Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russia (Roshydromet) Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
Russian Scientific Center on Spitsbergen Dr. Anna Nikulina [email protected] ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE, SPB, RUSSIA
METEOROLOGY GEOPHYSICS
(PALEO)GEOGRAPHY SHELF HYDROGRAPHY
SURFACE LAYER Since 1920, started as Northern MARINE ICE Research and Trade Expedition
PACIFIC HALOCLINE ATLANTIC HALOCLINE 1000 m ATLANTIC WATER OCEANOGRAPHY
Drifting station North Pole-1, 1937 2000 m
3000 m ARCTIC DEEP WATER
Research stations Billefjorden
Svalbard Pyramiden
Grønfjorden
Barentsburg
Establishing of the Russian Scientific Center on Spitsbergen (RSCS)
• 11 Russian Institutes of different branches doing research on the archipelago; • Russian Scientific Center on Spitsbergen (RSCS) is to coordinate and facilitate their activity; • 2009 – 2013: the main infrastructure was built and renovated; • 2014: the concept of the Center was approved by the Government of the Russian Federation; • Since April 4, 2016: the RSCS got independent status, run by AARI; • Permanent staff of 7 (2016); • Hosts over 40 researchers (2016). Next steps • Infrastructure of Russian institutions on Spitsbergen is to be united; • Coordinated research programme; • Student and PhD training; • Involving more participants. The infrastructure of Research Center in Barentsburg
Meteo/geophysical Satellite Receiving Observatory Station
Logistics/Transport Analytical Laboratory Satellite receiving / transmission site • Built and supported by Kongsberg • X/L-band antenna • X-band antenna • Primary processing of satellite images and • L-band antenna information before sending to AARI, 2 Tb per year • Satellite missions of multiple channels, different resolution and swath:
EOS Mission (USA) TERRA & AQUA
NOAA Mission (USA) № 15,17,18,19
MetOp-B (EUMETSAT/ESA)
Suomi NPP (USA)
Barentsburg’s view area with an initial angle FY-3 (China) of elevation receiving antenna 5º Satellite receiving / transmission site Satellite image Wave forecast Ice properties
Ice charts Mostly ice, wave, sea level forecasts Synoptic maps: http://gmdss.aari.ru/ & http://weather.gmdss.org New tasks: • To extend the data array beyond ice and synoptic data e.g. glaciers, phytoplankton, vegetation; • On -the-spot processing and using of information in BB; • Ground-truth observations to validate remote sense data; • To receive data from future Arctic-M satellites with highly elliptical orbit over the Arctic region. Logistics: transport, basic equipment • Vehicles (snow scooters, quads, cars) • Boats • Samplers • Profilers • Sample preparation room • Helicopter and ship by ArcticUgol Trust Analytical Lab
− to support research activity on the
archipelago;
− equipped with analytical instruments by Shimadzu, Mettler Toledo, Zeiss, Sartorius etc.
Sample Preparation • Water sample preparation and basic analysis of pH, conductivity, dis. O2; • Sediment samples preparation: freeze-drying, pulverising; • Samples extraction, incubation, storage.
Microscopy • 2 x Zeiss Axio Imager.A2 with achromatic- aplanatic universal condenser 0.9 H D Ph DIC for plankton, benthic, paleo and mineralogical studies. Analytical Lab
Hydrochemical Lab
• TCN analyser (water), planned one for solid samples; • Ion chromatographer; • 2 x Spectrophotometer with a flow cell; • Automatic titration by Mettler Toledo.
Metals analysis
• AAS with flame and electro-thermal atomisation - get running to the next season; • Mercury analyser. Analytical Lab
Organic compounds analysis • 2 x LC with diode array and fluorescence detectors; • GC with flame ionisation and electron capture detectors; • The whole cycle of sample preparation and measurements completed, compared to RPA “Typhoon” lab results, will be intercalibrated with NILU; • GC –MS quadrupole type to get running. To do • Proper supplying of the lab; • Permanent staff of 3; • Methods & intercalibration – BareLab project with NILU & NMBU; • Own research programme – metals accumulations in GF ecosystem with Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, passive sampling with NILU & NIVA. RSCS research programme • The basis formed decades ago; • A lot of monitoring observations. Paleogeography & Permafrost
Environmental monitoring by RPA Typhoon
Archaeology by Institute of Archaeology of RAS
Geophysics by Polar Geophysical Institute of RAS
Biology and Soils by Institutes of Russian Academy of Science
Geological survey by Polar Marine Geological Expedition
Glaciology by AARI and Institute of Geography RAS
Meteorological observations by Murmansk Hydromet Station and AARI
Oceanographic observations by AARI and Hydromet Agency
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Processing of archive data
• Air temperature from 1915-1935 1980-2009 Norwegian and ~60 years Russian stations on Svalbard (1898-2015)
• Sea ice cover data from BB (1937-2015) and Pyramiden (1948-1957) • Oceanographic data for Grønfjorden and Isfjorden (1900-2015) Surface air temperature Surface
• Glaciers retreat (1939- SAT (yearly average) 2001) Linear trend 11-year moving average 5-year moving average
D. Tislenko, B. Ivanov, 2016 Processing of archive data
• Air temperature from Norwegian and Russian stations on 110 Maximal measured thickness of fast ice, cm 100100
Svalbard (1898-2015) 90
cm 8080 • Sea ice cover data from 70 BB (1937-2015) and 6060 50 Pyramiden (1948-1957) 4040 30 • Oceanographic data for 2020
Наибольшая измеренная толщина льда, см льда, толщина измеренная Наибольшая 10
Grønfjorden and Thickness ice, of fast 00 Isfjorden (1900-2015) 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980Год 1990 2000 2010 • Glaciers retreat (1939- AARI report, 2014 2001) Processing of archive data
• Air temperature from Norwegian and Russian stations on Svalbard (1898-2015) • Sea ice cover data from BB (1937-2015) and Time series of max Atlantic Water (AW) temperature with Pyramiden (1948-1957) best-fit linear trend for the period 1912-2009 • Oceanographic data for Grønfjorden and Isfjorden (1900-2015) • Glaciers retreat (1939- 2001)
Pavlov et al, 2014 Meteorology and climate AARI, SPb State University together with UiT, NPI
Initial state • Radiation properties of the snow in BB area, spectral
analysis of reflected and Albedo, % Albedo, absorbed radiation;
• Experimental setup: relations 24 h after exposure “albedo- snow contamination Sediment concentration, kg/m2 by coal particles”; Ivanov, Sveshchennikov, 2015, Sviashchennikov et al, 2014 • Radiation properties of the glaciers surface;
• Microcirculation over Aldegonda glacier by station
HOBOU30 – measurements & data processing in progress .
Albedo distribution on Aldegonda glacier, A. Tkachenko, 2016 Meteorology and climate AARI and Institute of Atmosphere Optics RAS Mean spectral dependencies of AOD 2011-2014 Spitsbergen Aerosols in the atmosphere – constant Kara Sea observations: Tiksi N Laptev Sea • spectral aerosol optical depth; Chukchi Sea • height of the atmospheric boundary layer; • influence of aerosol on radiation properties in high latitudes; • sources of aerosol- local vs global by chemical composition. Sakerin et al, 2015
Mass concentration of soot in Barentsburg, μg m-3 Mass concentration of soot in Barentsburg, μg m-3
2015 may june july august september AARI report, 2015
Oceanography AARI Dynamic and water structure in Grønfjorden, Nordfjorden, Billefjorden and Isfjorden: • Fast ice measurements: thickness & morphology; • Under ice measurements, water column microstructure. Diksonfjord April 2012 Fast ice thickness April 2013
Under ice CTD continuous measurements at 3 levels, April 2014
AARI report, 2014 Oceanography
• Fresh water and cold glacier water in the fjords; • Atlantic water in the fjords: strong interannual variability in the smaller fjords;
CTD stations in Grønfjorden
T, °C T, °C April 2013 April 2014
AARI report, 2015 Oceanography
• Short and long-term mooring stations in Isfjorden show drastic changes in temperature and current velocity & direction within days strongly affecting smaller fjords.
2015
3 February 2015
Vmax = 757 mm/с
Cape Linne
2015
K. Filchuk, 2015 Oceanography 1 2 AARI together with UNIS (P. Bogorodsky & A. Marchenko)
Experimental set-up at Sveagruve: 3 Energy and mass exchange in freezing melted puddle, March 2016
• Pools in sea ice and lake ice in Braganza bight; • Filled with fresh water; Synchronous measurements of Sea ice • Surface layer temperature and salinity by frozen- Intermediate layer in instruments; Bottom layer • Ice morphology.
Fresh ice Surface layer Intermediate layer Bottom layer
K. Filchuk, 2016 Glaciers AARI and Institute of Geography of RAS
• Ablation stake measurements, also by georadar; Aldegonda • Video registration of snow line; • Mass-balance estimations; WGF EGF
After AARI report, 2014, 2015 Glaciers AARI and Institute of Geography of RAS Aldegonda glacier, ablation distribution in 2014 • Ablation distribution, surface properties; • Drainage systems by IG RAS; • Geophysics - dynamic processes on Nordenskjold glacier, glacier movements, interaction with the ground surface, wave propagation. AARI report, 2014
Monitoring scheme at Nordenskjold glacier, 2016 AARI report, 2014, 2015 Hydrography
Water balance of the catchment area: • Snow survey and water supply; • Snow physical and chemical properties; • Rivers water and suspended matter discharge, ion discharge, flow rate dynamic; Snow thickness in catchment area in the period of max imal accumulation 2001-2016, cm • Catchment area modelling. Aldegonda river Grøndalen river
av min max in BB linear trend av min max in BB linear trend Water equivalent of snow cover 2001-2016, mm w.e.
Aldegonda river Grøndalen river
AARI report, 2016 Paleo studies AARI together with Polar Marine Geological Survey • Annual expeditions to various regions – paleo-reconstruction of Holocene changes. Collecting samples for 14C analysis and microfauna; Karl Jarsberg Land, 2016
• Short sediment cores from Kongress and Bretjorna lakes Dunderdalen
for sedimentation rate analysis, Kongress lake micropaleontology to reconstruct conditions for the past few hundred years.
S. Verkulich, 2016 Permafrost IISP PSN RAS: Thermal state and physico-chemical properties of permafrost in Svalbard Field work Laboratory analysis Scientific output − permafrost response to climate − drilling boreholes; − C14 dating; change; − collecting frozen cores; − paleomicrofossils; − paleogeography of Spitsbergen − − grain size; monitoring of during Holocene & Pleistocene; temperatures in boreholes − dry residue; (TSP program); − biogeochemical contribution of − CH4; thawing permafrost to global − establishing polygons for − organic carbon; CH and C cycles; active layer thickness 4 org monitoring (CALM − viable microorganisms − Mars analogy studies, testing program). etc. instruments for planetary exploration.
N. Demidov, 2016 Contamination monitoring RPA “Typhoon” Monitoring program of local contamination in Barentsburg and adjacent area since 2001; Defining the sources: coal mining (coal dust), power station, vehicles, sewage, outdoor paint, long-range transport; PAH, PCB, pesticides, metals in air, snow, fresh & marine water, marine sediments, soil, organisms – different distribution patterns.
Grønfjorden Water pollution index
0.5 100 1.0 Snow Cu, μg/l 200 Soil ΣHC μg/g dw, 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1.5 300 Off-shore area Marine area 2.0 2003-2010 400 2002-2011 Demin et al, 2011, Demeshkin, 2015 Students involvement
• Annually master and PhD students from SPb State University and Hydromet University work in the research groups: • Course field practices; • Collecting data for thesis; • 2016: Field practice-Summer school for SPbSU POMOR master students with lectures and field experience.
Plans
• Increasing number of researchers staying over the whole year; • Logistics development, uniting the infrastructure; • Facilitation of further collaboration between research groups and institutes working in Barentsburg; • Developing of long-term research projects; • International cooperation; • Fostering master and PhD students; • Internal report on the research in the last decade, also in English. Thank you for attention!