees include a variety of professional, non- religiously affiliated, & Carnegie classification)? research degrees. Within this category, half of the “other doctoral” programs (17/34) were D.Min. programs, and this led us to create a Phase 1: Data Verification and Updating separate category to better understand these Over the past year, the LLRC research programs in comparison. team of three undergraduate students, two In order to understand the data by U.S. doctoral students, and one faculty advisor region, it was important to add the category of have returned to the data for a second review region to our dataset. We chose the National to clean and update our data fields. This Geographic division with an addition of the consisted of verifying and updating program pacific west outlined in the U.S. Census due information, removing phased out programs to the number of programs offered in this (65) and programs that are now co-curricular region. These regions allow us to visually see (3), adding any new programs offered by the the number of programs by relevant states. institutions currently in the directory (36), and While their division does represent relevant clarifying definitions of the degree types and states by region, it does not demonstrate an delivery methods for cleaner categorization. equally balanced number of institutions within Additionally, through a partnership with ILA the regions. This is a limitation of this data (Batchelder & Guthrie, 2019), the team was category. To account for this, we considered contacted by programs wishing to update the number of states included in the regions. or add their program to the directory. This resulted in a total of 1,526 academic leadership programs in the United States for the current FINDINGS report. Academic leadership programs in the Phase 2: Classifying Features United States by degree type With a focus on degrees, the research The data shared a sample of 1,526 team identified a total of 10 different types programs representing 489 institutions of higher of degrees. These include associate, bachelor, education in 49 states within the United States. minor, undergraduate certificate, graduate Within our sample, there were 643 master’s certificate, master’s, Doctor of Philosophy programs, 203 bachelor’s degree programs, 173 (Ph.D.), Doctor of Education (Ed.D., Ed.S., & Doctor of Education programs, 161 graduate Ed.M.), Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.), and other certificate programs, 128 minor programs, doctoral degrees. Each of the degree types aligns 125 Doctor of Philosophy, 48 undergraduate with the institution’s definition of the program certificate programs, 17 Doctor of Ministry programs, 17 other doctoral programs, and 11 4 associate degree programs. Figure 1 demonstrates degree types for each area. Master’s degrees (42%) make up the majority of the programs within the United States trailed by bachelor’s programs (13%). Associate degrees account for the smallest representation (0.7%). Overall, the majority of leadership programs currently exist at the graduate level. When looking at the certificate programs (13.7%), graduate programs make up 3.5 times as many as undergraduate certificate programs. Figure 1. Academic Degree Programs in the United States by Degree Type Academic Leadership Programs in the the Midwest region. The Midwest has the United States by Region largest representation of academic leadership programs overall, and the largest portion of To understand the academic leadership each degree type except for graduate certificate programs representation across the United States, programs. Graduate certificates have a stronger we broke down the programs by U.S. region. presence in the Northeast (46), Midwest (39), Figure 2 presents the academic degree types by and Mid-Atlantic (29). When looking at the U.S. regions. Once again, master’s programs show percentage of each degree type present by a dominance represented across all regions. The region, graduate certificates show the largest bachelor’s, undergraduate certificate, masters, representation of programs in the Northeast minors, Doctor of Ministry, and Doctor of (28.6%). The Doctor of Education degrees Philosophy degree types demonstrated a relatively have a good visual representation in each even spread across the regions by percentage, region, but it has the most programs (40) in but there were a few variances among the both the Midwest and the Southeast followed remaining types.
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