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Piano 1 El Piano

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Piano 1 El Piano Piano 11 Piano Piano Tesitura Caracter€sticas Clasificaci•n Instrumento de cuerda percutida Instrumento de teclado Instrumentos relacionados Clavec€n, clavicordio, dulc•mele, espineta, ‚rgano Hammond, pianola, piano con pedales Inventor Bartolomeo Cristofori Desarrollado Hacia 1700 M‚sicos ƒƒ PPiiaanniissttaass Fabricantes ƒƒ FaFabrbricicanantetes de pipiananosos Art€culos relacionados ƒƒ CCoommppoossiicciioonneesppaa rrappii aannoo ƒƒ AAcc„„ssttiiccaddeel ppiiaa nnoo ƒƒ AAffiinnaaccii……nddeel ppiiaa nnoo ƒƒ FFrreeccuueenncciiaasdd eaa ffiinnaaccii……ndd eelpp iiaannoo ElEl piano (palabra que en italiano significa †suave‡, y en este caso es ap…cope del t•rmino original, †pianoforte‡, que hac€a referencia a sus matices suave y fuerte) es un instrumento musical clasificado como instrumento de teclado de cuerdas percutidas por el sistema de clasificaci…n tradicional, y seg„n la clasificaci…n de Hornbostel-Sachs es un cord…fono simple. El m„sico que toca el piano recibe el nombre de pianista. Piano 22 Estˆ compuesto por una caja de resonancia, a la que se ha agregado un teclado mediante el cual se percuten las cuerdas de acero con macillos forrados de fieltro, produciendo el sonido. Las vibraciones se transmiten a trav•s de los puentes a la tabla arm…nica, que los amplifica. Estˆ formado por un arpa cromˆtica de cuerdas m„ltiples, accionada por un mecanismo de percusi…n indirecta, a la que se le han a‰adido apagadores. Fue inventado en torno al a‰o 1700 por el paduano Bartolomeo Cristofori. Entre sus antecesores se encuentran instrumentos como la c€tara, el monocordio, el dulc•mele, el clavicordio y el clavec€n. A lo largo de la historia han existido diferentes tipos de pianos, pero los mˆs comunes son el piano de cola y el piano vertical o de pared. La afinaci…n del piano es un factor primordial en la ac„stica del instrumento y se realiza modificando la tensi…n de las cuerdas de manera que •stas vibren en las frecuencias adecuadas. En la m„sica occidental, el piano se puede utilizar para la interpretaci…n solista, para la m„sica de cˆmara, para el acompa‰amiento, para ayudar a componer y para ensayar. Las primeras composiciones espec€ficas para este instrumento surgieron alrededor del a‰o 1732; entre ellas destacan las 12 sonatas para piano de Lodovico Giustini tituladas Sonate da cimbalo di piano e forte detto volgarmente di martelletti. Desde entonces, muchos han sido los compositores que han realizado obras para piano y en muchos casos esos mismos compositores han sido pianistas. Destacan figuras como Fr•d•ric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven o Piotr Ilich Chaikovsky. Fue el instrumento representativo del romanticismo musical y ha tenido un papel relevante en la sociedad, especialmente entre las clases mˆs acomodadas de los siglos XVIII y XIX. Es un instrumento destacado en la m„sica jazz. Origen del tƒrmino La palabra †piano‡ deriva del nombre original en italiano del instrumento, pianoforte (( piano: †suave‡ y forte:: †fuerte‡), asignado por su primer constructor, Bartolomeo Cristofori: clavic€mbalo col piano e forte (literalmente †clavec€n con [sonido] suave y fuerte‡). Esto se refiere a la capacidad del piano para producir sonidos con diferentes intensidades, dependiendo del peso que se le aplica a las teclas. Esta caracter€stica lo diferenciaba de sus predecesores, que s…lo pod€an producir un „nico volumen. Piano 3 Estructura Mecanismo de percusi•n El funcionamiento bˆsico del mecanismo de un piano es el siguiente: cuando una tecla es pulsada, la palanca que estˆ situada en el extremo opuesto se eleva y el macillo asociado a ella se pone en movimiento en direcci…n a la cuerda que es liberada por el apagador justo antes de la percusi…n. Tras el golpe del macillo a la cuerda se produce el sonido y acto seguido •ste cae hasta ser recogido por la grapa, tambi•n conocida como atrape, a una distancia aproximada de 2 cent€metros. Al levantar la tecla, •sta libera el conjunto de palancas del escape y el macillo vuelve a estar disponible para volver a tocar la cuerda. Si retiramos la presi…n por completo, todo el sistema vuelve a su estado inicial de Grˆfico del mecanismo de percusi…n de un piano reposo en el que el apagador tiene la misi…n primordial de interrumpir de cola: (1) Tecla, (2) Pilot€n, (3) Puente, (4) Pilot€n del escape, (5) Palanca de escape, (6) el sonido.[1] Tornillo de reborde del macillo, (7) Rodillo, (8) Brazo del macillo, (9) Palanca de repetici…n, (10) Cabeza de macillo, (11) Empujador, (12) Palanca del apagador, (13) Apagadores, (14) Cuchara de apagador, (15) Apagador, (16) Cuerda, (17) Marco, (18) Grapa, (19) Enganche de la cuerda y (20) Somier. Caja de resonancia La caja de resonancia, tambi•n denominada mueble, es el recinto cerrado del piano, que tiene la finalidad de amplificar o modular el sonido. Es una parte primordial del piano, ya que, ademˆs de amplificar y modular el sonido, es un factor decisivo en el timbre del instrumento, siendo importante la calidad de la madera con la que estˆ fabricada, el n„mero de piezas con las que est• construida y su estructura. La caja estˆ formada por una tapa superior, una tapa inferior, denominada tabla arm…nica, y una †faja‡, que es una secci…n de Caja de resonancia de un piano de cola. madera que une ambas tapas, con formas curvadas mediante un proceso de prensado con calor. En el interior se encuentra el bastidor, que es una estructura de refuerzo de las tapas y sirve para controlar la vibraci…n, y el alma. Piano 4 Tabla arm•nica La tabla arm…nica estˆ compuesta por la tabla propiamente dicha, las barras arm…nicas, los puentes de sonido y los barrajes. La tabla arm…nica se sit„a debajo y detrˆs de las cuerdas del piano. Es una superficie de madera laminada que var€a de espesor, desde el centro a los lados, a lo largo de su superficie. Puede ir de los 12 a los 15 mil€metros dependiendo de la medida del instrumento y el criterio del fabricante. La tabla estˆ formada por una serie de listones de entre 10 y 15 cent€metros de anchura unidos entre s€ mediante cola. Es el aut•ntico elemento de resonancia del instrumento y su funci…n es amplificar el sonido producido por las cuerdas, que a su vez es Los barrajes de la tabla arm…nica de un piano de cola. transmitido a las mismas a trav•s del puente tonal. La calidad y homogeneidad de la madera con la que estˆ fabricada la tabla arm…nica es de suma importancia. En un piano de cola moderno, suele estar construida generalmente en madera de abeto y tiene un espesor de 8 mil€metros, [1][2] el doble de la de un pianoforte. Se usa la madera del abeto para la fabricaci…n de la tabla arm…nica del piano y de otros instrumentos porque tiene el mejor coeficiente entre resistencia mecˆnica, que permite soportar la enorme presi…n de las cuerdas, y ligereza, que favorece la captaci…n de las vibraciones mˆs sutiles de las cuerdas. La tabla arm…nica tiene una ligera curvatura de unos 18 metros de radio, dif€cilmente apreciable a primera vista, que contribuye a que la tabla resista la presi…n de las cuerdas y al mismo tiempo se incremente considerablemente la resonancia del instrumento.[3] Las barras arm…nicas son un conjunto de listones que estˆn fabricados con el mismo material que la tabla arm…nica, generalmente abeto, que estˆn unidos a la tabla mediante cola por debajo de la misma. Su encolado es en sentido perpendicular a la veta de la tabla para hacer uniforme la rigidez del conjunto. La cantidad de barras arm…nicas var€a entre 8 y 14, en funci…n de la medida del instrumento, y sus dimensiones son de dos cent€metros de alto por dos de largo aproximadamente. Las barras mˆs largas se encuentran situadas en el centro de la tabla y tienen un grosor mayor, mientras que las mˆs cortas se sit„an en los extremos y son mˆs delgadas. [3] Los puentes de sonido van encolados en el centro de la tabla y en la parte superior de la misma. Sirven para transmitir la vibraci…n de las cuerdas a la tabla arm…nica. Su forma es debida a la disposici…n de las cuerdas sobre ella y a que es necesario que la longitud de •stas se incremente desde las notas mˆs agudas a las mˆs graves. Los barrajes son la estructura bˆsica del piano y su finalidad es la de soportar todos sus elementos. Se sit„an debajo de la tabla arm…nica, a la que van adheridos mediante cola. De ellos dependen tanto la solidez como la duraci…n en el tiempo del instrumento y aportan estabilidad frente a posibles cambios climˆticos, tensiones internas, agresiones externas o cualquier otro tipo de deformaci…n. Tapa superior La tapa superior de la caja tiene una doble funci…n: cerrar el mueble y proyectar el sonido hacia el p„blico. Esta tapa se puede colocar en diversas posiciones seg„n la potencia requerida. En el caso de realizar una actuaci…n como solista, la tapa debe estar ubicada en su posici…n mˆs alta. En cambio, si se estˆ interpretando una obra acompa‰ando a otros instrumentos, la tapa debe permanecer en su ubicaci…n mˆs baja. [4] Bastidor El bastidor es un armaz…n de barras delgadas que suelen ser de hierro. En el cordal, situado en su extremo posterior, se ajustan las cuerdas, y en el clavijero, situado en el frontal, estˆn las clavijas de afinaci…n.
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