Why Do Corporations Obey Environmental Law? Assessing Punitive and Cooperative Strategies of Corporate Crime Control Author(S): Sally S

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Why Do Corporations Obey Environmental Law? Assessing Punitive and Cooperative Strategies of Corporate Crime Control Author(S): Sally S The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Why Do Corporations Obey Environmental Law? Assessing Punitive and Cooperative Strategies of Corporate Crime Control Author(s): Sally S. Simpson ; Joel Garner ; Carole Gibbs Document No.: 220693 Date Received: November 2007 Award Number: 2001-IJ-CX-0020 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT WHY DO CORPORATIONS OBEY ENVIRONMENTAL LAW? ASSESSING PUNITIVE AND COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES OF CORPORATE CRIME CONTROL Sally S. Simpson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of Maryland Joel Garner Joint Centers for Justice Studies Carole Gibbs Michigan State University This report was prepared with support from award # 2001-LJ-CX-0020 from the National Institute of Justice. Points of view are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice, the University of Maryland or the Joint Centers for Justice Studies. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. ABSTRACT Punitive strategies for corporate crime control emphasize the use of formal legal sanctions, especially but not exclusively those found in criminal law, to deter current and future offenders from similar acts of misconduct. Cooperative crime control strategies emphasize the use of regulatory persuasion to facilitate and enhance legal compliance. These strategies emphasize pro-social norms, informal sanction threats, and intra-organizational controls to motivate firm compliance. In this study, we use a triangulated research strategy that incorporates interviews with environmental inspectors, secondary data analysis, and a vignette survey to shed light on the relative merits of these strategies aimed at companies that fail to comply with environmental regulation (specifically, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System as authorized by the Clean Water Act). Our results reveal that inspectors adopt both cooperative and punitive strategies as they interact with the regulated community. Only some of this regulatory activity is “officially” recorded, with an even smaller percent reported in the Permit Compliance System— the database we utilized for our secondary data analysis. Analysis of the firm-level data found little evidence of a deterrent effect for either punitive or cooperative intervention strategies. Firms with the worst environmental records are inspected and sanctioned more often, with little effect on company recidivism. Larger companies (those with more employees) and firms that owned more facilities were inspected more often. Facility ownership was positively associated with more severe sanctions. Overall, more profitable companies had better environmental records. Our survey results were more promising regarding compliance strategies. Formal legal sanctions and compliance strategies that build on ethical evaluations of managers and effective internal compliance systems have a substantial effect on managerial decision-making. The surveys also reveal that pro-social environmental actions by managers (such as responsiveness to terrorism threats and a strategy of “over-compliance”) are more likely when there is shared agreement and consistent communication within the firm about environmental goals. 2 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Table of Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………4 Overview………………………………………………………………………………5 I. The Nature and Context of Local Environmental Enforcement: ………… 9 What have we learned from interviews with inspectors? Joel Garner Design and Scope 11 Effectiveness of Enforcement 17 What have we Learned? 23 II. Company Characteristics, Compliance, and Recidivism: ………………...25 An analysis of secondary data. Sally S. Simpson and Carole Gibbs Sample and Industries 26 Effluent/Measurement Violations 32 Violation Rate 44 Reporting Violations 50 Firm Characteristics 70 Sanctions and Recidivism 81 Inspections and Recidivism 92 Firm Characteristics and Sanction Type 100 III. Compliance and Managerial Decision-Making: …………………………..116 An analysis of vignette data. Sally S. Simpson Survey Design 117 Analysis 126 Summary and Conclusions 144 IV. Research Appendices……………………………………………………….163 Appendix I 163 Appendix II 164 Appendix III 193 V. References …………………………………………………………………..206 VI. Endnotes……………………………………………………………………..214 3 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project could not have been completed without the helpful assistance and hard work of EPA staff, research organizations, consultants, scientific advisors, and students. In particular, we would like to acknowledge the following: ABT Associates Federal EPA, Mike Barrett, Joseph Acton, Jackie Mills, and especially Steve Rubin Administrators and inspectors at state EPA (Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia) Consultants and Scientific Advisors, Mark Cohen, Winston Harrington, and John Horowitz University of Maryland Graduate Students, Brian Barth, Dawn Cecil, Nadine Frederique, Katherine Martinez, Natalie Schell, Lee Ann Slocum Brian Wolf (University of Oregon) University of Maryland Undergraduate Students, Sophia Kuziel, Jessica Mislevy 4 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Overview Sally S. Simpson and Carole Gibbs Rationale for the Present Study In 1997, the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs published “Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising.” In this research report, numerous crime prevention programs within multiple institutional areas (including corrections, markets, policing, families, and schools) were assessed as to their respective successes. This evidence-based approach to crime prevention has had a tremendous impact on how scholars and policy-makers think about traditional crime intervention and control programs. Unfortunately, we have seen little spill-over into nontraditional crime areas-- including the prevention and control of corporate offending. The goal of this research project is to offer evidence on the relative merits of cooperative and punitive strategies aimed at a particular kind of corporate offender, those that fail to comply with environmental regulations. We examine, through a variety of analytic techniques, individual and firm-level factors that increase and decrease the risk of corporate noncompliance. In addition, we explore whether there are distinct types of corporate citizens (extreme volunteers, mere compliers, bad citizens) and whether there are differences in how legal interventions are applied according to citizenship type or firm characteristics. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of various interventions (by source and type) especially in regard to future offending. 5 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Data and Methods Three kinds of data were collected to address these questions: (1) interviews with environmental inspectors were conducted to learn more about the context of enforcement, inspector perceptions of successful and unsuccessful enforcement strategies, and the correspondence between inspector reports of noncompliance and official records; (2) secondary data for a sample of U.S. companies was used to track each firm’s economic, environmental and enforcement compliance history; and (3) a factorial survey was developed and administered to company managers tapping into perceptions of the costs and benefits of pro-social (e.g., over- compliance, responsiveness to counter-terrorism initiatives) and anti-social (noncompliance) conduct for themselves and their companies. Each data component presents a unique picture of
Recommended publications
  • Essential Readings in Environmental Law LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
    Essential Readings in Environmental Law IUCN Academy of Environmental Law (www.iucnael.org) LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (CITIES) IN THE PURSUIT OF SUSTAINABILITY: GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVES AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAW Anél du Plessis (assisted by Henning Coetzee), North-West University, South Africa Overview of Key Scholarship 1. Bouteligier, S., Cities, Networks, and Global Environmental Governance: Spaces of Innovation, Places of Leadership (Routledge: 2012). 2. Richardson, B., ,(ed): Climate Change Law: Environmental Regulation in Cities and other Localities (Edward Elgar Publishing: 2012). 3. Betsill, M. M. and H. Bulkeley, ‘Cities and the Multilevel Governance of Global Climate Change’ (2006) 12(2) Global Governance 141-159. 4. Richardson, B.,‘Environmental Law in Postcolonial Societies: Straddling the Local- Global Institutional Spectrum’ (2000) Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 1-82 5. Verschuuren, J., ‘Hydraulic Fracturing and Environmental Concerns: The Role of Local Government’ (2015) Journal of Environmental Law 1-27 6. Aust, H. P., ‘Auf dem Weg zu einem Recht der globalen Stadt? „C40“ und der „Konvent der Bürgermeister“ im globalen Klimaschutzregime’, Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 73 (2013) 673-704 7. Du Plessis, A., ‘A Role for Local Government in Global Environmental Governance and Transnational Environmental Law from a Subsidiarity Perspective’ Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa (2015) 1-36 (in press) 8. Evans, B. et al, Governing Sustainable Cities (Earthscan: 2005) 9. Satterthwaite, D., (ed), The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Cities (Earthscan: 1999) Background It is frequently claimed that we live in an urban age. According to UN figures, for the first time in history, more than half of the world’s population is living in cities and this figure is expected to increase to two-thirds by 2030.
    [Show full text]
  • Property Rights As a Key to Environmental Protection
    Pace Environmental Law Review Volume 22 Issue 1 Spring 2005 Article 3 April 2005 Thinking Outside the Box: Property Rights as a Key to Environmental Protection Robert H. Cutting Lawrence B. Cahoon Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr Recommended Citation Robert H. Cutting and Lawrence B. Cahoon, Thinking Outside the Box: Property Rights as a Key to Environmental Protection, 22 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 55 (2005) Available at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol22/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace Environmental Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thinking Outside the Box: Property Rights as a Key to Environmental Protection ROBERT H. CUTTING and LAWRENCE B. CAHOON* Professor Oliver Houck wrote in Science that the promise of in- corporating objective science into environmental law and policy has been subverted by the political system. We offer a solution based on the property rights of receptors of pollutants, rather than the current focus on the rights of the "generators"of pollu- tion. Environmental law must require internalization of all costs to the generator,as demanded by market economics, which is difficult given the vast gaps in data (the Data Deficit). The burden should be placed on the generator to quantify and to demonstrate scientifically containment of all trans-boundary ef- fects. The present systems effectively subsidize polluters by per- mitting them to deposit waste into public and private property and to use the population as test subjects while unconstitution- ally taking their property rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Doing Business in Denmark
    DOING BUSINESS IN DENMARK Denmark is often considered an easy and attractive place in Europe to set up a company and to do business. This is in no small part due to the country’s constant political and cul- tural situation as well as the relatively simple and predictable legal situation. As a foreign business or investor contemplating doing business in Denmark, there is, however, still a number of fundamental legal rules and principles to take into account. This guide provides a general introduction to certain legal issues which we believe are rel- evant to know based on our experience with international companies contemplating doing business in Denmark. This guide is not an exhaustive list of all the requirements that might apply to international companies and it is not a substitute for legal advice. We recommend that international companies considering doing business in Denmark seek legal advice tailored to the specific business and industry so as to be successful in their business ventures in Denmark. This guide was updated August 2020. Nedenstående er ikke juridisk rådgivning, og Moalem Weitemeyer har med nedenstående ikke påtaget sig ansvar af nogen art som konsekvens af en læsers benyttelse af nedenstående som grundlag for beslutninger eller overvejelser. Contents 1. Danish political and legal Structure ............................................................................... 3 2. Business Structures and Methods .................................................................................. 3 3. M&A/Takeovers ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Design and Green Building Toolkit for LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
    Sustainable Design and Green Building Toolkit FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS EPA 904B10001 | June 2010 Disclaimer The Sustainable Design and Green Building Toolkit for Local Governments (Toolkit) is not intended to provide guidance on local government codes/ordinances. The information here, however, can help communities evaluate their existing codes/ordinances and apply the information to create more environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable communities. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cannot attest to the accuracy of non- EPA Web sites provided in the Toolkit. Providing references to non-EPA Web sites, companies, services, or products does not constitute an endorsement by EPA or any of its employees of the sponsors of the site or the information or products presented. Furthermore, EPA does not accept any responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data, or products presented at non-EPA Web sites, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. Cover credits: Top row of photos courtesy of Loren Heyns with Neighborhood.org. Bottom photo courtesy of Neighborhood.org. Sustainable Design and Green Building Toolkit for Local Governments i Acknowledgments The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is grateful for the invaluable assistance of a number of organizations and individuals who helped develop the Sustainable Design and Green Building Toolkit for Local Governments (Toolkit). Approximately 40 individuals contributed to the development of the Toolkit by participating in a March 2009 workshop hosted by the Southface Energy Institute in Atlanta, Overcoming Barriers to Green Permitting: Tools for Local Governments. The workshop was facilitated by Michael Elliott, Director of Research, Consortium on Negotiation and Conflict Resolution, Georgia Institute of Technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Building an Environmental Ethic from the Ground Up
    Building an Environmental Ethic from the Ground Up Alyson C. Flournoy* TABLE OF CONTENTS IN TRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 54 I. UNEARTHING THE ETHICS EMBEDDED IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ..... 56 A. W here Are W e Headed? ............................................................ 56 B. How Have We Come So Far Without Knowing Where We Are Headed ?................................................................................... 57 C. What Can We Gain from Unearthing the Ethics in Environmental Law ? ................................................................ 62 II. BUILDING AN ETHIC FROM THE GROUND UP ................................... 67 A. Towards a New Ethical Discourse: Stepping Stones ............... 70 B. Sustainabilityas a Stepping Stone............................................ 72 C O N CLUSION ................................................................................................. 79 Professor, University of Florida, Levin College of Law. This paper was presented during the Symposium on "Environmental Ethics and Policy: Bringing Philosophy Down to Earth," University of California, Davis School of Law, April 4, 2003. I am grateful to all the participants in the Symposium for their questions and suggestions. Christopher Stone, in particular, raised some thought-provoking questions that challenged me to clarify my thinking. University of California, Davis [Vol. 37:53 INTRODUCTION Over the last twenty years there has been a remarkable theoretical
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Law for Sustainability Stepan Wood Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, [email protected]
    Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons Articles & Book Chapters Faculty Scholarship 2006 Environmental Law for Sustainability Stepan Wood Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, [email protected] Benjamin J. Richardson Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works Recommended Citation Wood, Stepan, and Benjamin J. Richardson. "Environmental Law for Sustainability." Richardson, Benjamin J., and Stepan Wood, eds. Environmental Law for Sustainability. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, 2006. ISBN: 1841135445 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles & Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. ch-01.qxd 1/7/2006 11:30 AM Page 1 1 Environmental Law for Sustainability BENJAMIN J. RICHARDSON* AND STEPAN WOOD** A. Introduction Some 40 years into the ‘modern’ environmental era, how much closer is humankind to an ecologically and socially sustainable relationship with its envi- ronment, and what role can environmental law, in all its various forms, play in securing such a relationship? These are the central questions addressed by this book. The answer to the first question remains sobering despite several decades of efforts at environmental regulation. There have been notable successes, espe- cially in the advanced industrialised countries, but in the past five decades envi- ronmental
    [Show full text]
  • Putting the Law Back Into Environment Law Environment
    DigitalCommons@NYLS Articles & Chapters Faculty Scholarship 1999 Putting the Law Back into Environment Law Environment David Schoenbrod New York Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/fac_articles_chapters Recommended Citation 22 Regulation 17 (1999) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles & Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@NYLS. ENVIRONMENT Protect the environment instead of the bureaucracy Putting the "Law"Back into Environment Law BY DAVID SCHOENBROD MERICA'S MODERN ADMINISTRATIVE STATE HAS done a terrible job with pollution control. True, the environment is much cleaner, but pollution was being reduced as quickly before the adminis- trative state took over in the early 1970s as afterwards, as Indur Goklany has shown. The earlier progress was made through a combination of private action, common law, and ad hoc regulation, mostly at the state and local level. What the adminis- trative state added was comprehensive, command-and-control management from on high. The result is an intrusive, inflexible system that bureaucratizes all life that it touch- administrative state is such an ugly thing despite the well es, yet has left the public more anxious about pollution intentioned dreams and sense of superiority of those of than ever. Such anxiety fuels the growing power of the us who spawned it. Finally, I argue that we can preserve administrative state. much of what is beautiful about the common law in a The state's perversities have prompted some to argue system of pollution control that can work, and has for a return to the common law as the way to control pol- worked, in the modern world.
    [Show full text]
  • TOP LAW SCHOOLS Environmental Law
    TOP LAW SCHOOLS Environmental Law Environmental law: earthly matters Let’s be frank. Colonizing Mars is not really an option. But we’ve got a pretty special planet right here. It has oxygen, water and the NBA, which is why we need to keep it humming. Many people are being drawn to envi- ronmental law. It focuses on protecting our natural resources. And climate change is affecting our lives in major ways, with experts saying that the recent wildfires in California, the deadliest ever, were fueled in part by atmospheric warming. To see how much this has become a part of our national consciousness, one only has to look at law schools. Many have excellent environmental law programs. Indeed, the number of schools receiving an A+ stands at 14. Another 22 got an A grade. conservationist. UNIVERSITY OF UTAH’S Environmental law Two of the best are on opposite sides of University of Utah also created the Green professor Lincoln Davies with students. the country. Vermont Law School in South Team, which works to make the law school, Royalton, Vt., and Lewis & Clark Law as well as the community, more sustainable. School in Portland, Ore., consistently lead a The environmental law clinic at Golden Francisco worked with clients in a his- host of rankings, our publication’s included. Gate University School of Law in San torically African-American community on Lewis & Clark has 32 environmental law courses. Among its faculty is Pamela Frasch, a pioneer in animal law who co-authored the premier American casebook in the field, “Animal Law: Cases and Materials.” Students can get key practical-training experience in the school’s Earthrise Law Center legal clinic.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Environmental Law - A
    ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT – Vol. I - History of Environmental Law - A. Dan Tarlock HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW A. Dan Tarlock Distinguished Professor of Law and Co-Director, Program in Environmental and Energy Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law, USA Keywords: construction, history, economics, environmental law, environmental ethics. Contents 1. Introduction: the purpose of environmental law 2. Roots of environmentalism 2.1. The domination of nature from antiquity to the rise of environmentalism 2.2. The counter-tradition 3. The modern environmental movement 3.1. The Immediate Political Origins 3.2. The Legal Legacy of Environmentalism 4. The rise of modern environmental law 4.1. The Intellectual Foundations of Environmental Law 4.2. Economics 4.3. Ecology 4.4. Ethics 5. The fundamental principles and characteristics of modern environmental law 5.1. The enforcement of environmental laws should be shared between public officials, private citizens and NGOs 5.2. The adverse environmental impacts of activities should be addressed in advance of actions that are likely to cause environmental degradation. 5.3. Existing pollution discharge should be rolled back and new discharge should be minimized within the constraints of technology and economics 5.4. Risk prevention is a legitimate basis for environmental regulation 5.5. It is Legitimate to Protect Non-Human Interests 6. Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch 1. Introduction:UNESCO The Purpose of Environmental – EOLSS Law Prior to the 1960s,SAMPLE environmental law did CHAPTERS not exist as a discrete domestic and international legal category. Modern environmental protection has some roots in nineteenth century public health and resources conservation laws as well in private legal actions for pollution damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment & Climate Change Law 2019
    ICLG The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Environment & Climate Change Law 2019 16th Edition A practical cross-border insight into environment and climate change law Published by Global Legal Group, with contributions from: Ambientalex - Studio Legale Associato LAVÍN Abogados & Consultores Atuguba & Associates Linklaters LLP Bär & Karrer Ltd. M.V. Kini Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP Machado Meyer Advogados Borenius Attorneys Ltd Macías Gómez & Asociados Abogados S.A.S. Bowmans Maddocks Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner (Russia) LLP Noerr LLP Daud Silalahi & Lawencon Associates SIRIUS advokater David Desforges, Avocat à la Cour Snell & Wilmer L.L.P. Del Pozo & De la Cuadra United Kingdom Environmental Law Association Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP (UKELA) Gaastra attorneys at law URBAN FALATH GAŠPEREC BOŠANSKÝ Guyer & Regules Wistrand Law Firm Kanagawa International Law Office Katende, Ssempebwa & Co. Advocates LAER Abogados, S.C. The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Environment & Climate Change Law 2019 General Chapters: 1 Future Horizons: The Next Generation of UK Environmental Law – Simon Tilling, United Kingdom Environmental Law Association (UKELA) 1 2 The Courts as Guardians of the Environment – New Developments in Access to Justice and Environmental Litigation – Jerzy Jendrośka & Moritz Reese, European Environmental Law Forum (EELF) 5 Contributing Editor Jonathan Isted, Freshfields 3 The Parent Trap: When is a Parent Company Liable for Environmental Harm Caused by a Bruckhaus Deringer LLP Foreign-Registered Subsidiary?
    [Show full text]
  • Environment Policy: General Principles and Basic Framework
    ENVIRONMENT POLICY: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND BASIC FRAMEWORK European environment policy rests on the principles of precaution, prevention and rectifying pollution at source, and on the ‘polluter pays’ principle. Multiannual environmental action programmes set the framework for future action in all areas of environment policy. They are embedded in horizontal strategies and taken into account in international environmental negotiations. Last but not least, implementation is crucial. LEGAL BASIS Articles 11 and 191 to 193 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The EU is competent to act in all areas of environment policy, such as air and water pollution, waste management and climate change. Its scope for action is limited by the principle of subsidiarity and the requirement for unanimity in the Council in the fields of fiscal matters, town and country planning, land use, quantitative water resource management, choice of energy sources and structure of energy supply. ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT European environment policy dates back to the European Council held in Paris in 1972, at which the Heads of State or Government (in the aftermath of the first UN conference on the environment) declared the need for a Community environment policy flanking economic expansion, and called for an action programme. The Single European Act of 1987 introduced a new ‘Environment Title’, which provided the first legal basis for a common environment policy with the aims of preserving the quality of the environment, protecting human health, and ensuring rational use of natural resources. Subsequent treaty revisions strengthened the Community’s commitment to environmental protection and the role of the European Parliament in its development.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Law: Ethics Or Science
    Chicago-Kent College of Law Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law All Faculty Scholarship Faculty Scholarship March 1996 Environmental Law: Ethics or Science A. Dan Tarlock IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/fac_schol Part of the Environmental Law Commons Recommended Citation A. D. Tarlock, Environmental Law: Ethics or Science, 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 193 (1996). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/fac_schol/623 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 193 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 194 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 195 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 196 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 197 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 198 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 199 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 200 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 201 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 202 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F. 203 1996 HeinOnline -- 7 Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F.
    [Show full text]